Auditing fairness under unawareness through counterfactual reasoning     

《Information processing & management》2023,60(2):103224

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly becoming the pivotal solution to support critical judgments in many life-changing decisions. In fact, a biased AI tool can be particularly harmful since these systems can contribute to or demote people’s well-being. Consequently, government regulations are introducing specific rules to prohibit the use of sensitive features (e.g., gender, race, religion) in the algorithm’s decision-making process to avoid unfair outcomes. Unfortunately, such restrictions may not be sufficient to protect people from unfair decisions as algorithms can still behave in a discriminatory manner. Indeed, even when sensitive features are omitted (fairness through unawareness), they could be somehow related to other features, named proxy features. This study shows how to unveil whether a black-box model, complying with the regulations, is still biased or not. We propose an end-to-end bias detection approach exploiting a counterfactual reasoning module and an external classifier for sensitive features. In detail, the counterfactual analysis finds the minimum cost variations that grant a positive outcome, while the classifier detects non-linear patterns of non-sensitive features that proxy sensitive characteristics. The experimental evaluation reveals the proposed method’s efficacy in detecting classifiers that learn from proxy features. We also scrutinize the impact of state-of-the-art debiasing algorithms in alleviating the proxy feature problem.  相似文献   

Directed collaboration patterns in funded teams: A perspective of knowledge flow     

《Information processing & management》2023,60(2):103237

Collaborations in funded teams are essential for understanding funded research and funding policies, although of high interest, are still not fully understood. This study aims to investigate directed collaboration patterns from the perspective of the knowledge flow, which is measured based on the academic age. To this end, we proposed a project-based team identification approach, which gives particular attention to funded teams. The method is applicable to other funding systems. Based on identified scientific teams, we detected recurring and significant subgraph patterns, known as network motifs, and under-represented patterns, known as anti-motifs. We found commonly occurred motifs and anti-motifs are remarkably characterized by different structures matching certain functions in knowledge exchanges. Collaboration patterns represented by motifs favor hierarchical structures, supporting intensive interactions across academic generations. Anti-motifs are more likely to show chain-like structures, hindering potentially various knowledge activities, and are thus seldom found in real collaboration networks. These findings provide new insights into the understanding of funded collaborations and also the funding system. Meanwhile, our findings are helpful for researchers, the public and policymakers to gain knowledge on research(ers) evolution, particularly in terms of primordial collaboration patterns.  相似文献   

Taking the relational structure of fractions seriously: Relational reasoning predicts fraction knowledge in elementary school children     

《Contemporary educational psychology》2020

Understanding and using symbolic fractions in mathematics is critical for access to advanced STEM concepts. However, children and adults consistently struggle with fractions. Here, we take a novel perspective on symbolic fractions, considering them within the framework of relational structures in cognitive psychology, such as those studied in analogy research. We tested the hypothesis that relational reasoning ability is important for reasoning about fractions by examining the relation between scores on a domain-general test of relational reasoning (TORR Jr.) and a test of fraction knowledge consisting of various types of fraction problems in 194 s grade and 145 fifth grade students. We found that relational reasoning was a significant predictor of fractions knowledge, even when controlling for non-verbal IQ and fractions magnitude processing for both grades. The effects of relational reasoning also remained significant when controlling for overall mathematics knowledge and skill for second graders but was attenuated for fifth graders. These findings suggest that this important subdomain of mathematical cognition is integrally tied to relational reasoning and opens the possibility that instruction targeting relational reasoning may prove to be a viable avenue for improving children’s fractions skills.  相似文献   

Genetic Polymorphism of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors and Their Effect on the Clinical Outcome of Captopril Treatment in Arab Iraqi Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (Mid Euphrates)     

Fadhaa A. Ghafil  Bassim I. Mohammad  Hussain S. Al-Janabi  Najah R. Hadi  Hayder A. Al-Aubaidy 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2021,36(1):81

Genetic variation in the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) has an important effect on the outcome of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) initiated treatment with captopril. This study aims to investigate the impact of genetic polymorphism of AT1R (rs5186 and rs275651) on the ACS outcome in Iraqi patients treated with captopril. A total of 250 Iraqi individuals with ACS were included in this case—control study and they were divided into two study groups; Study group 1 included 125 participants who were prescribed captopril, 25 mg twice daily and study group 2 included 125 participants who received no captopril as part of their ACS treatment (control study). The AT1R gene (rs5186) CC genotype was found to be associated with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (Odd’s ratio (O.R) = 1.2, P = 0.7), while AC was associated with Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina (UA) (O.R = 1.2, P = 0.8). AC genotype is more prone to have Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after ACS attack (O.R = 1.2, P = 0.6). CC genotype had a risk to get less improvement (O.R = 1.6, P = 0.5), so might require higher doses of captopril during acute coronary insult. The AT1R gene (rs275651) AA genotype was associated with UA (O.R = 1.3, P = 0.9). AA and AT genotypes were more prone to have PCI after ACS attack (O.R = 3.9 P = 0.2, O.R = 3.5, P = 0.3 respectively) and thus requiring higher doses of captopril. We conclude that the AT1R rs5186, rs275651 genetic polymorphisms might partially affect the clinical outcome of ACS patients treated with captopril and might have captopril resistance which requires higher doses.  相似文献   

Static and dynamic accuracy of a magnetic-inertial measurement unit used to provide racket swing kinematics     

Benjamin Kane Williams  Ross H. Sanders  Joong Hyun Ryu  Pitre C. Bourdon  Philip Graham-Smith  Peter J. Sinclair 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2019,18(2):202-214

Magnetic-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) are becoming more prevalent in sports biomechanics and may be a viable tool to evaluate kinematic parameters. This study examined the accuracy of a MIMU to estimate orientation angles under static conditions and dynamically from a squash racket during a forehand drive shot. A MIMU was mounted onto a goniometer and moved through 0–90°, with static data collected at 10° increments during 10 repetitions of all three axes. Typical error analyses showed the MIMU to be very reliable (TE ≤ 0.03°). MIMU accuracy was determined via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (r > 0.999, p < 0.001). An ordinary least products regression showed no proportional bias and minimal fixed bias for all axes. Dynamic accuracy was assessed by comparing MIMU and optical motion capture data of squash racket swing kinematics. A MIMU was fixed onto a racket and 10 participants each hit 10 forehand shots. Mean orientation angle error at ball impact was <0.50° and ICC showed very high correlations (r ≥ 0.988, p < 0.001) for all orientations. Swing phase root mean squared errors were ≤2.20°. These results indicate that a MIMU could be used to accurately and reliably estimate selected racket swing kinematics.  相似文献   

建设体育强国背景下体育经济重要地位及其发展策略     

高〓峰 《广州体育学院学报》2019,(2):13-16

加快体育强国建设已成为一项国策，研究如何提高和建设可持续发展性的体育产业经济以解决人民日益增长的美好体育生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾对建设体育强国具有重要意义。采用哲学辩证理论分析体育产业经济对体育强国构建的重要性，统计分析目前我国体育产业经济发展现状及其与发达国家的差距，结合十九大新时代背景下给出未来体育产业经济发展策略以期寻求为构建体育强国给出一些指导意见。认为：体育经济是体育强国的重要基石；开展全民健身运动、优化体育产业结构、政府政策导向市场化、跨产业融合增加与其他产业的结合度对构建体育强国具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

Bayesian reasoning in avalanche terrain: a theoretical investigation     

Philip A. Ebert 《Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning》2019,19(1):84-95

In this article, I explore a Bayesian approach to avalanche decision-making. I motivate this perspective by highlighting a version of the base-rate fallacy and show that a similar pattern applies to decision-making in avalanche-terrain. I then draw out three theoretical lessons from adopting a Bayesian approach and discuss these lessons critically. Lastly, I highlight a number of challenges for avalanche educators when incorporating the Bayesian perspective in their curriculum.  相似文献   

Contemporary school knowledge democracy: possible meanings,promising perspectives and necessary prerequisites     

Eleni Katsarou  Konstantinos Sipitanos 《Educational Action Research》2019,27(1):108-124

ABSTRACT

The basic aim of this paper is to discuss the concept ‘Knowledge Democracy’ (KD) and what it can mean in the school context, its implications on knowledge production and dissemination and on the educational practices. We try to enrich this discussion by presenting action research projects to provide case studies of how thinking about KD can reshape educational practice. We consider that the discussion on KD has to be enriched as the concept seems very promising with good prospects towards school’s democratization. On the other hand, as it is quite new, it can encompass internal contradictions that can cause problems at the level of practice. So, we consider very important any contribution to this discussion not as another theoretical sample of the debate on the ‘politics of knowledge’, but because any improvement at the thinking of the issue can be reflected on school practices. Any challenge to traditional politics of knowledge can lead to a deeper understanding of the world of schooling and to transformations through new discourses and new approaches to teaching and learning in school.  相似文献   

不同收入的城镇居民对体育消费结构和体育消费需求的影响*     

于〓乐  程〓蕾 《广州体育学院学报》2019,(5):26-30

采用问卷调查和数理统计方法，研究了不同收入的居民对体育消费结构和体育消费需求的影响。结果表明，随着居民收入的增加，各类体育消费都呈现上升趋势，实物型体育消费增长速度变慢，观赏型体育消费和健身型体育消费增长速度变快，当居民年收入在10万以上时，观赏型体育消费和健身型体育消费开始急剧增加。制约体育消费需求的主要因素是居民的收入、体育消费的价格、体育消费结构和居民的可支配时间。  相似文献   

面向社交媒体的细粒度ADR本体的半自动构建方法研究     

魏巍  傅维刚 《图书情报工作》2019,63(3):108-114

[目的/意义]提出一个药物不良反应本体的半自动构建方法，构建的细粒度药物不良反应本体为利用社交媒体挖掘潜在的药物不良反应信号提供语义资源库。[方法/过程]首先，采用业务层次和语言层次相分离的设计理念，将用户在社交媒体中评论的药物不良反应表示成"对象要素-属性要素-描述概念"的形式。细粒度体现在社交媒体用户对药物同一不良反应描述概念表达的多样性上。然后，基于深度学习的思想，利用基于word2vec的描述概念候选词抽取算法自动地抽取出更多的描述概念候选词构建本体。[结果/结论]以糖尿病药物的建模实例表明，提出的细粒度药物不良反应本体的半自动构建方案，提高了本体构建的智能化水平，构建的细粒度药物不良反应本体为利用社交媒体挖掘潜在的药物不良反应信号提供语义资源库。  相似文献