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1.
This paper presents a data envelopment analysis (DEA)/Malmquist index methodology for measuring the change in R&D efficiency at both firm and industry levels. Letting each of ten firms in each year be a separate decision-making unit, and employing one input and three outputs in a DEA case of R&D activity input-output lag, we measure “total factor R&D efficiency” change of Japanese pharmaceutical firms for decade 1983-1992 as defined by the period of R&D input. Decomposing Malmquist index into catch-up and frontier shift components and using “cumulative indices” proposed in this study, we evaluate R&D efficiency change for each firm and empirically show that R&D efficiency of Japanese pharmaceutical industry has almost monotonically gotten worse throughout the study decade. 相似文献
2.
A robot that simulates a number of human leg joint motions during carved turns has been developed. Each leg had six degrees
of freedom like those of human athletes. An on-board computer controlled the sequence of joint angles in an open-loop mode
during skiing on an artificial grass slope. The relations among joint motions, reacting forces and turn trajectory were investigated
by programming various motions of the robot. At first, the effect of basic joint motions, such as abduction–adduction and
flexion–extension of the hip, knee and ankle joints were investigated. Then the sequence of a top athlete’s joint motions,
measured in a separate study, was applied to investigate its effect on the ski turn. The human-inspired programme produced
a more even force balance between the skis and also a higher-quality turn. The requirements for a successful physical model
of a human skier are discussed. 相似文献
3.
A new sensor for detecting ski bending and torsional deflection during an actual ski turn on the snow has been developed.
It consisted of bending and torsion sensors connected by light rigid beams. This structure was fixed to the upper surface
of a ski and passed through a tunnel in the central binding plate. The bending and torsion sensors were strain cells, designed
to reject strain orthogonal to the desired measurement direction. The calibration factor for each sensor was determined in
a jig, then the calibration of the overall sensor assembly was checked by static bending experiments and a free vibration
test. A data logger recorded the strain signals synchronously with other data such as the components of the earth’s magnetic
field measured by a sensor on the ski. The data set allowed reconstruction in software of the instantaneous shape, direction
and edge angle of the ski. The purpose of this paper is mainly to introduce the equipment used and methods developed. Tests
of the sensor performance are described. Results from a ski run on snow are presented to show how the various types of data
can be combined. A skilled ski athlete performed long turns with the ski at about 60 km/h on a groomed snow surface at Shiga
Kogen in Japan. The experiment on snow showed that the deformation of the ski was predominantly bending; torsional deflection,
although measurable, had only a small effect on the shape of the running edge. The ski edge adopted a symmetrical circular
bent shape with an unexpectedly small radius when on the outside, but was unconstrained, lightly loaded and nearly straight
when on the inside. 相似文献
4.
Shoko Yamada 《比较教育学》2008,44(1):21-37
This study explores the extent to which American educational ideas made an impact on policy‐making and practice of education in British African colonies between the two World Wars. The analysis re‐examines the apparent ‘borrowing’ of American black industrial education models for application in Africa. It is argued that, while the view that Americans were successful in handling racial conflicts by means of education at home carried strong symbolic meaning in the colonial political arena, the ideas themselves were not new. The paper focuses on the motivations and characteristics of the people involved in this political discourse and in transferring American and other models to Africa. By doing this, the paper draws attention to a more complex network of factors that were involved in the transfer of educational policies to British colonies in Africa. 相似文献
5.
Studies on bullying at school proliferate, but the discourse is seriously lacking in sociological perspective. The explanation as to why some students bully others has been sought primarily within the personal attributes of the bully and the victim. Despite the fact that the school is the place where most bullying occurs, school factors that are correlated with the prevalence of bullying have been under-investigated. In Japan, however, schools have been subject to great scrutiny. By reviewing the Japanese literature on bullying ( ijime ), this paper discusses factors that appear to contribute to the school climate in which bullying among students becomes commonplace. These include authoritarian, hierarchical, and power-dominant human relationships, alienating modes of learning, high levels of regimentation, dehumanising methods of discipline, and highly interventionist human relationships in an excessively group-oriented social environment. The paper suggests the paradigm of student bullying needs to be re-thought. 相似文献
6.
Shoko Yamada 《Compare》2014,44(2):162-185
A School Management Committee (SMC) is an administrative tool adopted in many developing countries to decentralise administrative and financial responsibilities at school level, while involving local people in decision-making and making education more responsive to demands. I question the assumption linking administrative decentralisation and popular participation. There is a long-lasting tradition in Africa of schools built and run through local initiatives, even in the absence of governmental education services. Instead of seeing SMCs as a means to promote community participation and evaluating its effectiveness, I investigate people’s motivation to commit to education and the social dynamics beyond the institutionalised framework of SMCs. I also shed light on factors that cause differences in the extent and form of participation. 相似文献
7.
Bulge-disc type pressure sensors of diameter 6 mm were fitted as near as possible to the running edge of a modern carved ski.
The pressure signals were sampled at 30 Hz during long turns on snow, synchronously with signals from a geomagnetic compass
and a pressure pad in the ski boot. The pressure from the snow was found to be highly variable with a mean value of about
50 kPa and dynamic pressure spikes up to 300 kPa. With the outside leg, the snow contact width in the rear part of the ski
was found to be slightly wider, on average, than for the front part, as expected for a carving turn. Correlation within the
pressure sensor data showed that the rapid pressure fluctuations were probably not due to bumps or features on the snow; instead
they were probably caused by many small-scale collapses of the snow structure as the ski passed. 相似文献
8.
We examine the determinants of firms’ innovation success, using the firm-level data from the Japanese National Innovation Survey. We focus on the relationship between organizational and human resource management practices for research and development (R&D) and product/process innovation. We find that interdivisional cooperation/teams and the creation/relocation/integration of R&D centers are positively associated with both product and process innovation. Having board members with an R&D background is positively associated with product innovation, implying that top-down R&D decision-making may be important for firms to introduce new products. Among the factors examined, personnel assessment reflecting R&D outcomes appears to have an especially strong relationship with product innovation. Moreover, the positive relationship between the creation/relocation/integration of R&D centers and innovation success suggests that drastic organizational changes can work as a clear signal of firms’ determination to pursue an innovation-oriented strategy and help to accelerate innovation success. 相似文献
9.
Shoko Yoneyama 《British Journal of Sociology of Education》2000,21(1):77-94
Tokokyohi (school phobia/refusal) has been steadily increasing in Japan since the 1980s. It is causing an exodus of students from schools, thus creating a legitimation crisis of the education system. This paper examines this phenomenon by focusing on its various discourses. Four types of adult discourse are discussed: the psychiatric (tokokyohi as mental illness); the behavioural (tokokyohi as laziness); citizens' (tokokyohi as resistance to school); and socio-medical (tokokyohi as physical and psychological burnout). These are compared with the student discourse drawn from autobiographical accounts of tokokyohi. This paper argues that tokokyohi is a process in which students who burn out in the extremely demanding and alienating school system try to empower themselves in their search for subjectivity. 相似文献
10.
This paper is concerned with control design for a generalized Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy system. The Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy system generally describes nonlinear systems by employing local linear system representations, while a generalized fuzzy system to be considered in this paper describes even a wider class of nonlinear systems by representing locally nonlinear systems. For such a generalized system, a stabilizing controller design method is proposed by introducing a new class of non-PDC controllers. A non-PDC controller is a generalized controller of PDC one, which is a traditional fuzzy controller. Stabilizing controller design conditions are given in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which are easily numerically solvable. A relaxation method is used to reduce the conservatism of design conditions. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate our nonlinear control design and to show the effectiveness over other existing results. 相似文献