战国秦汉时期的里社与私社   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

杨华 《天津师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2006,(1):21-28

近年来长江流域出土的简牍材料表明,战国秦汉时期南方楚地存在着很多里。里皆有其社,社主又有“地主”、“侯土”等异名。围绕着里社的巫术活动十分盛行。从战国至汉代,里、社合一之制基本得到沿续,然而里、社分离的历史趋势已明显存在。西汉晚期,民间百姓在里社(官社)之外另立私社。东汉初年的《序宁祷券》证明了此种私社的存在,西汉中期邗江汉墓的《神灵名位牍》和秦朝末年的周家台秦简《日书》中关于私社的内容,比文献中唯一一条材料(见《汉书.五行志》)要分别提前36年和177年。  相似文献   

The different faces of controlling teaching: implications of a distinction between externally and internally controlling teaching for students’ motivation in physical education     

Jotie De Meyer  Bart Soenens  Nathalie Aelterman  Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij  Leen Haerens 《Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy》2016,21(6):632-652

Background: In Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a well-validated macro-theory on human motivation, a distinction is made between internally controlling teaching practices (e.g. guilt-induction and shaming) and externally controlling practices (e.g. threats and punishments, commands). While both practices are said to undermine students’ motivation, they would do so through somewhat differential motivational processes. Unfortunately, the relevance of the conceptual distinction between internally and externally controlling strategies has not been examined systematically. In the context of sport and physical education (PE), most studies on controlling teaching have either measured controlling teaching in an undifferentiated way or have focused on one particular feature of controlling teaching.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a more fine-grained picture on the differential de-motivational effects of internally and externally controlling teaching strategies in the domain of PE.

Participants: A total of 925 students with an average age of 15.80 years (±1.99) coming out of 92 classes taught by 22 different PE teachers participated in the present study.

Data analysis: Data on perceived controlling teaching style and students’ motivation were analyzed within a multilevel framework from both a variable-centered (regression analyses) and person-centered approach (cluster analyses).

Results: We found evidence for a distinction between perceived internally and externally controlling teaching. Both teaching styles were strongly related to each other (r?=?.54). At the level of zero-order correlations, both internally and externally controlling teaching related negatively to students’ intrinsic motivation and identified regulation and related positively to introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. However, when both teaching styles were included simultaneously as predictors of motivation in the regression analyses, only internally controlling teaching predicted poor quality and low quantity of motivation. A cluster analysis revealed different profiles of perceived controlling teaching style, with two profiles being characterized by either high or low levels of the two types of controlling teaching and other profiles displaying elevated or reduced levels of one of the types of controlling teaching. This person-centered analysis confirmed that particularly students who perceive their PE teacher as internally controlling are likely to report poor-quality motivation.

Conclusion: Controlling teaching (and internally controlling teaching in particular) is related to maladaptive motivational outcomes. As such, it can be advised to PE-practitioners to refrain from using controlling strategies when teaching students. More research is needed to identify the conditions under which teachers’ behavior is perceived as externally and/or internally controlling.  相似文献   

发展农业灌溉为长江流域西部大开发夯实基础     

王禹生 《长江工程职业技术学院学报》2001,18(1):6-9

长江流域西部地区 ,农业灌溉发展缓慢 ,灌溉面积偏小 ,粮食总量偏低 ,制约国民经济持续发展。提出对老化灌区进行更新改造 ,扩大灌溉面积 ,提高单位面积产量 ;实行节水灌溉 ,改革灌区管理体制 ,完善监督执法体系 ,增加粮食总量 ,为西部大开发创造有利条件  相似文献   

社会流动与贵州贫困地区的城乡一体化发展     

程松涛  郑晶燕 《遵义师范学院学报》2006,8(5):13-15

受历史和制度的影响，贵州的人口流动与迁移存在很大的滞后性，从而影响了贵州区域间人力资源的良性互动。同时，贵州城乡差别的二元鸿沟至今未消，且“三农”问题日益突出，所以城乡一体化的发展相当缓慢。为了能有效地实现合理的社会流动，促进贵州贫困地区的城乡一体化协调发展，我们对此作简要的分析。  相似文献   

废水资源利用与西北生态环境建设     

陈亚萍 《杨凌职业技术学院学报》2003,2(4):36-39

本文通过分析西北地区水资源状况、废水排放量和废水的处理状况，探讨了废水利用在西北地区生态环境建设中的地位和作用，阐述了当前废水利用中存在的问题，提出了废水资源化的建设性意见。  相似文献   

我国社会体育城乡差异的成因与对策     

黄春花 《三明学院学报》2006,23(4):477-480

党的十六大报告中明确指出,统筹城乡经济社会发展,是全面建设小康社会的重大任务。针对目前城乡社会体育存在的显著差异,从经济、制度、意识等方面指出造成差异的根源,并提出相应的对策。  相似文献   

宁波市区体育师资队伍现状调查及对策研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周信德 《宁波教育学院学报》2003,5(1):62-65

宁波市区 4 5所中学体育师资队伍现状调查 ,结果显示 :当前中学体育教师的年龄、职称、性别、学历、科研、专业工作能力、继续教育等方面还存在着一些问题。有关部门应该引起重视 ,加大经费投入 ,科学管理 ,加强培训和引进工作 ,努力提高师资水平 ,营造良好的科研和教学氛围 ,提高其学历和理论水平  相似文献   

小良水土流失中气候水文因素影响的灰色分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘华  岑健  伍思敏  张文兴 《茂名学院学报》2005,15(6):64-68,72

小良地区过去是一个典型的水土流失区，现在已基本上得到了有效的治理，为了使小良能保持可持续发展，我们必须要认真研究导致水土流失的主要因素——气候水文因素，避免历史的悲剧重演。在简要分析水土流失的成因及地形地势、岩土性质、森林植被等因素对水土流失的影响的基础上，进一步运用灰色理论对气候水文这个主要因素对水土流失的影响进行了相关度的分析，突出气候水文因素对水土流失影响的重要地位。  相似文献   

男高音训练之我见     

金卫国 《阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版)》2001,(2):95-96,107

本文论述了训练男高音中声区、换声区,高声区的各种手法,结合教学实践,略述管见。  相似文献   

利用SAN技术实现视频流应用中的海量信息存储     

茹宏丽  张建伟 《唐山师范学院学报》2006,28(2):91-92

提出了通过建立SAN存储区域网和磁盘阵列来实现海量存储的设计思路。  相似文献