Globalization of R&D by US-based multinational enterprises     

Prema-chandra Athukorala  Archanun Kohpaiboon 《Research Policy》2010,39(10):1335-1347

This paper examines patterns and determinants of overseas R&D investment by US-based manufacturing MNEs using a new panel dataset over the period 1990–2004. The analysis reveals that R&D intensity of operation of US MNE affiliates is determined mainly by the domestic market size, overall R&D capability and cost of hiring R&D personnel. There is no evidence to suggest that R&D specific incentives have a significant impact on inter-country differences in R&D intensity when controlled for other relevant variables. Overall, our findings cast doubts on the efficacy of efforts by host country governments to entice MNE affiliates to engage in domestic R&D activity, in a context where R&D is becoming a truly global activity.  相似文献   

Does Europe perform too little corporate R&D? A comparison of EU and non-EU corporate R&D performance     

Pietro Moncada-Paternò-Castello  Constantin Ciupagea  Alexander Tübke 《Research Policy》2010,39(4):523-536

This paper examines whether there are significant differences in private R&D investment performance between the EU and the US and, if so, why. The study is based on data from the 2008 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard. The investigation assesses the effects of three very distinct factors that can determine the relative size of the overall R&D intensities of the two economies: these are the influence of sector composition (structural effect) vis-à-vis the intensity of R&D in each sector (intrinsic effect) and company demographics. The paper finds that the lower overall corporate R&D intensity for the EU is the result of sector specialisation (structural effect) - the US has a stronger sectoral specialisation in the high R&D intensity (especially ICT-related) sectors than the EU does, and also has a much larger population of R&D investing firms within these sectors. Since aggregate R&D indicators are so closely dependent on industrial structures, many of the debates and claims about differences in comparative R&D performance are in effect about industrial structure rather than sectoral R&D performance. These have complex policy implications that are discussed in the closing section.  相似文献   

OPC技术在PAC数据采集系统中的应用     

李浩 《科协论坛》2010,(4)

介绍了OPC技术在数据采集系统中的应用.结合实际叙述了兰州七里河污水处理厂PAC数据采集系统及其软、硬件结构和功能特点,重点论述了OPC数据通讯技术和应用.  相似文献   

三维GIS开发工具VC-MFC在Windows应用程序中的封装     

徐磊 《黑龙江科技信息》2010,(1):84-84

微软的MFC(Microsoft Foundation Class)是一套面向对象的应用程序框架,它封装了Win32SDK中的API接口。VC++及MFC是进行三维GIS开发的重要工具。以一个基于MFC的单文档应用程序为例,剖析MFC的封装过程,重点是程序的初始化和窗口创建,显示,更新过程中的封装细节,为读者揭示MFC的封装机制。  相似文献   

R&D cooperation and failures in innovation projects: Empirical evidence from French CIS data     

Stéphane Lhuillery  Etienne Pfister 《Research Policy》2009,38(1):45-57

The second French Community Innovation Survey (CIS) indicates that 14% of R&D collaborating firms had to abandon or delay their innovation projects due to difficulties in their partnerships, an outcome which we term “cooperation failures”. Controlling for sample selection on the cooperation decision, our estimates show that firms collaborating with competitors and public research organizations (PROs), especially when they are foreign, are more likely to delay or stop an innovation project because of difficulties encountered in their R&D partnerships. More surprisingly, firms collaborating with their suppliers also face a higher risk of “cooperation failures”. At least for PROs, firms can reduce the risk of “cooperation failures” through previous experiences in partnerships. Larger firms and group subsidiaries are less likely to face “cooperation failures”, and so do firms in industries with a strong appropriability regime.  相似文献   

Location, collocation and R&D alliances in the European ICT industry     

Rajneesh Narula  Grazia D. Santangelo 《Research Policy》2009,38(2):393-403

This paper argues that spatial proximity plays a role in determining the propensity of firms to engage in R&D alliances. Drawing from economic geography, network theory and innovation theory, we discuss how prior collocation can affect the propensity to engage in R&D alliances, arguing that alliances can act both as a substitute and as a complement to collocation. Using a novel dataset matching alliances and patent data for the European ICT industry, we show that alliances are complementary to prior collocation (at both national and sub-national regional level) of firm’s R&D labs. In such an intra-industry, oligopolistic scenario, firms strategically use R&D alliances as a means to limit knowledge flows and protect competences, rather than to promote knowledge flows. Furthermore, while a common institutional context is important to promote collaboration, because of the high level of R&D internationalisation as well as the complex social networks within an oligopolistic industry, national institutional contexts are less relevant.  相似文献   

Search patterns and absorptive capacity: Low- and high-technology sectors in European countries   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Christoph Grimpe  Wolfgang Sofka 《Research Policy》2009,38(3):495-506

Searching for externally available knowledge has been characterised as a vital part of the innovation process. Previous research has, however, almost exclusively focused on high-technology environments, largely ignoring the substantial low- and medium-technology sectors of modern economies. We argue that firms from low- and high-technology sectors differ in their search patterns and that these mediate the relationship between innovation inputs and outputs. Based on a sample of 4500 firms from 13 European countries, we find that search patterns in low-technology industries focus on market knowledge and that they differ from technology sourcing activities in high-technology industries.  相似文献   

US faculty patenting: Inside and outside the university   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jerry Thursby  Anne W. Fuller  Marie Thursby 《Research Policy》2009,38(1):14-25

In a sample of 5811 patents with US faculty as inventors, 26% are assigned solely to firms rather than universities as dictated by US university employment policies and Bayh-Dole. We relate assignment to patent characteristics, university policy, and inventor field. Patents assigned to firms (whether established or start-ups with inventor as principal) are less basic than those assigned to universities suggesting firm assigned patents result from faculty consulting. Assignment to inventor-related start-ups is less likely the higher the share of revenue inventors receive from university-licensed patents. Firm assignment also varies by inventor field and whether the university is public or private.  相似文献   

Heterogeneity of patenting activity and its implications for scientific research   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dirk Czarnitzki  Wolfgang Glänzel  Katrin Hussinger 《Research Policy》2009,38(1):26-34

The increasing commercialization of university discoveries has initiated a controversy on the impact for scientific research. It has been argued that an increasing orientation towards commercialization may have a negative impact on more fundamental research efforts in science. Several scholars have therefore analyzed the relationship between publication and patenting activity of university researchers, and most articles report positive correlations between patenting and publishing activities of scientists. However, previous studies do not account for heterogeneity of patenting activities. This paper explores the incidence of patenting and publishing of scientists distinguishing between corporate patents and patents assigned to non-profit organizations for a large sample of professors active in Germany. While patents assigned to non-profit organizations (incl. individual ownership of the professors themselves) complement publication quantity and quality, patents assigned to corporations are negatively related to quantity and quality of publication output.  相似文献   

基于STC12C5A32S2的甲醛检测仪设计     

刘德新  贺小凤 《深圳信息职业技术学院学报》2011,(3):47-50

提出一种以STC12C5A32S2为控制芯片,瑞士Membrapor为传感器的甲醛监测仪。介绍了甲醛检测仪的硬件架构,给出了软件设计流程。用设计的监测仪进行了环境测试,并和国内外其它甲醛检测仪进行了对比,结果表明,设计的监测仪合理可靠,性价比高。  相似文献