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Dace Reihmane Martin Gram Andreas Vigelsø Jørn Wulff Helge Flemming Dela 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1039-1046
Physical inactivity is a major contributor to low-grade systemic inflammation. Most of the studies characterizing interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release from exercising legs have been done in young, healthy men, but studies on inactivity in older people are lacking. The impact of 14 days of one-leg immobilization (IM) on IL-6 and TNF-α release during exercise in comparison to the contralateral control (CON) leg was investigated. Fifteen healthy men (age 68.1?±?1.1?year (mean?±?SEM); BMI 27.0?±?0.4 kg·m2; VO2max 33.3?±?1.6 ml·kg?1·min?1) performed 45?min of two-leg dynamic knee extensor exercise at 19.5?±?0.9 W. Arterial and femoral venous blood samples from the CON and the IM legs were collected every 15?min during exercise, and thigh blood flow was measured with ultrasound Doppler. Arterial plasma IL-6 concentration increased with exercise (rest vs. 45?min, main effect p?p?p?=?.085, effect size 0.28) higher in the IM leg compared to the CON leg (288 (95% CI: 213–373) vs. 220 (95% CI: 152–299) pg·min?1, respectively). There was no release of TNF-α in either leg and arterial concentrations remained unchanged during exercise (p?>?.05). In conclusion, exercise induces more pronounced IL-6 secretion in healthy older men. Two weeks of unilateral immobilization on the other hand had only a minor influence on IL-6 release. Neither immobilization nor exercise had an effect on TNF-α release across the working legs in older men. 相似文献
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Stine D. Søndergård Flemming Dela Jørn W. Helge 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(7):801-807
Actovegin, a deproteinized haemodialysate of calf blood, is suggested to have ergogenic properties, but this potential effect has never been investigated in human skeletal muscle. To investigate this purported ergogenic effect, we measured the mitochondrial respiratory capacity in permeabilized human skeletal muscle fibres acutely exposed to Actovegin in a low and in a high dose. We found that Actovegin, in the presence of complex I-linked substrates increased the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity significantly in a concentration-dependent manner (19?±?3, 31?±?4 and 45?±?4?pmol/mg/s). Maximal OXPHOS capacity with complex I and II-linked substrate was increased when the fibres were exposed to the high dose of Actovegin (62?±?6 and 77?±?6?pmol/mg/s) (p?Vmax and Km were also increased in a concentration-dependent manner after Actovegin exposure (70?±?6, 79?±?6 and 88?±?7?pmol/mg/s; 13?±?2, 25?±?3 and 37?±?4?pmol/mg/s; 0.08?±?0.02, 0.21?±?0.03 and 0.36?±?0.03?mM, respectively) (p?相似文献
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This article investigates the organisational conditions for service encounter-based innovation. Its focus is on the initial crucial part of the innovation process during which ideas/new practises are developed by front-line employees and integrated in the organisation. The article argues that service encounter-based innovation varies among service organisations because of different organisational conditions. This is illustrated in a multiple comparative case study of 11 Scandinavian service organisations. A model of conditions for service encounter-based innovation is developed based on the theoretical discussions and the case study. The model suggests how and why some service organisations derive innovation benefits from service-encounters while others do not. Thus, the article provides new and important knowledge concerning user-driven innovation in services. 相似文献
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John Flemming 《Higher Education in Europe》1995,20(3):37-44
This article presents and discusses in slightly paradoxical terms the increasing action of market forces in the academic world in the United Kingdom as set against the transition in eastern and central Europe of centrally planned economies to market economies. The process in neither case is simple, nor does it necessarily deliver the desired results. For instance, can the massive job losses associated with privatization, East and West, really be construed as liberation? Since in the United Kingdom markets for health and education will always retain a degree of artificiality, their privatization must be undertaken with particular care of a kind which is not necessarily forthcoming. The tentative conclusion is that higher education will have to come to grips with the market whether it be considered inspiring or insidious. 相似文献
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We are concerned with a particular rhetorical narrative that appeared in the early stages of the Darwin debate but that has been fiercely resurgent in the past two decades. Freud wrote of Darwin's theory as one of three major blows to which human vanity had been submitted at the hands of science. Assertions that "Darwin's dangerous idea" came as a horrible shock to the Victorians and that it is still a profound psychological threat, and therefore widely resisted, remain current. When such assertions are offered as the premise on which Darwin is to be approached by the general reader they call for some detailed scrutiny, with regard both to the bases on which they are made, and the effect they have on the terms of public debate. This paper offers a critique of the culture-shock myth based on a re-examination of Victorian reactions to Darwin's work, and on an analysis of the ways in which the myth functions as a rhetorical strategy in our own time. 相似文献
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全球重要农业文化遗产—中国浙江青田稻鱼共生系统项目实施框架 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
水稻是世界上最主要的农作物之一。长期以来,亚洲许多地方一直有在稻田中养鱼（并作或连作）的传统。据历史记录和考古研究成果,中国稻田养鱼的历史可以追溯到2000多年以前。稻鱼共生系统不仅是一种独特的生产方式,而且还是一种具有丰富内涵的传统文化。稻鱼共生系统可以提供多种产品和服务功能：保障粮食安全,提高营养水平,增加农民收入,防止疟疾传染,生物多样性保护,病虫害控制,促进授粉过程,促进碳氮循环,水土保持,以及文化传承和休憩等。但是,正像其他许多传统农业技术一样,由于受到快速经济增长、城市化和现代农业技术的影响,稻鱼共生系统也面临着严峻威胁。中国是联合国首批农业文化遗产保护试点国家之一,浙江省青田县龙现村的传统稻鱼共生系统被列为首批试点之一,其目的就是开发出一种农业文化遗产“动态保护和适应性管理”的方法论并进行推广。 本文是按照粮农组织要求所编制的项目实施的国家框架,在全面分析中国,特别是青田稻鱼共生系统发展历史和基本特征的基础上,确定了项目实施的总体目标和具体目标。根据项目的总体要求和稻鱼共生系统在我国的发展前景,预期的主要成果包括：建立国家农业文化遗产认定标准体系,确定国家农业文化遗产名录,并作为推荐为全球重要农业文化遗产的基础;促进将全球重要农业文化遗产中具有重要意义的农业生物多样性的保护和适应性管理纳入国家有关部门的保护和发展规划与政策中;通过对社区广泛参与,促进试点地方的具有全球意义的农业生物多样性得到可持续的利用与保护,并通过采取适当的技术和政策手段促进传统农业系统生态过程与文化过程的发展;将试点所得到的经验向更大范围进行推广,建立国家农业文化遗产保护网络,促进全球农业文化遗产网络的建立。此外,还介绍了为达到这些目标所应采取的措施和开展的具体活动,提出了促进机制建设、资金支持、社会发展、生态保护的可持续性途径,给出了促进项目实施的具体执行框架和各利益相关方的责任与义务。 相似文献