室内风机延时对空调衰减系数Cd影响的研究     

饶荣水  陈俊伟  魏富党  宋铭 《顺德职业技术学院学报》2009,7(4):39-41

介绍Cd的计算方法,试验研究了室内风机延时时间对Cd系数的影响。测试数据表明,为实现最低的Cd系数,室内风机的延时时间存在一个最佳数值;测试的机组,其最佳延时时间为120秒。风机延时可以提高整机SEER大约0．2,即1．3％。  相似文献   

氮氧化物分析仪转化效率建模与参数估计     

倪波 《教育技术导刊》2009,8(10):125-128

为了解决氮氧化物分析仪转化炉转换效率估算问题,对现有氮氧化物转化效率计算模型进行定量分析。通过实验采集氮氧化物分析仪的历史检测数据,提出计算转化效率的动态修正模型,针对模型中的相关参数进行估计,并对两种模型的拟合优度加以比较。研究结果表明,相比于现有氮氧化物分析仪固有的计算模型,动态修正模型的残差平方和平均降低89.24%,多重可决系数接近1的程度平均增长88.64%,因而可以使分析仪对机动车尾气中的氮氧化物浓度检测更加准确可靠。  相似文献   

城市建筑节能技术的应用研究     

聂法臣 《环球赛鸽科技》2013,(24)

城市建筑节能主要体现在城市建筑的绿色节能技术上,绿色建筑在概念上主要包含如下几点：①节能,在这里主要是强调要我们减少各种各样的资源浪费;②保护环境,在这里主要是强调减少环境污染以及减少二氧化碳的排放数量;③满足人们使用上的要求,为人们提供的使用空间要做到“适用”、“健康”、“高效”。绿色建筑从设计、建设、使用、维护到拆除形成了的周期都有各种各样的节能及环保要求。这意味着在设计阶段就要重点考虑环境因素的利用,还要尽量地降低建设过程对环境造成的不良影响,且确保建筑在运行阶段能为人们提供低耗、舒适、健康的空间,并全力降低拆除时对环境所造成的危害程度。  相似文献   

Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years     

《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):77-104

Over the past 15 years, research on focus of attention has consistently demonstrated that an external focus (i.e., on the movement effect) enhances motor performance and learning relative to an internal focus (i.e., on body movements). This article provides a comprehensive review of the extant literature. Findings show that the performance and learning advantages through instructions or feedback inducing an external focus extend across different types of tasks, skill levels, and age groups. Benefits are seen in movement effectiveness (e.g., accuracy, consistency, balance) as well as efficiency (e.g., muscular activity, force production, cardiovascular responses). Methodological issues that have arisen in the literature are discussed. Finally, our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the attentional focus effect is outlined, and directions for future research are suggested.  相似文献   

Peak aerobic power and paddling efficiency in recreational and competitive junior male surfers     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(6):407-415

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to measure and compare peak oxygen uptake and paddling efficiency in recreational and competitive junior male surfers. Eight male recreational surfers (mean age 18 years, s=2; mass 66.8 kg, s=13.0; height 1.75 m, s=0.10) and eight male competitive surfers (mean age 18 years, s=1; mass 68.0 kg, s=11.7; height 1.72 m, s=0.10) performed an incremental paddling test consisting of four 3-min constant load work stages followed by a ramp increase in power output of 20 W · 30 s^?1 until exhaustion. The oxygen uptake–power output relationship of the four constant load work stages and peak values obtained during the incremental paddling test were used to calculate paddling efficiency. No differences (P>0.05) were observed between the recreational and competitive surfers for peak oxygen uptake (recreational: 2.52 litres · min^?1, s=0.5; competitive: 2.66 litres · min^?1, s=0.35) or efficiency (recreational: 24%, s=3; competitive: 21%, s=4). Blood lactate concentration was significantly greater in recreational (2.4 mmol · l^?1, s=0.9) than competitive surfers (1.6 mmol · l^?1, s=0.5) during submaximal paddling. There were no differences in peak oxygen uptake or paddling efficiency between recreational and competitive surfers suggesting that peak oxygen uptake and efficiency are not sensitive to differences in surfing ability. The increase in blood lactate concentration during submaximal paddling in recreational compared with competitive surfers suggests that other determinants of paddling endurance, such as blood lactate threshold, might be better at distinguishing surfers of differing ability.  相似文献   

Science and cycling: current knowledge and future directions for research     

Greg Atkinson  Richard Davison  Asker Jeukendrup  Louis Passfield 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):767-787

Abstract

In this holistic review of cycling science, the objectives are: (1) to identify the various human and environmental factors that influence cycling power output and velocity; (2) to discuss, with the aid of a schematic model, the often complex interrelationships between these factors; and (3) to suggest future directions for research to help clarify how cycling performance can be optimized, given different race disciplines, environments and riders. Most successful cyclists, irrespective of the race discipline, have a high maximal aerobic power output measured from an incremental test, and an ability to work at relatively high power outputs for long periods. The relationship between these characteristics and inherent physiological factors such as muscle capilliarization and muscle fibre type is complicated by inter-individual differences in selecting cadence for different race conditions. More research is needed on high-class professional riders, since they probably represent the pinnacle of natural selection for, and physiological adaptation to, endurance exercise. Recent advances in mathematical modelling and bicycle-mounted strain gauges, which can measure power directly in races, are starting to help unravel the interrelationships between the various resistive forces on the bicycle (e.g. air and rolling resistance, gravity). Interventions on rider position to optimize aerodynamics should also consider the impact on power output of the rider. All-terrain bicycle (ATB) racing is a neglected discipline in terms of the characterization of power outputs in race conditions and the modelling of the effects of the different design of bicycle frame and components on the magnitude of resistive forces. A direct application of mathematical models of cycling velocity has been in identifying optimal pacing strategies for different race conditions. Such data should, nevertheless, be considered alongside physiological optimization of power output in a race. An even distribution of power output is both physiologically and biophysically optimal for longer ( >4km) time-trials held in conditions of unvarying wind and gradient. For shorter races (e.g. a 1km time-trial), an‘all out’ effort from the start is advised to‘save’ time during the initial phase that contributes most to total race time and to optimize the contribution of kinetic energy to race velocity. From a biophysical standpoint, the optimum pacing strategy for road time-trials may involve increasing power in headwinds and uphill sections and decreasing power in tailwinds and when travelling downhill. More research, using models and direct power measurement, is needed to elucidate fully how much such a pacing strategy might save time in a real race and how much a variable power output can be tolerated by a rider. The cyclist's diet is a multifactorial issue in itself and many researchers have tried to examine aspects of cycling nutrition (e.g. timing, amount, composition) in isolation. Only recently have researchers attempted to analyse interrelationships between dietary factors (e.g. the link between pre-race and in-race dietary effects on performance). The thermal environment is a mediating factor in choice of diet, since there may be competing interests of replacing lost fluid and depleted glycogen during and after a race. Given the prevalence of stage racing in professional cycling, more research into the influence of nutrition on repeated bouts of exercise performance and training is required.  相似文献   

The role of effort in moderating the anxiety – performance relationship: Testing the prediction of processing efficiency theory in simulated rally driving     

Mark Wilson  Nickolas C. Smith  Mark Chattington  Mike Ford  Dilwyn E. Marple-Horvat 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1223-1233

Abstract

We tested some of the key predictions of processing efficiency theory using a simulated rally driving task. Two groups of participants were classified as either dispositionally high or low anxious based on trait anxiety scores and trained on a simulated driving task. Participants then raced individually on two similar courses under counterbalanced experimental conditions designed to manipulate the level of anxiety experienced. The effort exerted on the driving tasks was assessed though self-report (RSME), psychophysiological measures (pupil dilation) and visual gaze data. Efficiency was measured in terms of efficiency of visual processing (search rate) and driving control (variability of wheel and accelerator pedal) indices. Driving performance was measured as the time taken to complete the course. As predicted, increased anxiety had a negative effect on processing efficiency as indexed by the self-report, pupillary response and variability of gaze data. Predicted differences due to dispositional levels of anxiety were also found in the driving control and effort data. Although both groups of drivers performed worse under the threatening condition, the performance of the high trait anxious individuals was affected to a greater extent by the anxiety manipulation than the performance of the low trait anxious drivers. The findings suggest that processing efficiency theory holds promise as a theoretical framework for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport.  相似文献   

“高薪养廉”在中国的适用性探析——基于构建360度全方位监督体系的视角     

王自亮  陈洁琼 《连云港职业技术学院学报》2013,(3):11-17

以效率工资模型为分析框架,实证分析后发现"高薪养廉"政策在当前的国情下并不能得到有效实施。因为就现状而言,公务员的实际收入水平属于名副其实的高薪阶层,但腐败问题却日益严重。高薪并未实现养廉的初衷,其原因不在于腐败成本低,而在于腐败风险低。腐败风险低的深层原因则在于中国监督机制不健全,主要表现为监督主体虚软、监督渠道欠畅等。因此,若要使高薪政策发挥其应有的价值和作用,构建360度全方位监督体系才是关键所在。具体应做到同体监督与异体监督互补,率先发挥同体监督的功能,重点加强异体监督的作用,使社会对腐败的"零容忍度"成为一种文化。  相似文献   

商品粮产区农户粮食生产资源利用效率研究     

庞英  李树超 《资源科学》2013,35(1):80-88

在城市化进程不断加快的背景下,商品粮产区粮食生产资源利用效率如何直接关系着国家粮食安全.本文应用层次分析法、因子分析法和聚类分析法,以2800个粮农成本数据为基础,选择商品粮产区山东省作为研究的样本,构建了包括三层指标的评价体系,具体分析了商品粮产区农户粮食生产资源利用效率(包括资源规模、要素生产力、粮食安全和耕地环境)及其区域分异特征.研究结果表明,一些经济较发达的商品粮产区的农户粮食生产资源利用效率反而较低,这就直接影响着粮食商品率进而制约着国家粮食安全.研究的政策指向是:新时期中央政府在加大补贴力度的同时将有限的粮补资金全部投向商品粮产区,这将有利于在粮食收益相对下降的情况下进一步激励商品粮产区粮农生产的积极性和机械化规模化生产、采用科技手段提高要素生产力、普及良种、保护性耕作和科学施用化肥农药,同时还可以提高补贴效率,使国家粮食安全恒久、稳定.  相似文献   

基于Global-Malmquist-Luenberger指数的中国水资源全要素生产率增长评价   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

赵良仕  孙才志 《资源科学》2013,35(6):1229-1237

基于省际水足迹和灰色水足迹等的面板数据,本文利用带有“非期望”产出的数据包络分析方法,通过Global-Malmquist-Luenberger指数测度了1998年-2010年中国31个省、区、直辖市的水资源全要素生产率增长并分解为纯技术效率变化、技术进步和规模效率变化.研究发现:①不考虑非期望产出的水资源全要素生产率增长高于考虑非期望产出的水资源全要素生产率;②非期望产出情况下的水资源全要素生产率增长明显具有正的空间集聚现象,且非常显著;③中国31个省、区、直辖市水资源全要素生产率增长主要源于技术进步,纯技术效率和规模效率出现恶化,波动变化都很小.在此基础上对中国水资源利用效率健康发展提出了相应的政策建议.  相似文献