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Arianna Lazzari Mariacristina Picchio Lucia Balduzzi 《International Journal of Early Years Education》2015,23(3):274-287
In recent times, a growing consensus has emerged, among researchers and policy-makers, that a well-educated, competent and adequately supported workforce is crucial for the quality of early childhood education and care (ECEC). Despite governmental initiatives aimed to enhance the professional preparation and continuing development of early years practitioners being high on the political agenda of many EU member states, very few studies are analysing professionalisation policy developments and their implications within the national contexts of ECEC. Against this background, the article describes the key features of ECEC policies in Italy and their current trends by focussing specifically on the professionalisation of early childhood practitioners working across 0–3 and 3–6 services. Drawing on the data collected from documentary sources and interviews with key informants, this paper will critically review policy discourses as well as recurring themes and tensions arising from the academic and political debate. The findings from our analysis highlight that the increasing discontinuity characterising professionalisation initiatives across the 0–3 and 3–6 sector might lead to widening the gap among professionals working in such services. The risks that are associated with this trend are, on the one side, to devalue the educational role of 0–3 services and, on the other, to produce the schoolification of educational practices in 3–6 services. In addition, our analysis identified inconsistencies between initial and continuing professional development policies, which are progressively creating a dichotomy between initial and in-service training. The consequences of this process might produce, on the long term, the fragmentation of the ECEC system across public and private not-for-profit provision with the subsequent risk of impoverishing the local culture of childhood on which the Italian ECEC system has traditionally built its strength. 相似文献
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Firms’ genetic characteristics and competence-enlarging strategies: A comparison between academic and non-academic high-tech start-ups 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Massimo G. Colombo Evila Piva 《Research Policy》2012,41(1):79-92
This paper argues that academic high-tech start-ups exhibit peculiar “genetic characteristics” that leave an enduring imprint on firm development. We formulate a series of hypotheses on the effects of such genetic characteristics on the post-entry strategies that academic high-tech start-ups adopt to enlarge their initial competence endowments. In the empirical section, we use matched-pair statistical techniques and run several regressions to test the theoretical hypotheses. Our findings contribute to the literature on the antecedents of the strategies adopted by academic high-tech start-ups. They also allow us to derive implications for academic entrepreneurs, university managers and policy makers. 相似文献
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Conceptualising the heterogeneity of research-based spin-offs: A multi-dimensional taxonomy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Philippe Mustar Marie Renault Evila Piva Andy Lockett Bart Clarysse Nathalie Moray 《Research Policy》2006,35(2):289-308
Research-based spin-offs (RBSOs) have become an important aspect of the technology transfer process. Emanating from what is conventionally a non-commercial environment, RBSOs pose major challenges if they are to realise their potential to meet the objectives of their founders and the parent research organisations (PROs) from which they emerge. An important issue is to understand the heterogeneity of RBSOs. This paper reviews the literature on RBSO typologies to develop a taxonomy of RBSOs. We identify common themes in relation to these typologies in relation to (1) spin-off creation and (2) spin-off development. The dimensions that differentiate between firms are the type of resources, the business model and the institutional link. We identify gaps in current typologies in order to propose avenues for future conceptual and empirical research. 相似文献
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This paper examines the within-industry diversification of software small and medium enterprises that collaborate with the open source software community (OSS SMEs). In doing so, it offers new insights into the association between open innovation and diversification. We rely on arguments inspired by the literature and evidence collected through interviews with OSS SMEs’ top managers to investigate factors that favor or hinder within-industry diversification. First, in line with the mainstream diversification literature, we focus attention on the role of firm size. Second, in the spirit of the open innovation research, we concentrate on the mechanisms that OSS SMEs put in place to get access to the external resources of the OSS community. Econometric evidence on 100 European OSS SMEs shows that firm size is negatively associated to within-industry diversification, while OSS SMEs that have contributed to a larger number of OSS projects have a more diversified portfolio of software products. Furthermore, we provide preliminary evidence that the practice of authorizing firm programmers to contribute autonomously to OSS projects of their own choice during working hours may be positively associated to within-industry diversification only if OSS SMEs possess adequate internal technological resources. 相似文献
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Previous studies have suggested that technological change is the main cause of the recent increase in demand for highly skilled workers in developed countries. However, a more recent strand of literature has also introduced the “Skill Biased Organisational Change” hypothesis, according to which the increasing diffusion of new organisational practices within firms plays a role in the increasing demand for skilled workers. We estimate a SUR model for a sample of 400 Italian manufacturing firms, showing that upskilling is more a function of reorganisational strategy than a consequence of technological change alone. Moreover, some evidence of superadditive effects emerges, which is consistent with the notion that technology and organisation jointly affect the demand for labour. 相似文献
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Mariacristina Cocca Lucia D'Arienzo Loredana D'Orazio Gennaro Gentile Carlo Mancarella Ezio Martuscelli Carmen Polcaro 《Journal of Cultural Heritage》2006,7(4):236-243
With the aim of identifying new water dispersed polymers for textile conservation, the structure and properties of three commercial polyacrylates and one commercial polyvinylacetate were analysed. The characteristics of these materials, not previously used in the conservation and restoration fields, were compared with that shown by Primal AC33 and Mowilith DMC2 and SDM5, widely used as consolidating or adhesive agents of ancient textiles. To achieve a thorough characterisation of each polymer, molecular, thermal, structural and mechanical investigation techniques were applied on film samples, obtained from polymer water dispersions through water casting at room temperature and/or compression moulding. The photo-oxidative resistance of these materials was also assessed by artificial weathering of water cast films and by measuring the Yellowing Index (YI) as a function of the exposure time under xenon-arc lamp. Collected data were used to appropriately compare the performances shown by these polymers when applied on artefacts consisting of natural fibres. In particular it was found that, among the products not previously used in the conservation and restoration fields, a high potential for carrying out treatments on textiles is shown by the samples commercialised with the trade names of Acrilem RP6005 and Acrilem 30WA. These products, in fact, exhibit properties that make them suitable as substitutes for Primal AC33 and Mowilith DMC2 and SDM5, respectively, depending upon conservation needs. It was very interesting to note that Acrilem 30WA, also after aging, shows YI values lower than that shown by Mowilith DMC2 and SDM5. 相似文献
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In search of complementary assets: The determinants of alliance formation of high-tech start-ups 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Why do new technology-based firms (NTBFs) cooperate? Starting from Teece's [Teece, D.J., 1986. Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing, and public policy. Research Policy 15, 285-305] conceptual framework and taking advantage of subsequent literature on alliance formation in the resource and competence-based tradition and in the social structure perspective, we derive an empirical model that aims at highlighting the inducements and obstacles that these firms face in alliance formation according to firm-specific characteristics and the nature of the alliance. In particular, a distinction is made between exploitative commercial alliances and explorative technological alliances. The econometric estimates, based on a large sample of Italian young high-tech firms that are observed from 1994 to 2003, provide strong evidence supporting two key intuitions of Teece's work. First, the “combination of specialized complementary assets” appears to be a key driver of the formation of exploitative commercial alliances by NTBFs. More specifically, patent holding affects positively the likelihood to establish commercial alliances, but this propensity is found to rapidly decrease with firm size, suggesting that as long as NTBFs become larger and possess specialized commercial assets their urge for commercial alliances diminishes. Second, following the parallelism set forth by Teece between search for alliance partners and access to external financing, the analysis indicates that potentially beneficial alliances may not take place because of the high transaction costs faced by smaller NTBFs. In this respect, our results clearly support the view that sponsor institutions as public research organizations, venture and corporate venture capitalists may sensibly reduce these costs and that their role crucially depends on both the identity of the sponsor and the type of alliance. 相似文献
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RMIT is a major Australian university of technology based in central Melbourne with regional and international reach. It has made both online education and programme quality two central planks in its teaching and learning strategy in recent years. This paper proposes making the connection between these two strategic directions by working within a framework of programme quality assurance to evaluate the effectiveness of mixed mode teaching and learning. This paper undertakes a case study of evaluation‐readiness in one RMIT degree programme – undergraduate biotechnology and biomedical science – in which implementation of the university’s teaching and learning strategy has been a major focus. (A note on terminology: at RMIT, ‘programme’ describes a degree comprising a number of ‘courses’ usually studied over several years). Qualité, viabilité et importance: une structure stratégique pour l'évalution d'une méthode d’enseignement et de formation mixte dans un grade universitaire de sciences biotechnologiques et biomédicales. RMIT est une grande université australienne de technologie située au centre de Melbourne avec une importance régionale et internationale. Pendant les dernières années, la formation en ligne et la qualité du programme sont devenues deux piliers centraux de la stratégie d'enseignement et de formation de cette université. Cet exposé propose de créer une relation entre ces deux directions stratégiques en opérant avec une structure de qualité guarantie de programme pour évaluer l'efficacité de la méthode d'enseignement et de formation mixte. Cet exposé décrit une étude modèle sur la disposition d’évaluation dans un des programmes diplômés de la RMIT – sciences biotechnologiques et biomédicales – dans lesquelles la réalisation de la stratégie d'enseignement et de formation universitaire a été le centre d'intérêt principal. (Note: à la RMIT un programme décrit un grade universitaire comprenant un nombre de cours généralement étudiés pendant plusieurs années). Qualität, Realisierbarkeit und Bedeutung: ein strategischer Rahmen zur Bewertung der Wirksamkeit einer kombinierten Lehr- und Lernmethode im Grundstudium der biotechnologischen und biomedizinischen Wissenschaft RMIT ist eine große australische Technologische Universität in Melbourne mit regionaler und internationaler Bedeutung. Sie hat in den vergangenen Jahren sowohl die Online‐Bildung als auch die Qualität ihres Programms zu zentralen Stützen ihrer Lehr- und Lernstrategie gemacht. Dieser Bericht schlägt vor, durch einen gemeinsamen Rahmen für die Sicherung der Qualität des Programms eine Verbindung zwischen diesen beiden strategischen Richtungen zu schaffen, um auf diese Weise die Wirksamkeit einer kombinierten Lehr- und Lernmethode zu beurteilen. Außerdem beschreibt dieser Bericht eine Fallstudie der Beurteilungsbereitschaft in einem RMIT Abschluss‐Programm – im Studiengang der biotechnologischen und biomedizinischen Wissenschaft – in der die Einführung dieser universitären Lehr- und Lernstrategie den Hauptschwerpunkt darstellte. (Eine Anmerkung zur Terminologie: Bei der RMIT bedeutet der Begriff Programm einen Abschluss, der eine gewisse Anzahl an Kursen beinhaltet, die gewöhnlich über mehrere Jahre studiert wurden). 相似文献
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