Social and Academic Integration Using E-Mail Between Children with and without Hearing Impairments     

《学校用计算机》2013,30(2):29-44

SUMMARY

Children with and without hearing impairments participated in an e-mail project where each student had a year-long opportunity to exchange messages with a peer to learn about that person's experiences and interests, working in a low-stakes (risk-free) environment. Students were asked to function as teacher/resource by describing information they had learned in their social studies curriculum or other areas and as learners by further questioning their partners about their topic. In this model, knowledge would be deepened through rethinking and recording ideas, and by replying to questions that were sent to e-mail partners. E-mail is used as a collaborative tool and is applied in a purposeful and highly motivating context, one that does not fit the traditional classroom use of writing. Differences in teaching methods and values resulted in differences in e-mail accessibility for students.  相似文献   

Educating children and young people with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: constructing personalised pathways to learning     

Teresa Lehane 《欧洲特需教育杂志》2013,28(4):521-523

This paper reports findings from a study about young people’s preferences for social interaction with similar and different others, in terms of a tension between social inclusion and homophily – the concept that similarity breeds connection. The issue was explored empirically using moral dilemmas scenarios to conduct in-depth semi-structured interviews with young people with Asperger syndrome, visual impairment and without disabilities. The data indicates that homophily and inclusion can come into a tension with an ethical dimension, since they represent, respectively, a personal preference to be among similar others and the moral imperative of including all people. The paper argues that this tension is constructive as it can challenge our understanding of what the ethical obligation to inclusion entails, and what treating the students respectfully means. Respect is often seen as an attempt to avoid the humiliation that any kind of recognition of difference can bring, and has tended to be translated into a demand for inclusion for all. However, the recognition of difference is an acknowledgement of young people’s right to make their own decisions, and can be reflected in provision and translated into educational and life opportunities; as such, it is also an expression of respect. Negotiating a way between the two understandings through dialogue can ensure that inclusion would be a shared value.  相似文献   

Prediction of shot success for basketball free throws: Visual search strategy     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(5):426-432

Abstract

In ball games, players have to pay close attention to visual information in order to predict the movements of both the opponents and the ball. Previous studies have indicated that players primarily utilise cues concerning the ball and opponents' body motion. The information acquired must be effective for observing players to select the subsequent action. The present study evaluated the effects of changes in the video replay speed on the spatial visual search strategy and ability to predict free throw success. We compared eye movements made while observing a basketball free throw by novices and experienced basketball players. Correct response rates were close to chance (50%) at all video speeds for the novices. The correct response rate of experienced players was significantly above chance (and significantly above that of the novices) at the normal speed, but was not different from chance at both slow and fast speeds. Experienced players gazed more on the lower part of the player's body when viewing a normal speed video than the novices. The players likely detected critical visual information to predict shot success by properly moving their gaze according to the shooter's movements. This pattern did not change when the video speed was decreased, but changed when it was increased. These findings suggest that temporal information is important for predicting action outcomes and that such outcomes are sensitive to video speed.  相似文献   

Anticipation in squash: Differences in advance cue utilization between expert and novice players     

Bruce Abernethy 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(1):17-34

The time of occurrence and spatial location of the advance cues used to anticipate the direction and force of an opponent's stroke in squash were examined using a film task. This task, designed to simulate the normal perceptual display of the defensive player, consisted of two discrete parts, each containing 160 individual stroke sequences (trials). In the first part of the film task, the display was occluded at different time intervals throughout the development of the opponent's stroke and the 16 expert and 20 novice subjects had to predict both the direction (down‐wall or cross‐court) and force (drive or drop shot) of the opponent's stroke. In the second part of the film task, visibility to selected advance cues was occluded by placing opaque mats on the film surface. Across all of the film task conditions experts were superior to novices in predicting the event outcome from the information available, highlighting the important contribution anticipatory skills make to expert performance in this sport. Analysis of lateral (direction) error showed that the most critical time periods for extracting information about stroke direction are the periods between 160–80 ms prior to racket‐ball contact and the period of extended ball flight arising at least 80 ms after contact. Whereas both groups were attuned to this ball flight information, only the experts were capable of picking up information from the early part of the opponent's actions. This early information appeared to be provided by the opposing player's arm action. Similar time periods were found to be also important for the prediction of stroke depth, but in this case both experts and novices were similar in their cue dependence.  相似文献   

The effects of augmented kinematic feedback on motor skill learning in rifle shooting     

Kaisu Mononen  Jukka T. Viitasalo  Niilo Konttinen  Pertti Era 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):867-876

Abstract

In this study, we examined the effects of augmented kinematic knowledge of performance (KP) on shooting performance and learning. Knowledge of performance described the aiming trajectory of the rifle barrel. The effects of knowledge of performance were evaluated in terms of shooting accuracy (shooting score), variability of the shooting score (root mean square error) and rifle stability (x- and y-deviation of rifle movement). The participants (n = 40) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: no-KP, 50% KP, 100% KP and a control group. The three experimental groups performed 480 shots during a 4 week acquisition phase in which feedback was provided. No-feedback retention tests were administered at 2 and 10 days after acquisition. There were no differences between groups during acquisition. In the 2 day retention test, the mean shooting score of the group receiving 100% knowledge of performance was significantly higher than that of the other groups. Furthermore, variability in shooting score for the 100% KP group was lower than that for the 50% KP and control groups. No significant differences were found in rifle stability between the experimental groups. In summary, a high frequency of kinematic knowledge of performance improved shooting accuracy, but the effect appeared to be temporal, disappearing in the 10 day retention test. Given that a parallel effect was not found in rifle stability, future research should focus on examining the reasons for this improvement in shooting score.  相似文献   

Late information pick-up is preferred in basketball jump shooting     

Rita Ferraz de Oliveira  Raôul R. D. Oudejans  Peter J. Beek 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):933-940

Abstract

In this study we examined the timing of optical information pick-up in basketball jump shooting using an intermittent viewing technique. We expected shooters to prefer to look at the basket as late as possible under the shooting style used. Seven experts with a high shooting style and five experts with a low shooting style took 50 jump shots while wearing liquid-crystal glasses that opened and closed at pre-set intervals. In principle, under this constraint, the participants could control when they saw the basket by actively modulating the timing of their movements. Analyses of the phasing of the movements relative to the events defined on the glasses revealed that low-style shooters preferred to see the basket just before the ball passed their line of sight, whereas high-style shooters tended to view the basket from underneath the ball after it passed their line of sight. Thus, most shooters preferred to pick up optical information as late as possible given the adopted shooting style. We conclude that, in dynamic far aiming tasks such as basketball jump shooting, late pick-up of optical information is critical for the successful guidance of movements.  相似文献   

Visual Recognition of a Gymnastics Skill by Experienced and Inexperienced Instructors     

Charles H. Imwold  Shirl J. Hoffman 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):149-155

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between teaching experience and selected factors involved in skill analysis, namely, perceptual recognition and visual inspection strategy. Specifically, the study compared three groups with different levels of gymnastic teaching experience in the ability to recognize components of previously presented gymnastic performances. The nature of the recognition task also made it possible to test certain tentative hypotheses regarding strategies employed by the groups. The recognition accuracy of 20 gymnastic coaches (Specialists), 20 veteran physical education teachers (Generalists), and 20 pre-service physical education teachers (Novices) were assessed using a unique film/slide testing technique which permitted variation of the information load imposed upon the observer. Results indicated that Specialists were significantly more accurate than Generalists and Novices, but that Generalists were not different from Novices. There was no statistical indication that Specialists allocated attention to the components of the gymnastic performances differently than the less experienced groups, although there were indications of a unique visual profile for Specialists when observing under the largest information load condition.  相似文献   

The Visual Instruction System     

Janie E. Seat  Craig A. Wrisberg 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):106-108

Abstract

Three experimental groups of 45 S's each were given 30 repeated isometric wrist flexion trials. Each trial consisted of a maximal 5-sec. effort followed by a rest period of 5,10, or 20 sec. In each recuperation group S's were divided into subgroups representing high, middle, and low levels of absolute strength. The data were analyzed by an analysis of variance of trends allowing statistical tests for best fitting trend components and trend differences between subgroups. Low level of strength groups always demonstrated a fatigue pattern significantly different from high and middle levels. High and middle levels displayed similar patterns differing only on absolute level of strength. Caution isefore indicated in definition and magnitude assessment of derived curve components based upon composite fatigue curves secured on unknown levels of strength. It seems unlikely that the same factors responsible for muscular fatigue can be operating in the same manner at different levels of isometric strength.  相似文献   

Stride Adjustments during a Running Approach toward a Force Plate     

Julianne Abendroth-Smith EdD 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):97-101

Purpose

Previous research demonstrating that specific performance outcome goals can be achieved in different ways is functionally significant for springboard divers whose performance environment can vary extensively. This body of work raises questions about the traditional approach of balking (terminating the takeoff) by elite divers aiming to perform only identical, invariant movement patterns during practice.

Method

A 12-week training program (2 times per day; 6.5 hr per day) was implemented with 4 elite female springboard divers to encourage them to adapt movement patterns under variable takeoff conditions and complete intended dives, rather than balk.

Results

Intraindividual analyses revealed small increases in variability in the board-work component of each diver's pretraining and posttraining program reverse-dive takeoffs. No topological differences were observed between movement patterns of dives completed pretraining and posttraining. Differences were noted in the amount of movement variability under different training conditions (evidenced by higher normalized root mean square error indexes posttraining). An increase in the number of completed dives (from 78.91%–86.84% to 95.59%–99.29%) and a decrease in the frequency of balked takeoffs (from 13.16%–19.41% to 0.63%–4.41%) showed that the elite athletes were able to adapt their behaviors during the training program. These findings coincided with greater consistency in the divers' performance during practice as scored by qualified judges.

Conclusion

Results suggested that on completion of training, athletes were capable of successfully adapting their movement patterns under more varied takeoff conditions to achieve greater consistency and stability of performance outcomes.  相似文献   

Effect of Information Load and Time on Observational Learning     

Gavin Breslin  Nicola J. Hodges  Mark A. Williams 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):480-490

We examined whether altering the amount of and moment when visual information is presented affected observational learning for participants practicing a bowling skill. On Day 1, four groups practiced a cricket bowling action. Three groups viewed a full-body point-light model, the model's bowling arm, or between-limb coordination of the model's left and right wrists only. Following retention tests on Day 2, all participants practiced after viewing a full-body display. Retention was again tested on Day 3. Bowling accuracy improved in all four practice groups. Kinematics of the bowling arm became more like the model for the full-body and intralimb groups only. All groups improved on measures of interlimb coordination. Visual search data indicated that participants mainly focused their gaze on the model's bowling arm. These data lead to the suggestion that viewing “end-effector” information (i.e., information pertaining to the bowling arm) is an important perceptual constraint early in observational learning. Implicit manipulations designed to increase attention to other sources of information did not facilitate the learning process.  相似文献