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Forward citations of patents have been used extensively to capture the impact of technological knowledge. However, our understanding of the factors shaping patent citation patterns remains limited. One of the main limitations is the lack of scholarly attention paid to the dynamic influences arising from the evolution of technology fields. From an evolutionary perspective, technological impact is not simply determined by the static attributes of a technology itself; it is also dynamically affected by changes in the external conditions. Drawing on this viewpoint, this study suggests a model for understanding patent citation patterns by reflecting the evolution of the technology fields to which each patent belongs. Four such factors are explored: technology cycle time, potential of technological convergence, popularity of the technology field, and technological novelty. Based on the proposed model, we show how expected citation patterns can change as a result of different scenarios for technology field evolution. We conduct a case study of patents in the information technology and healthcare industries to show citation patterns of patents across heterogeneous industries as well as those within an industry. Contributions to the innovation literature and research investment decisions are discussed. 相似文献
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This study investigates the relationships among factor correlations, inter-item correlations, and the reliability estimates of subscores, providing a guideline with respect to psychometric properties of useful subscores. In addition, it compares subscore estimation methods with respect to reliability and distinctness. The subscore estimation methods explored in the current study include augmentation based on classical test theory and multidimensional item response theory (MIRT). The study shows that there is no estimation method that is optimal according to both criteria. Augmented subscores show the most improvement in reliability compared to observed subscores but are the least distinct. 相似文献
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对具有一定水平的运动员,要进一步提高专项成绩,改进训练效果,除了在体能和技能上强化训练以外,训练悟性也起着十分重要的作用。本文从六个方面介绍训练悟性在上海田径队女子短跑组队员提高专项成绩过程中的作用。 相似文献
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身份认证机制是确保自学考试毕业生网上审核系统应用安全性的重要措施。文章介绍了基于PKI(即“公共密钥体系)”的身份认证机制,提出了自考毕业生网上审核系统中基于PKI的身份认证机制的设计和开发过程,讨论了这一方案在实际应用中的使用方法,并对该方案安全性作了简要分析。 相似文献
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Rebecca Woodland Minji Kang Lee Jennifer Randall 《Educational Research and Evaluation》2013,19(5):442-460
Although teacher collaboration is a school improvement imperative, it persists as an under-empiricized construct that has proven difficult to establish and assess with certainty. In this article, the authors present a validation study of the Teacher Collaboration Assessment Survey (TCAS). The TCAS operationalizes and measures 4 key domains of teacher collaboration: dialogue, decision making, action, and evaluation, and has been used to examine the quality of teacher teaming in district-wide comprehensive school reform efforts in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. Five sources of validity evidence recommended by Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (AERA, APA, & NCME, 1999) are explicated, which establish a strong argument in support of the instruments' validity. The authors discuss how educational leaders and researchers can use the TCAS for leveraging teacher collaboration for instructional innovation and student achievement, and to systematically examine teacher teaming and its relationship to other educational outcomes. 相似文献
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Kwon Kyungbin Ottenbreit-Leftwich Anne T. Brush Thomas A. Jeon Minji Yan Ge 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2021,69(5):2761-2787
Educational technology research and development - This study investigated how a computer science (CS) problem-based curriculum impacted elementary students’ CS learning and attitudes. Four... 相似文献
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