A Similarity Heuristic in Children’s Possibility Judgments     

Brandon W. Goulding  Ori Friedman 《Child development》2021,92(2):662-671

Children often judge that strange and improbable events are impossible, but the mechanisms behind their reasoning remain unclear. This article (N = 250) provides evidence that young children use a similarity heuristic that compares potential events to similar known events to determine whether events are possible. Experiment 1 shows that 5- to 6-year-olds who hear about improbable events go on to judge that similar improbable events can happen. Experiment 2 shows that 5- to 6-year-olds more often affirm that improbable events can happen if told about related improbable events than if told about unrelated ones. Finally, Experiment 3 shows that 5- to 6-year-olds affirm the possibility of improbable events related to known events, but deny that related impossible events can happen.  相似文献   

Computer logic: Alan Rose. 180 pages,diagrams, 6x9 in. New York,John Wiley, 1971. Price $11.97 (approx. £4·60).     

Arthur D. Friedman 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1973,296(2):157-158

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Education and executive personnel in European broadcasting     

Richard Friedman 《广播与电子媒介杂志》2013,57(2):150-152

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An editorial: Changes …     

Robert P. Friedman 《Communication Studies》2013,64(3)

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After Freedom: How Boomers Pursued Freedom,Questioned Virtue,and Still Search for Meaning Mary VanderGoot. Eugene,OR: Cascade Books, 2012.     

Monroe Friedman 《Journal of American culture (Malden, Mass. : 2003)》2013,36(4):365-366

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The Development of Children's Memory for the Time of Past Events     

William J. Friedman 《Child development》1991,62(1):139-155

Previous research on adults' and children's memory for the time of past events has generally overlooked the fundamental distinction between knowledge of temporal distance in the past and knowledge of temporal locations. This study applied the distinction to the development of time memory. Children of 4, 6, and 8 years of age experienced 2 target events, one 7 weeks and the other 1 week before testing. They were asked to judge the relative recency of the 2 events and to localize the older event by time of day, day of the week, month, and season. Even the 4-year-olds were successful in judging the relative recency of the 2 events and localizing the older event by time of day. However, on the 3 longer time scales, only the 6- and 8-year-olds could localize the older event, reason about possible times that it could have occurred, or tell the present time. The great accuracy of the time-of-day judgments at all 3 ages is almost certainly not due to distance-type information. The results show the separate development of distance and location judgments.  相似文献   

The development of children's knowledge of temporal structure   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

W J Friedman 《Child development》1986,57(6):1386-1400

Adults have a rich understanding of a number of time systems, but little is known about how this knowledge develops. 3 experiments were conducted to test a model in which the first representations of the days of the week and months of the year have verbal-list properties, and these are later supplemented by image representations. In Experiments 1 and 2, fourth or fifth graders could judge forward relative order for these contents, but not until adolescence could backward order judgments be made accurately. In Experiment 3, fourth graders used a serial process to solve a categorical distance judgment task, whereas older groups shifted to a process with more rapid access to information about the position of remote items. The results are interpreted as supporting the 2-stage model and appear inconsistent with a number of alternative models.  相似文献   

Food sharing in albino rat pups: Does familiarity breed contempt?     

Georgia D. Wills  Frank R. Moore  Andrea L. Wesley  Barry Friedman 《Learning & behavior》1984,12(1):106-108

The present experiment investigated the effects of kinship and familiarity upon food sharing in pairs of albino rat pups. Five pairs of rats from each of the following groups were tested: (1) familiar siblings, (2) nonfamiliar siblings, (3) familiar nonsiblings, and (4) nonfamiliar non-siblings. A small food portion was used, necessitating not only close physical contact, but also cooperation in the sense that both pups were required to remain relatively immobile in order for both to feed simultaneously. Results indicated more frequent sharing among unfamiliar pups, whether related or not. Results also indicated that food sharing increased in frequency among all four groups over the 5-day testing period, suggesting that cooperation in the form of food sharing can develop, or increase in frequency, over time in albino rat pups.  相似文献   

Children's Comparisons of the Recency of Two Events from the Past Year   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

William J. Friedman  Amanda C. Gardner  Naomi R. E. Zubin 《Child development》1995,66(4):970-983

Research on memory for time has been limited by the difficulty of disentangling several of the fundamentally different processes that contribute to a chronological sense of the past. This study used a developmental approach to isolate one of these processes, impressions of distances in the past. Large samples of children between 3 and 12 years were asked to judge which was longer ago, their birthday or Christmas (and, in one study, Halloween and Thanksgiving). Even children under 6 years of age were able to discriminate the recency of their birthday and Christmas with great accuracy when the events were widely separated and one was within the past several months. The ability to discriminate recency on these scales appears to be a basic property of human memory that changes little with development. Other information about the locations of the events and their relative times of occurrence could only be interpreted correctly by children older than 9 years.  相似文献   

The development of children's knowledge of the times of future events   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Friedman WJ 《Child development》2000,71(4):913-932

Four studies with 261 children were conducted to describe 4- through 10-year-olds' ability to differentiate the future distances of events. Distances ranged from later the same day through nearly a year in the future. Judgment methods included pointing to parts of a spatial scale representing future distances and answering open-ended questions. Although 4-year-olds failed to differentiate future distances, 5-year-olds were able to distinguish events that would occur in the coming weeks and months from those that would not occur for many months. However, like young children in earlier studies of memory for time, they confused the near future with the recent past. Children 6 through 8 years of age made more differentiated judgments but collapsed the distances of events more than a few months in the future. By 8 to 10 years of age, children accurately judged distances by using mental representations of the times of events in the annual cycle.  相似文献