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Two rhesus monkeys learned the auditory abstract concept ofsame/different. They were trained with 38 different environmental and natural sounds, which were arranged in different combinations as training progressed. Upon transfer to 138 different novel stimuli, they performed as well (78.8% correct) on the first exposure to the novel stimuli as they did (77.3%) with their training stimuli. The comparatively large set of training sounds, contact with the sound source, and a special fading procedure are thought to have contributed to the monkeys’ being able to learn this concept. Implications for species’ similarities/differences in cognitive processing are discussed. 相似文献
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Japanese education has been a focus of comparative studies for the past 20 years. Many scholars have attributed the economic
success of this industrialized society to a highly literate and well-educated population. Recent studies, however, have tended
to be more critical of, in particular, Japanese higher education (HE). Indeed, most universities in Japan are acutely aware
of the need for change and a considerable effort at institutional reform is sweeping the nation. Unfortunately most of the
constructive criticism of Japanese HE has not yet been published in English. One of the most vocal of the reformists, Professor
Ikuo Amano, has published widely on various aspects of HE in Japan. The following paper is a translation of a chapter in his
book Challenges to Japanese Universities. This translation is prefaced by both a synopsis of this book as well as a brief
introduction to Amano and his work. 相似文献
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Comparing with the other developing countries in Dore's book, it was only after Japan had reached a quite high level of industrialisation that the diploma disease appeared. Clearly there is a lot more work to be done on the link between the starting date of the modernisation drive, the late development effect and unique national factors. As is clear from the fact that the late development effect appears faster and appears in a more unmistakeable form the later development begins, it is an effect associated with low levels of economic development; in short with poverty. Should one then expect that when poverty is overcome and the society reaches a stage of affluence, the diploma disease will remain unchanged in incidence and character? If the advanced industrial countries also undergo a transition to a credentialling society as part of the ‘advanced country effect’, is there not some difference in character between the developing country type, and the advanced country type of diploma disease? And has Japan's diploma disease changed in transition from the one type to the other? Twenty years after the publication of Dore's book, these are the sort of questions which the Japanese case suggests one should tackle. 相似文献
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Masako Shibata 《History of education》2013,42(1):75-85
This study focuses on the Soviet introduction of local studies to Ukrainian schools during the 1920s. It argues that, through their efforts at pedagogical reform, educational planners sought a fundamental re‐imagining of place. The Ukrainian Commissariat of Education asked teachers and their students to engage the ‘productive’ world surrounding the school and make connections to an understanding of a nationally defined, territorial Ukraine. However, because the commissariat left decisions regarding curricular content to regions and municipalities, many instructors were able to resist this utilitarian notion of space. Local studies was the linchpin in Soviet educational reform for Ukraine, yet the state’s emphasis on decentralised planning created opportunity for ‘flawed’ interpretations of local and, consequently, national meanings. 相似文献
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从历史与比较研究的视角，对日本高等教育制度结构为什么缺乏稳定性进行了系统的分析，认为高等教育制度的等级性与僵硬性是导致缺乏稳定性的根本原因，同时也是日本的独特性之所在。如何构建新的日本式制度结构，仍然是日本高等教育难以回避的课题。 相似文献
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Managing Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) is a significant challenge for staff working in long-term care facilities. This study examines the effectiveness of a psycho-educational training aimed at changing staff’s attitudes. The results indicated that participants’ attitudes toward dementia were more positive, person-centered, and hopeful; some participants’ attitudes were unchanged or altered negatively after the training sessions. The conclusiveness of evaluation findings was limited due to time constraints for staff to participate in the complete educational program and the small dataset. Further research is indicated to revise the methodology of the training to ascertain if the framework regarding education on dementia influences staff’s attitude and the overall well-being of the residents. 相似文献
9.
Pigeons were trained to classify composite faces of two categories created by mimicking the structure of basic-level categories,
with each face consisting of an item-specific component and a common component diagnostic for its category. Classification
accuracy increased as the proportion of common components increased, regardless of familiar and novel item-specific components,
with the best discrimination occurring at untrained original faces used as the common components. A no-categorization control
condition suggested that categorization gives rise to equivalence for item-specific components and distinctiveness for degrees
of prototypicality. When some item-specific components were shared by exemplars of the contrasting categories, those that
were not overlapping between the categories became the effective cues for the pigeons’ responses. Implications of these results
are discussed in the context of current categorization and associative learning theories. 相似文献
10.
Masako Hosaka 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2014,39(4):424-431
This qualitative study aims to examine Japanese women undergraduate engineering students’ experiences of interacting with departmental peers of the same year in the laboratory setting by using interview data of 32 final-year students at two modestly selective national universities in Japan. Expectation state theory that explains unequal relationship between men and women is used as a framework. Findings suggest that women generally had a discouraging experience while working with their male peers. Specifically, women participated less and lost confidence by comparing with the men who appeared to be confident and competent. 相似文献