The chaotic late Qing and early Republican periods     

Mizoguchi Yūzō 《Inter-Asia Cultural Studies》2016,17(4):574-605

This article excavates some of the core intellectual elements underlying the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and their historical genealogies. Rather than focusing on the modern nature of the revolution, Mizoguchi locates the revolution within the context of traditional Chinese culture and thought. A central focus of the article is the notion of “self-governance” (zizhi), which played a central role in determining the shape the revolution was to ultimately take. It analyzes the social thought of key figures of the Qing period, showing how in modified guise, core Confucian ethical concepts such as the dichotomy between the private (si) and public (gong) as well as utopian concepts such as datong (great harmony) determined the deep structure of revolutionary thought at the end of the Qing and into the Republican and Communist periods.  相似文献   

Educating children to cope with death: A preventive model     

S. Y. Aspinall 《Psychology in the schools》1996,33(4):341-349

Today's children increasingly are exposed to death in their environments. The professional literature indicates potentially adverse effects of unresolved childhood grief. These factors point to the need for death education to be included in the school curriculum, with a focus on promotion of health and prevention of disorders. School psychologists should be in the forefront of advocating, developing, and implementing such a program, in collaboration with the teachers. This article reviews what is known about children's conceptions of death, how children grieve, and relevant research. The guidelines of clinicians in the field are presented on such issues as explaining death to children, their attending funerals, and treating bereaved youths and their families. In addition the broad outline for a death education program is presented, incorporating developmental and theoretical principles about children's grieving process. The curriculum's goals are to provide students with appropriate information about the life cycle, to identify affective issues associated with grief, and to facilitate the development of effective coping strategies for managing bereavement reactions. A death education program may help students to more fully appreciate life while realizing that death is a natural part of the life process.  相似文献   

Systems model and individual simulations of training strategies in elite short-track speed skaters     

Thibaut Méline  Ludovic Mathieu  Fabio Borrani  Robin Candau 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(3):347-355

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simulated training strategies on performance potential in elite short-track speed skaters. Training load and field-based criterion performances from fifteen athletes (10 males, 5 females) were collected over a 3-month training period and the relationship between training loads and performance was computed with a variable dose-response model using a genetic algorithm. Individual simulations of tapers preceded or not preceded by an overload training (OT) were assessed. We obtained a significant correlation between actual and modelled performances (R² = 0.76 ± 0.07). Regarding model parameters, no significant difference was found between males and females but the time to recover performance tended to be lower in females. Simulations in which the taper parameters were free highlighted that an exponential or a step taper were the most effective for increasing performance compared to a linear taper (p < 0.05). Optimal exponential taper duration after OT was 10.7 ± 2.4d and the optimal load reduction was 75.9 ± 3.7%. OT intensity had the greatest influence on the predicted performance, followed by OT duration, taper decay, and to a lesser extent load reduction during taper and taper duration. Thus, a variable dose-response systems model allows the evaluation of different taper strategies and their potential effect on performance changes.  相似文献   

Relationship between foot strike pattern,running speed,and footwear condition in recreational distance runners     

Roy T. H. Cheung  Rodney Y. L. Wong  Tim K. W. Chung  R. T. Choi  Wendy W. Y. Leung  Diana H. Y. Shek 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2017,16(2):238-247

Compared to competitive runners, recreational runners appear to be more prone to injuries, which have been associated with foot strike patterns. Surprisingly, only few studies had examined the foot strike patterns outside laboratories. Therefore, this study compared the foot strike patterns in recreational runners at outdoor tracks with previously reported data. We also investigated the relationship between foot strike pattern, speed, and footwear in this cohort. Among 434 recreational runners analysed, 89.6% of them landed with rearfoot strike (RFS). Only 6.9 and 3.5% landed with midfoot and forefoot, respectively. A significant shift towards non-RFS was observed in our cohort, when compared with previously reported data. When speed increased by 1 m/s, the odds of having forefoot strike and midfoot strike relative to RFS increased by 2.3 times and 2.6 times, respectively. Runners were 9.2 times more likely to run with a forefoot strike in minimalists compared to regular running shoes, although 70% of runners in minimalists continued to use a RFS. These findings suggest that foot strike pattern may differ across running conditions and runners should consider these factors in order to mitigate potential injury.  相似文献   

Evidence for data missing at random in youth physical activity monitoring research     

P. F. Saint-Maurice  Y. Kim  G. J. Welk 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(5):484-490

This study examined whether or not activity monitor data collected as part of a typical 7-day physical activity (PA) measurement protocol can be expected to be missing at random. A total of 315 participants (9–18 years) each wore a SenseWear Armband monitor for 7 consecutive days. Participants were classified as “compliant” (86 boys and 124 girls) if they had recorded accelerometer data during 70% or more of the predefined awake time (7 AM–10 PM) on four different days; and “non-compliant” (44 boys and 51 girls) when not meeting these criteria. Linear mixed models were used to examine differences in energy expenditure (EE) levels by compliance across 10 different time periods. The results indicated that non-compliant girls were older (13.4 ± 2.9 vs. 12.2 ± 2.5) and taller (156.8 ± 10.3 vs. 152.8 ± 11.3) than their same gender compliant peers (P < .05). Comparisons of EE rates at segmented portions of the day revealed no differences between compliant and non-compliant groups (P ≥ .05). Differences in EE ranged from ?0.32 kcal · kg^?1 · h^?1 (before school time) to 0.62 kcal · kg^?1 · h^?1 (physical education class) in boys and ?0.39 kcal · kg^?1 · h^?1 (transportation from school) to 0.37 kcal · kg^?1 · hour^?1 (recess) in girls. The results showed that compliant and non-compliant individuals differed in a few demographic characteristics but exhibited similar activity patterns. This suggests that data were considered to be missing at random, but additional work is needed to confirm this observation in a representative sample of children using other types of activity monitors and protocols.  相似文献   

基于对应分析模型原理的户外运动安全风险研究     

欧雅怡  刘〓亚  马逢伯 《广州体育学院学报》2017,37(2):43-48

通过对我国2001年至2014年期间,258个户外运动安全事故案例的统计和分析,结合国内外相关研究,建立户外运动安全风险分析框架,将户外运动安全风险划分为4个维度,18个因素指标.根据对应分析模型原理,深入研究户外运动中季节、月份与时段风险的对应性关系,R(3.2.0)软件运行结果显示:户外运动中,凌晨和晚上的风险指数最高;春季、秋季的上午和下午时段,可能存在的伤亡风险几率较高;5月、9月、10月的上午和晚上,3月、6月、11月、12月的下午,1月和4月的凌晨时段,可能存在的伤亡风险几率更高.使用Minitab软件,根据累积贡献率80％以上为主要因素的帕累托原则得到8个主要风险因素和7个次要风险因素.  相似文献   

Electrical and mechanical response of skeletal muscle to electrical stimulation after acute passive stretching in humans: a combined electromyographic and mechanomyographic approach     

Cè E  Paracchino E  Esposito F 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(14):1567-1577

Two mechanisms have been suggested to explain stretching-induced maximum force depression: a mechanical alteration in the stretched muscle and an impairment of neural activation. Electrical stimulation allows standardization of the level of muscle activation without being limited by neural control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stretching-induced changes in the electrical and mechanical properties of muscle during electrically elicited contractions. Twelve participants (age 22 +/- 1 years; body mass 75 +/- 2 kg; stature 1.79 +/- 0.02 m; mean +/- standard error) underwent six electrical stimulations of the medial gastrocnemius muscle before and after stretching. During the contractions, surface electromyogram (EMG) and mechanomyogram (MMG) were recorded simultaneously together with force. After stretching we found: (i) no differences in EMG parameters; (ii) MMG amplitude decreased by 4 +/- 1% (P < 0.05); and (iii) the peak force, the peak rate of force development, and the acceleration peak of force development decreased by 12 +/- 3%, 14 +/- 1%, and 24 +/- 5%, respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, acute passive stretching did not change EMG properties but altered the mechanical characteristics of the contracting muscle. Indeed, muscle force-generating capacity and stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit were significantly impaired.  相似文献   

Statistical modelling of knee valgus during a continuous jump test     

Nagano Y  Sakagami M  Ida H  Akai M  Fukubayashi T 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2008,7(3):342-350

Landing with the knee in a valgus position is recognized as a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Using linear and non-linear regression analyses, the purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between two-dimensional (2D) knee valgus and three-dimensional (3D) knee kinematics measured during a jump landing task. Twenty-eight female collegiate athletes participated. All participants were required to perform a continuous jump test. The average maximum angles of abduction and internal tibial rotation during landing were measured using the Point Cluster Technique. Average peak knee valgus angle was measured using a 2D approach. Linear and non-linear regression analyses between 2D valgus and 3D knee abduction, and between 2D valgus and 3D internal tibial rotation, were performed. The R2 value between 2D valgus and 3D knee abduction was significantly different from zero and had a moderate correlation for all models, whereas the R2 value between 2D valgus and 3D internal tibial rotation was not significantly different from zero. The 2D approach could be used to screen a specific group of individuals for risk of ACL injury; however, using frontal plane 2D analysis of valgus motion to evaluate internal tibial rotation is not advised.  相似文献   

Stability analysis of nonlinear control systems with characteristics equations having complex coefficients     

Y.T. Tsay  B.C. Wang  K.W. Han 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1974,297(3):179-186

In this paper, the stability equation method is applied to the analysis of nonlinear systems with characteristics equations having complex coefficients. Three types of systems are studied: those with unstable open-loop poles, unstable characteristics roots or an equal number of open-loop poles and zeros.  相似文献   

Factors associated with concussion-symptom knowledge and attitudes toward concussion care seeking in a national survey of parents of middle-school children in the US     

Zachary Y.Kerr  Aliza K.Nedimyer  Melissa C.Kay  Avinash Chandran  Paula Gildner  K.Hunter Byrd  Juliet K.Haarbauer-Krupa  Johna K.Register-Mihalik 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2021,10(2):113-121

Background:Developing appropriate concussion prevention and management paradigms in middle school(MS)settings requires understanding parents’general levels of concussion-related knowledge and attitudes.This study examined factors associated with concussion-symptom knowledge and care-seeking attitudes among parents of MS children(aged 10-15 years).Methods:A panel of 1224 randomly selected U.S.residents,aged ≥18 years and identifying as parents of MS children,completed an online questionnaire capturing parental and child characteristics.The parents’concussion-symptom knowledge was measured using 25 questions,with possible answers being“yes”,“maybe”,and“no”.Correct answers earned 2 points,“maybe”answers earned 1 point,and incorrect answers earned 0 point(range:0-50;higher scores=better knowledge).Concussion care-seeking attitudes were also collected using five 7-point scale items(range:5-35;higher scores=more positive attitudes).Multivariable ordinal logistic regression models identified predictors of higher scores.Models met proportional odds assumptions.Adjusted odds ratios(aORs)with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)(excluding 1.00)were deemed statistically significant.Results:Median scores were 39(interquartile range:32-44)for symptom knowledge and 32(interquartile range:28-35)for care-seeking attitude.In multivariable models,odds of better symptom knowledge were higher in women vs.men(aOR=2.28;95%CI:1.71-3.05),white/non-Hispanics vs.other racial or ethnic groups(aOR=1.88;95%CI:1.42-2.49),higher parental age(10-year-increase aOR=1.47;95%CI:1.26-1.71),and greater competitiveness(10%-scale-increase aOR=1.24;95%CI:1.13-1.36).Odds of more positive care-seeking attitudes were higher in white/non-Hispanics vs.other racial or ethnic groups(aOR=1.45;95%CI:1.06-1.99)and in older parental age(10-year-increase aOR=1.24;95%CI:1.05-1.47).Conclusion:Characteristics of middle school children’s parents(e.g.,sex,race or ethnicity,age)are associated with their concussion-symptom knowledge and care-seeking attitudes.Parents’variations in concussion knowledge and attitudes warrant tailored concussion education and prevention.  相似文献