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The article processing charge (APC) is currently the primary method of funding professionally published open access (OA) peer‐reviewed journals. The pricing principles of 77 OA publishers publishing over 1,000 journals using APCs were studied and classified. The most commonly used pricing method is a single fixed fee, which can either be the same for all of a publisher's journals or individually determined for each journal. Fees are usually only levied for publication of accepted papers, but there are some journals that also charge submission fees. Instead of fixed prices, many publishers charge by the page or have multi‐tiered fees depending on the length of articles. The country of origin of the author can also influence the pricing, in order to facilitate publishing for authors from developing countries. 相似文献
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Human acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF) are classic and well characterized members of the heparin-binding
growth factor family. Heparin is generally thought to play an extremely important role in regulating aFGF and bFGF bioactivities
through its strong binding with them. In order to unravel the mechanism of the interactions between heparin and FGFs, and
evaluate the importance of heparin sulfate groups' binding with FGFs, surface plasmon resonance analyses were performed using
IAsys Cuvettes System. Heparin and its regioselectively desulfated derivatives were immobilized on the cuvettes. aFGF and
bFGF solutions with different concentrations were pipetted into the cuvettes and the progress of the interaction was monitored
in real-time by Windows-based software, yielding kinetic and equilibrium constants for these interactions. In addition, in
order to reduce the delicate difference among the cuvettes, inhibition analyses of mixtures of FGFs and immobilized native
heparin by modified heparins were also done. The data from these two methods were similar, indicating that all sulfate groups
at 2-O, 6-O and N- in heparin were required for the binding to aFGF; and that their contribution to the binding was in the
order 2-O, N- and 6-O-sulfate group. In contrast, definite contribution of the 6-O-sulfate group to the binding with bFGF
was most apparent, while the other two sulfate groups appeared to be necessary in the order 2-O and N-sulfate group. These
methods established here can be used for analysing the effect of sulfate groups in heparin on the binding with other human
FGF members or other heparin-binding proteins.
The project supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry
of China and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (301306) 相似文献
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Fred DERVIN Anu HÄRKÖNEN Mei YUAN Wan ZHANG Ning CHEN 《Frontiers of Education in China》2020,15(4):588
Research on international students’ experiences abroad has tended to rely on models of adjustment, integration and/or acculturation to describe their (mis-)encounters with different kinds of people (e.g., co-nationals, locals and other international students). This paper proposes to use the more fluid concepts of imaginaries and hospitality, leaving behind stages and phases of adaption and acculturation, and focusing on the influence of the Structure on their experiences. Based on a discursive pragmatic analysis of interview data with 20 international students at a top Chinese university, the authors review how the students describe the kind of hospitality experienced at this institution and the influence that it has on their (mis-)encounters. Culturalist, differentialist and essentialist imaginaries (static and fixed views of Chineseness) are often used to justify the lack of encounters and the “segregation” and somewhat “positive discrimination” that they experienced. However, the paper shows that, amongst others, the institutional hospitality management for international students leads to closed contexts of encounters and feelings of exclusion. Although the study serves as a case study and cannot be generalized to the many and varied experiences of international students in other universities in China, some recommendations are made to solve, at least in part, misconceptions about what interculturality and hospitality entail in the internationalization of higher education. 相似文献
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