Athens 2004: the pollution climate and athletic performance     

Geraint Florida-James  Ken Donaldson  Vicki Stone 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):967-980

Athens sits in a basin approximately 450 km² in area, surrounded by mountains and open sea. Anthropogenic emissions in conjunction with the topographical and meteorological conditions can result in high air pollution within the city. The pollutants of concern for athletes competing in Athens 2004 appear to be nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone and particulate (PM₁₀) pollution. Exposure to elevated ozone concentrations has been reported to give rise to symptoms that include cough, chest pain, difficulty in breathing, headache, eye irritation and a decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second. All of these effects are likely to impact upon performance, and several studies of cyclists suggest this to be the case. In contrast, the impact of ambient concentrations of NO₂ appears to be negligible on normal activities, but at high exercise intensities the impact remains unclear. The use of currently available information and models to predict the effect of ozone and other pollutants on elite athletes is problematical, since such models are based upon significantly lower ventilation rates than those achieved by some elite athletes. In addition, it is already known that the response to ozone can vary somewhat between individuals. Since the individuals who will be competing in Athens are physiologically very different to the participants in most published studies, it is difficult to predict individual responses. There is some evidence to indicate that adaptation to the adverse health and performance effects of ozone can occur, so that performance is partially recovered on re-exposure. The adaptation is not seen in all studies and appears to be dependent on several factors, including the initial sensitivity of the individual to ozone. Antioxidant supplementation has also been shown in some studies to partially ameliorate the adverse effects of ozone by counteracting the oxidative stress mechanism associated with this pollutant. Whether this transfers to performance enhancement per se remains unclear at present. Additional research is required to gain a sound understanding of the effects of a complex mixed air pollution exposure on the pulmonary function and performance of athletes exercising at high work intensities.  相似文献   

北京市水资源短缺风险等级评价与预测   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

廖强  张士锋  陈俊旭 《资源科学》2013,35(1):140-147

本文利用1979年-2009年的北京市水资源相关数据,采用灰色关联分析方法筛选出主要水资源短缺风险因子;用模糊聚类分析法对水资源系列进行聚类;用灰色系统GM(1,1)法预测2010年-2015年的水资源短缺风险,将结果进行模糊聚类分析.结果表明,降雨量、常住人口、第三产业及生活等其它用水量与北京市水资源短缺的关联度较大.在1999年之前,北京市水资源风险主要处于中等以及较低的等级.1999年之后,北京市的水资源风险基本处于较高的等级.在丰水年条件下,2010年-2015年北京市水资源风险处于较低等级;在平水年处于中等等级;在枯水年和极端枯水年,将处于较高风险甚至高风险等级.2014年后,南水北调工程引水入京将有效缓解水资源短缺状况,使水资源短缺的风险降低一个等级.  相似文献   

平谷区农村居民点用地的时空特征及优化布局研究   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  

关小克  张凤荣  刘春兵  李乐  赵华甫 《资源科学》2013,35(3):536-544

农村居民点的优化布局必须在分析现状的基础上,按照农村产业发展规划目标,针对不同类型进行分类调控,科学评价农村居民点的综合发展潜力是村庄量化分类的基础,也是协调推进村庄整治的关键所在.本文以北京市平谷区为例,利用2004年、2009年土地利用现状数据库,研究了平谷区2009年农村居民点空间分布特征及2004年-2009年间居民点用地的变化情况.结合山区和平原区的不同发展条件,分别制定山区和平原区农村居民点的综合发展潜力评价指标体系,运用GIS的地理空间分析功能,对评价要素的空间叠加、计算,评价村庄的综合发展潜力.并将评价结果与城镇发展规划相结合,针对农村居民点用地的区位条件,提出居民点用地调控的类型及区域产业发展布局的方向.研究结果体现了土地利用的现状及适宜性,对推进农村居民点整理具有一定的指导意义.  相似文献   

我国竞技体育“举国体制”存在的合理性分析     

徐福生 《广州体育学院学报》2013,33(2):40-44

举国体制,从某种意义上说,就是集中力量办大事的体制.科学认识我国竞技体育“举国体制”问题,决不是简单的对社会制度问题的评析,旨在对我国竞技体育“举国体制”存在的合理性从四个方面进行科学的剖析,以期为我国竞技体育发展的理论问题提供科学的参考之宜.  相似文献   

北京奥运会经济价值开发模式与实证研究     

王家宏  张金成 《南京体育学院学报(社会科学版)》2013,(6):1-9

基于奥运会经济价值开发研究对奥运会健康、可持续发展有着重要意义。运用文献资料、专家访谈、数理统计、对比分析与逻辑分析等研究方法并依据节事理论对北京奥运会经济开发模式进行了深入研究。研究表明：北京奥运会经济价值在宏观层面表现为奥运会对北京市及全国经济增长起到直接的拉动作用、促进了北京经济结构的调整、刺激了北京的就业结构调整、并全面提升了北京的城市品牌;微观层面主要表现在促进北京奥运会相关产业和我国体育产业的快速发展等方面;而北京奥运会经济价值开发实践主要包括北京奥运会与赞助、北京奥运会与转播权、北京奥运会与特许权、北京奥运会与门票销售和北京奥运会旅游经济价值开发等方面。为南京青奥会的成功举办提供参考与借鉴。  相似文献   

新奥运周期我国男子竞技体操发展前景分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李发林 《广州体育学院学报》2013,33(5):87-89

通过文献资料、录像观察和数理统计等研究方法对最近三次世界体操大赛男子团体、全能、和各单项决赛成绩、动作难度和完成情况进行研究.结果表明:团体实力,中国居首,日本队紧随其后,俄罗斯、乌克兰队进步迅速,美国队稳中有进;全能实力,日本选手优势明显,中国选手实力急需提高;单人项目,中国队在双杠上实力优势明显,自由操、吊环上仍有夺牌实力,单杠实力有所下降,鞍马和跳马应在处理好与团体关系的前提下,尽快提高水平.  相似文献   

中国男篮第30届奥运会比赛能力分析     

朱俊民 《苏州市职业大学学报》2013,(1):85-88

采用文献资料法、录象观察法、数理统计法和比较分析法对第30届伦敦奥运会男篮比赛进行研究,为中国男篮运动水平的提高提供理论依据．结果表明：中国男篮水平严重下滑,比赛综合能力排名D级．中国男篮急需有针对性的训练来缩短与世界强队的距离．  相似文献   

论青奥背景下的家庭体育教育     

吕艳玲  谭琳 《吉林体育学院学报》2013,29(1):48-50

2014年青奥将在南京举行,以此为社会背景,分析了家庭体育教育缺失的原因,阐述了青奥即将举行是发展家庭体育教育的机遇,提出了在青奥背景下发展家庭体育教育的措施。  相似文献   

第30届奥运会男子足球赛进球特征分析     

刘超  王金河 《河北体育学院学报》2013,(5):66-69

通过电视录像观察,对第30届伦敦奥运会男子足球决赛阶段32场比赛中75个进球特征进行统计,结果显示:下半时段进球远多于上半时段,进攻组织时以4人以上参与的中路中短传渗透为主,射门得分区域以1区、2区为主,射门方式以脚内侧抢点直接射门为主,任意球直接射门和点球得分比重大,以洲际划分的各参赛球队之间实力存在一定差距。  相似文献   

Gold Medal Volleyball: The Training Program and Physiological Profile of the 1984 Olympic Champions     

Carl M. McGown  Robert K. Conlee  Anthony A. Sucec  Michael J. Buono    William Phillips 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):196-200

Abstract

This study focused on the differences between experienced and inexperienced physical education teachers' approaches to planning, low inference indicators of teaching behavior during instruction, and global variables from the Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study. It was found experienced teachers asked many more questions before they began planning than did inexperienced teachers. Experienced teachers' plans reflected a concern about contingencies that might arise during instruction, whereas inexperienced teachers' plans did not. Interaction analysis and codings of student engagement showed marked differences between experienced and inexperienced teachers. Judging the qualities of experienced and inexperienced teachers also showed important differences. These sources of data are interrelated and give a vivid picture of how experienced and inexperienced teachers differ in accomplishment of instruction. The findings are discussed in terms of what they may mean for teacher development programs.  相似文献