Maintaining the anonymity of cadavers in medical education: Historic relic or educational and ethical necessity?          下载免费PDF全文

D. Gareth Jones  Mike R. King 《Anatomical sciences education》2017,10(1):87-97

Throughout the modern history of anatomical dissection by medical and other health science students, cadavers have been anonymized. This has meant that students have been provided with limited, if any, information on the identities or medical histories of those they are dissecting. While there was little way around this when the bodies were unclaimed, this need not be the case when the bodies have been donated. However, with a few exceptions, no efforts have been made to change this model. Recent attempts to move anatomy teaching in a more humanistic direction, by emphasizing the cadaver as the students' first patient and with the growth of commemoration services following the dissecting process, raise the question of whether cadavers should continue to be anonymized. In laying a basis for discussion of this matter, we outline what appear to be the virtues of anonymity, and the form that alternatives to anonymity might take. The options identified are nonidentification, low information; nonidentification, moderate information; and identification, full information. The virtues and drawbacks of each of these possibilities are assessed by analyzing their value for students, and also for donors and their families. Policy issues raised by alternatives are also considered. This article provides a basis for continued discussion and suggestions for further research in this area. Anat Sci Educ 10: 87–97. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

The effects of prior reputation and type and duration of charitable donation on celebrities’ personal public relations: an investigation based on attribution theory     

Sungwook Hwang  Hyo Jung Kim 《亚洲交流杂志》2017,27(3):304-321

Charitable donations made by celebrities are being increasingly reported by news media in South Korea. This experimental study has examined the effects of celebrities’ prior reputations, and the duration and type of charitable donation they perform, on young participants’ evaluations of these celebrities (i.e. motive attribution, attitudes toward the celebrities, and related purchase intentions). The results ascertained the main effects of prior reputation and duration and type of donation on the dependent variables. Most notably, the results also found the interaction effect of duration and type of donation on the participants’ evaluation of motive attribution. That is, participants who were exposed to news stories concerning celebrities’ volunteer efforts, or monetary contributions that involve volunteer efforts, performed over long periods of time reported the highest level of motive attribution. Based on these results, this study discussed theoretical and practical implications.  相似文献   

African-Americans’ perceptions of organ donation: ‘simply boils down to mistrust!’     

Lillie D. Williamson  Tobias Reynolds-Tylus  Brian L. Quick  Marion Shuck 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2017,45(2):199-217

Five focus groups were conducted to better understand African-American adults’ (N?=?62) perceptions of organ donation. Applying the health belief model, results revealed that participants generally were aware of the need for organ donors and felt susceptible to needing a transplant in the future. Additionally, the number of perceived barriers greatly outweighed the number of perceived benefits to organ donation. Several novel barriers to organ donation, not currently identified in the literature, arose during focus group discussions, alluding to a larger source of mistrust among African-Americans. In respect to self-efficacy, participants’ responses further delineated the distinction between task and decisional efficacy. The results are discussed with an emphasis on how the current findings compare and contrast with previous work, as well as a focus on the practical implications for targeted organ donation campaigns aimed at African-American communities.  相似文献   

对一例"二奶"请求实现遗赠案判决结果的法律思考     

喻靖文 《孝感职业技术学院学报》2003,6(2):68-70

文章主要对一例“二奶”请求实现遗赠案判决结果作法理上的剖析，认为同居和遗赠行为是两个独立的民事行为，道德规范和法律规范是调整范围不同的两个行为规范，法院不能以同居行为违反法律和社会公共利益来否认一个合法有效的遗赠行为。  相似文献   

Cultural acceptability and personal willingness of Iranian students toward cadaveric donation          下载免费PDF全文

Jamal Abbasi Asl  Hossein Nikzad  Aliakbar Taherian  Mohammad Ali Atlasi  Homayoun Naderian  Gholamabbas Mousavi  Milad Motalebi Kashani  Abdollah Omidi 《Anatomical sciences education》2017,10(2):120-126

Cadaver dissection stands as a crucial component in medical curricula around the world, although computer‐based multimedia programs have been introduced in order to replace the need for cadaver donations. Due to a decrease in the number of unclaimed bodies and rather few donations, there is an insufficient number of cadavers for anatomical studies in Iran. This study was carried out to evaluate medical students' awareness and willingness regarding body donation in Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. In this study, a questionnaire was designed to focus on the cultural acceptability and personal willingness to donate one's body after death. Students from the university's anatomy classes (n = 331) participated in this study. Seventy‐seven percent of the students expressed their agreement toward the idea of utilizing body donation services, though only 25.4% of participants were willing to donate their own bodies. None of the demographic factors were associated with cultural acceptability or personal willingness towards body donation. These findings indicated that besides “payment”, other factors were associated with students' willingness to become donors. All factors of awareness except “previous awareness of organization” were associated with cultural acceptability. In this study, students suggested that encouraging people to register for body donation using mass media (25.6%) and teaching students to respect cadavers in the dissection environment (24.8%) were the best solutions for addressing the lack of cadavers. These findings indicated that a lack of awareness about body donation might be the main factor responsible for unwillingness towards body donation; therefore, improving the public's awareness and addressing the willingness of students regarding body donation may help overcome the current lack of donated cadavers. Anat Sci Educ 10: 120–126. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

救灾捐赠中的民营企业形象——一个信任文化的视角     

唐东楚 《科学．经济．社会》2009,27(2):57-61

抗震救灾凸显了中国民营企业的形象。企业社会责任与企业形象,如同水与流、形与影。传统信任文化裹挟的汹涌民意,在救灾捐赠这个特殊的接骨点上,将民企的社会责任与形象品牌,推到了历史的风口浪尖。民企良心在现代传媒的聚光灯下被一再地展现和拷问。救灾捐赠中民企形象的重塑,应当以人为本,应当注意传统信任文化的影响,应当注意网络捐赠的“策略”,还应当注意“另一个战壕里的战友”——国企。  相似文献   

The Law,Ethics and Body Donation: A Tale of Two Bequeathal Programs     

Erin F. Hutchinson  Beverley Kramer  Brendon K. Billings  Desiré M. Brits  Nalini Pather 《Anatomical sciences education》2020,13(4):512-519

Historically, legislature has been utilized to facilitate appropriate use of cadavers in the anatomical sciences. However, cadaver acquisition and use have also been guided by ethically appropriate and morally acceptable principles. Various global and regional frameworks of “ethical practice” guide body donation, including the use of unclaimed bodies by institutions. These frameworks are responsive to, and reciprocal with the various ethical, moral and legal factors that influence the development of body donation programs. This reciprocity supports the notion that anatomists and anatomical societies have a responsibility to advocate for legal reform when required. In this study, two body bequest programs from geopolitically and socially disparate countries are used as cases to contrast existing legal and governance frameworks for body donation and to examine whether anatomists can direct the acquisition of ethically donated cadavers. The study includes an Australian donor program that has exclusively accepted bequests since its inception, and a South African program that has recently transitioned to a bequest system. Elements such as consent by next-of-kin and Inspector of Anatomy, use of unclaimed bodies and ethics committee approval amongst others, are compared. It is acknowledged that legal frameworks for cadaver acquisition generally deliver broad guidance on acceptable utilization of bodies for the anatomical sciences. However, professional discretion is of importance in adapting to societal needs and values. Thus, while anatomists have been able to progress toward more ethical practice than that which is required by the law, they must continue to do so as societal values evolve.  相似文献   

Gross Anatomy Education in China during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A National Survey     

Xin Cheng  Lap Ki Chan  San-Qiang Pan  Hongmei Cai  Yun-Qing Li  Xuesong Yang 《Anatomical sciences education》2021,14(1):8-18

The Covid-19 pandemic launched the use of online courses in Chinese medical schools during February 2020. To evaluate the state of gross anatomy education in China during the pandemic, a nationwide survey was conducted through convenience sampling by email or respondent invitations on social media. A total of 359 questionnaires were received from the respondents. The first response from a given school was included in the study to represent that school, thus, 77 questionnaires were used for analyses. Schools represented were from all provinces in mainland China as well as Hong Kong and Macao. The survey found that before the pandemic, 74.0% and 33.8% of the 77 schools conducted online theoretical and practical sessions, respectively, on gross anatomy, and 36 (46.8% of 77) had temporarily suspended practical sessions at the time the survey was conducted. Body donation programs were also affected with 26.0% and 27.3% of the 77 schools having suspended donation programs or saw a decreased number of donations. During the pandemic, 40.3% of the 77 schools kept or initiated the implementation of active learning, and online assessment was continued in 49.4% of the 77 medical schools. Another 26 (33.8%) schools initiated online assessment during the pandemic. A total of 359 answers were included for the analysis of the “teachers’ perception of the online teaching experience.” Over half (51.0%) of the 359 responded teachers were very statisfied or satisfied with the effectiveness of online teaching during the pandemic. A total of 36.2% of these respondents preferred to implement online teaching of theoretical sessions after the pandemic, and 89 (24.8%) teachers were keen to return to traditional face-to-face anatomy education.  相似文献   

Confucian Ethics on the Commercial Use of Human Bodies and Body Parts: Yi (Righteousness) or/and Li (Profit)?     

Jing-Bao Nie  David Gareth Jones 《Anatomical sciences education》2019,12(4):444-453

In China as elsewhere in the world, human bodies and body parts have long been used for a wide range of medical and non-medical purposes. In recent decades, China has played a considerable role in some of the public exhibitions of plastinated bodies and body parts, and the commercial trade in organ donations. These contemporary developments have raised numerous challenging ethical and governance questions. In spite of the growing role of China in these, there have been few studies devoted to Chinese ethical thinking that might govern its policies on the use of human bodies and body parts, and in particular on the issue of commercialization. The present study is an attempt to bridge this gap, and concludes that Confucian thinking stresses the primacy of righteousness over profits and utilities. This conclusion is reached directly by drawing on Confucian ethical responses to the peculiar practice of using human body parts, such as placenta and flesh, as drugs in traditional Chinese medicine in imperial China and what has been called “yili zhibian,” the major Confucian discourse on yi (righteousness or justice) and li (profit or interest) in its long history. The principle of prioritizing righteousness over profit leads to a general moral opposition to the commodification of human bodies and body parts. While Confucianism may not place an absolute prohibition on any such use, it does require that any commercial uses are made subject to the fundamental moral principles, such as righteousness, as well as adequate ethical governance procedures.  相似文献   

论我国公司捐赠的法律规制     

龚万松 《安顺师范高等专科学校学报》2012,(5):110-112

公司捐赠是现代公司承担社会责任的主要表现形式。目前我国的公司捐赠制度尚不完善,在捐赠数额、捐赠程序、信息披露等方面都欠缺相应的法律规制,带来的直接后果是,法律在引导和规范公司捐赠方面没有起到相应的作用。文章主要通过对捐赠含义和理论基础的分析,引申出对捐赠制度法律规制完善的思考。  相似文献