推进物质流和社会经济代谢研究,助力实现联合国可持续发展目标     

刘刚  曹植  王鹤鸣  刘立涛  陈伍  王键 《中国科学院院刊》2018,33(1):30-39

实现联合国可持续发展目标的进度评估和路径选择,依赖于相关指标的定量评价及对社会经济和自然环境系统耦合关系的刻画。物质流和社会经济代谢分析方法基于质量守恒和生命周期思想,可以深刻地描述物质存量动态变化及其与流量的关系,分析资源和产品贸易及其对区域物质循环的影响,理解不同资源在生产与消费过程中的耦合与冲突关系。社会经济系统中物质代谢的分析和调控,是实现可持续发展的重要前提,也有助于绿色经济、循环经济、低碳经济等可持续发展战略的顺利实施。文章介绍了物质流和社会经济代谢分析方法的基本框架,并通过具体案例展示其如何用于分析全球、国家和产业可持续发展中的中长期资源、能源和气候挑战及相应的对策,从而助力实现联合国2030年可持续发展目标。在此基础上,提出了推进中国物质流和社会经济代谢研究的若干建议。  相似文献   

普通大学生健身快走运动中糖、脂代谢特征研究     

安建勋  马楚虹 《军事体育进修学院学报》2012,31(2):120-122,125

运用实验法对16名普通男女大学生进行以6.5 km/h的速度1 h健身快走实验,通过文献资料法和数理统计法对实验数据进行分析,对男、女大学生在运动过程中心率、摄氧量、CO2呼出量、呼吸商以及糖、脂代谢和能量总输出量等指标变化情况进行分析,认为男生以6.5 km/h进行健身快走健身、减肥效果不明显,而女生以6.5 km/h进行健身快走,时间要控制在20 min以上才能有较好的健身减肥效果。以此为大学生进行锻炼心肺功能和健身、减肥提供参考依据。  相似文献   

模拟低氧组合训练对提高我国女子400m栏速度耐力水平的探析     

章洁  王开永 《广州体育学院学报》2012,32(1):94-98

运用文献资料、数理统计和逻辑归纳比较法,通过比较国内外女子400m栏优秀运动员全程跑的相关数据,分析出速度耐力储备能力较国外运动员差是我国女子400m栏优秀选手以后期待解决的主要问题,根据400m栏能量供应的特点以及目前最具代表性的三种低氧耐力训练方法分析研究,从理论与实践上比较分析出较为科学有效的提高女子400 m栏运动员速度耐力水平的训练方法-模拟低氧组合训练法,模拟低氧组合训练比高原训练及单一低氧训练的更具经济性和实效性,希望能为我国女子400 m栏的速度耐力水平训练提供一些理论参考.  相似文献   

Impact of data analysis methods for maximal fat oxidation estimation during exercise in sedentary adults     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(9):1230-1239

Abstract

The maximal fat oxidation (MFO), and the exercise intensity that elicits MFO (Fat_max), are considered excellent markers of fat metabolism during exercise. Besides individual’s biological characteristics (e.g. fed state, physical fitness level, sex, or age), data selection and analysis can affect MFO and Fatmax estimations, yet the effect is unknown. We investigated (i) the impact of using a pre-defined time interval on MFO and Fat_max estimation, and (ii) the impact of applying 2 different data analysis approaches (measured-values vs. polynomial-curve) on MFO and Fat_max estimations in sedentary adults. A total of 151 (97 women) sedentary adults aged 29.2?±?13.2 years old participated in the study. We assessed MFO and Fatmax through a walking graded exercise test using indirect calorimetry. We pre-defined 13 different time intervals for data analysis, and the estimation of MFO and Fat_max were performed through the measured-values and the polynomial-curve data analysis approaches. There were significant differences in MFO across pre-defined time intervals methods (P?<?0.001) applying measured-values data analysis approach, while no statistical differences were observed when using polynomial-curve data analysis approach (P?=?0.077). There were no differences in Fat_max across pre-defined time intervals independently of the data analysis approach (P?≥?0.7). We observed significant differences in MFO between measured-values and the polynomial-curve data analysis approaches across the time intervals methods selected (all P?≤?0.05), and no differences were observed in Fat_max (all P?≥?0.2). In conclusion, our results revealed that there are no differences in MFO and Fat_max across different time intervals methods selected using the polynomial-curve data analysis approach. We observed significant differences in MFO between measured-values vs. polynomial-curve data analysis approaches in all the study time intervals, whereas no differences were detected in Fatmax. Therefore, the use of polynomial-curve data analysis approach allows to compare MFO and Fat_max using different time intervals in sedentary adults.  相似文献   

基于能值和DEA的中国城市新陈代谢效率分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

宋涛  蔡建明  倪攀  杨振山  温婷 《资源科学》2013,35(11):2166-2173

本文运用能值理论及数据包络分析方法(DEA)系统研究了2010年和2000年中国31个案例城市的新陈代谢效率特征及发展机制。结果显示,中西部城市的非可再生资源能值占系统能值总量的比例较高;而上海、北京、深圳等经济发达城市则以进出口能值为主要构成成分。2010年上海、北京、广州、深圳、沈阳、西安、杭州和海口8个案例城市达到新陈代谢效率的DEA有效,其它23个非DEA有效的城市中,绝大多数的非可再生资源投入冗余率、废弃物投入冗余率和出口改善率有待提高。此外,对城市新陈代谢效率的机制分析表明,产业结构、城市化、经济发展和人口集聚要素对于城市新陈代谢效率具有较为显著的正面影响,未来应有的放矢地从以上方面调控城市新陈代谢效率。  相似文献   

The effect of glycaemic index of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days on exercise energy metabolism and running capacity in males     

Sareena Hamzah  Siobhan Higgins  Tamara Abraham  Paul Taylor  Daiva Vizbaraite 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(14):1545-1554

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine whether rates of total fat and carbohydrate oxidation and endurance capacity during running conducted in the fasted state are influenced by the glycaemic index (GI) of high carbohydrate diets consumed over 5 days. Nine healthy males performed three treadmill runs to exhaustion at 65% of maximum oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O_2max): after a habitual diet (control trial), after 5 days on a high carbohydrate/high glycaemic index diet, and after 5 days on a high carbohydrate/low glycaemic index diet in randomized counterbalanced order. No significant differences in rates of fat and carbohydrate oxidation, concentrations of plasma insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol, or time to exhaustion were observed between the high carbohydrate/high glycaemic index and high carbohydrate/low glycaemic index trials. Compared with the control trial, the concentration of plasma glycerol and rate of fat oxidation were lower (P < 0.05) and the rate of carbohydrate oxidation higher (P < 0.05) in both the high carbohydrate/high glycaemic index diet and high carbohydrate/low glycaemic index trials during the run to exhaustion. In conclusion, the extent by which a high carbohydrate diet consumed over 5 days reduces rate of fat oxidation during subsequent running exercise in the fasted state is not influenced by the glycaemic index of the diet.  相似文献   

Errors in the estimation of hydration status from changes in body mass     

Ronald J. Maughan  Susan M. Shirreffs  John B. Leiper 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(7):797-804

Abstract

Hydration status is not easily measured, but acute changes in hydration status are often estimated from body mass change. Changes in body mass are also often used as a proxy measure for sweat losses. There are, however, several sources of error that may give rise to misleading results, and our aim in this paper is to quantify these potential errors. Respiratory water losses can be substantial during hard work in dry environments. Mass loss also results from substrate oxidation, but this generates water of oxidation which is added to the body water pool, thus dissociating changes in body mass and hydration status: fat oxidation actually results in a net gain in body mass as the mass of carbon dioxide generated is less than the mass of oxygen consumed. Water stored with muscle glycogen is presumed to be made available as endogenous carbohydrate stores are oxidized. Fluid ingestion and sweat loss complicate the picture by altering body water distribution. Loss of hypotonic sweat results in increased osmolality of body fluids. Urine and faecal losses can be measured easily, but changes in the water content of the bladder and the gastrointestinal tract cannot. Body mass change is not always a reliable measure of changes in hydration status and substantial loss of mass may occur without an effective net negative fluid balance.  相似文献   

运动员训练中微量元素铁与锌的补充     

赵骞 《冰雪运动》2013,(4):56-59

微量元素是人体必需的营养元素,铁和锌与人体运动能力的关系十分密切。铁是血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、细胞色素以及一些呼吸氧化酶的主要成分,在机体组织呼吸过程发挥重要作用;锌是多种酶的组成成分或酶的激活剂,在组织呼吸以及蛋白质、脂肪、糖和核酸等的代谢中有重要作用,是人体内必须具有结构生理功能的营养素。机体内缺铁时,引起缺铁性贫血,导致运动能力、机体免疫系统功能下降;锌的缺乏导致运动损伤和疲劳的形成,影响机体雄激素的水平,从而对运动能力产生影响。铁与锌的摄入量不足、训练过程中出汗量大和运动训练强度大等是造成运动员铁和锌缺乏的原因,应该首先从平衡膳食方面加强铁、锌的补充,多吃红色瘦肉、鱼类、蛋、动物肝脏、牡蛎、谷子等粗粮,以及营养补剂的使用,达到微量元素铁与锌的合理补充。  相似文献   

Lipid Parameters, Doses and Blood Levels of Calcineurin Inhibitors in Renal Transplant Patients     

Hayriye Senturk Ciftci  Tulay Kilicaslan Ayna  Yasar Kerem Calıskan  Aydin Turkmen  Mehmet Gurtekin 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2013,28(2):164-168

The calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) [cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (Tac)] are currently the most widely prescribed drugs for maintenance of immunosuppression after renal transplantation. These immunosuppressants are associated with side effects such as hyperlipidemia. We evaluated the differential effects of different CNIs on serum lipid parameters in renal transplant patients. Moreover, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between doses and blood levels of CNIs, and blood levels of CNIs and lipid parameters retrospectively. Two groups of 98 non-diabetic renal transplant patients, each treated with different CNIs, were studied: group A (n = 50, mean age: 31 ± 10 years), CsA, mycophenolate mofetil/azathioprin, steroid; group B (I = 48, mean age: 34 ± 12 years), Tac, mycophenolate mofetil/azathioprin, steroid. In renal transplant patients, CNIs blood levels and doses were examined at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation. Biochemical laboratory parameters including plasma lipids [total-cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–CHOL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)–CHOL, and triglycerides (TG)], CNI levels and doses were examined at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation. None of the patients received anti-lipidemic drugs during the study period. Blood levels of CNIs were detectable in all whole-blood samples by Cloned- Enzyme-Donor Immunoassay (CEDIA). The relationship between CNIs blood levels and CHOL, (LDL)–CHOL, HDL–CHOL, TG were evaluated. The mean serum CHOL levels and LDL–CHOL levels of patients in group A were found significantly higher than the patients in group B during the 12 month of follow up (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in TG and HDL–CHOL plasma levels between group A and group B (p > 0.005). In group A the daily dose of CsA was significantly correlated with the mean blood levels of CsA at the 1st and 3rd months (r = 0.387, p = 0.005; r = 0.386, p = 0.006), respectively. In group A, the daily dose of CsA was significantly correlated with the mean serum TG levels during the 12 month of follow up (r = 0.420, p = 0.003). In group B, the daily dose of Tac was significantly correlated with the mean blood level of Tac (r = 0.335, p = 0.020) at the 1st month. No correlation was found between mean Tac blood levels and lipid parameters during the 12-month of follow up (p > 0.05). Significant positive correlation was observed between the CsA blood levels and LDL–CHOL levels (r = 0.338, p = 0.027) at the 3rd month. In the renal transplant patients with well functioning grafts, CsA therapy is associated with increased CHOL and LDL–CHOL ratio which represents an increased atherogenic risk tended to be associated with CsA. Serum LDL–CHOL levels may be effected by blood CsA levels.  相似文献   

“打击-轮换”训练法在网球底线击球训练中的实验研究     

沈佳丽  田青  黄超 《体育学刊》2013,(2)

运用“打击-轮换”声控训练法,对上海市杨浦区少体校网球运动员进行为期1年的训练后发现,运动员的心率、最大摄氧量、公斤体质量最大摄氧量、呼吸商、代谢当量、能量代谢方式均发生明显变化,测试冲关数、测试底线击球数、底线击球成功率都有了较大的提高.研究表明“打击-轮换”声控训练法,能有效提高专业网球运动员的心肺功能和底线有氧击球运动能力,并且运动员的有氧运动能力与运动水平成正比,有氧运动能力强时底线跑动击球能力就强,底线击球成功率也高.  相似文献