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The framing of school curricula and syllabi is a basic stage in the complex process of educational development. It may be
said to be the clearest and most concrete ‘scholastic’ and ‘didactic’ expression of a task that begins with the taxing problem
of defining objectives, continues with the establishment of the structures appropriate to aims and such objectives considered
desirable and practicable, and ends with the evaluation of their present efficacity and possibilities for the future. 相似文献
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Walaa Sayed Mohammad Osama Ragaa Abdelraouf Salam Mohamed Elhafez Nagui Sobhi Nassif 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):934-939
AbstractIn this study, we compared the isokinetic torques of hip flexors/extensors and abductors/adductors in soccer players suffering from osteitis pubis (OP), with normal soccer players. Twenty soccer male athletes with OP and 20 normal soccer athletes were included in this study. Peak torque/body weight (PT/BW) was recorded from hip flexor/extensor and abductor/adductor muscles during isokinetic concentric contraction modes at angular velocity of 2.1 rad · s?1, for both groups. The results showed a significant difference between the normal and OP groups for hip flexors (P < 0.05). The normal group had significant, lower PT/BW value than the OP group for their hip flexors (P < 0.05). The hip flexor/extensor PT ratio of OP affected and non-affected limbs was significantly different from that of normal dominant and non-dominant limbs. There were no significant differences between the normal and OP groups for hip extensor, adductor and abductor muscles (P > 0.05). Regarding the hip adductor/abductor PT ratio, there was no significant difference between the normal and OP groups of athletes (P > 0.05). The OP group displayed increase in hip flexor strength that disturbed the hip flexor/extensor torque ratio of OP. Therefore, increasing the hip extensor strength should be part of rehabilitation programmes of patients with OP. 相似文献
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Sobhi Tawil 《Prospects》2001,31(3):293-306
preliminary evidence from a variety of settings around the world indicates that a focus on the shared human experiences of people affected by armed conflict appears to respond to diverse educational needs in very different social and political settings. Education in humanitarian law fosters increased awareness of humanitarian issues in the face of the threat of armed conflict, encourages a shared sense of citizenship in post-conflict settings through the exploration of minimal international humanitarian norms, and heightens awareness of less contentious means of addressing social and political violence through the examination of various issues of global concern. In post-conflict and divided societies, education based on the exploration of humanitarian issues highlights the common human concerns that arise in times of armed conflict, concerns that are often obscured by politically and ideologically driven analyses. By developing a sense of shared destiny, education in humanitarian law can contribute to strengthening and rebuilding social cohesion. 相似文献
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Nour El Helou Geoffroy Berthelot Valérie Thibault Muriel Tafflet Hala Nassif Frédéric Campion 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(7):789-796
Abstract Road cycling ranks among the most intense endurance exercises. Previous studies and mathematical models describing road cycling have not analysed performances per se. We describe the evolution of road cycling performance over the past 116 years. We studied the top ten cyclists' mean speeds in eight famous classic races and three European Grand Tours, using a previously published multi-exponential model that highlights the different progression periods of an event during the century. In addition, we measured an indicator of difficulty for the Tour de France by calculating the climbing index (i.e. the total altitude climbed over total distance). The eleven races' mean speed increased progressively from 23.13 km · h?1 in 1892 to 41.19 ± 2.03 km · h?1 in 2008. Road cycling development, like other quantifiable disciplines, fits a piecewise progression pattern that follows three periods: before, between, and after the two World Wars. However, a fourth period begins after 1993, providing a speed progression of 6.38% from the third one. The Tour de France's climbing index also provided insight into a recent paradoxical relationship with speeds: when the climbing index increased, the winner's speed also increased. Our results show a major improvement (6.38%) in road cycling performance in the last 20 years and question the role of extra-physiological parameters in this recent progression. 相似文献
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