共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Buhs JB 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2002,93(3):377-400
This essay uses an approach borrowed from environmental history to investigate the interaction of science and nature in a late twentieth-century controversy. This debate, over the proper response to fire ants that had been imported into the American South accidentally and then spread across the region, pitted Rachel Carson and loosely federated groups of conservationists, scientists, and citizens against the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The analysis falls into three sections: an examination of the natural history of the ants; an examination of the views of the competing factions; and an examination of how those views, transformed into action, affected the natural world. Both sides saw the ants in terms of a constellation of beliefs about the relationship between nature, science, and democracy. As various ideas were put into play, they interacted with the natural history of the insects in unexpected ways--and with consequences for the cultural authority of the antagonists. Combining insights from the history of science and environmental history helps explain how scientists gain and lose cultural authority and, more fundamentally, allows for an examination of how nature can be integrated into the history of science. 相似文献
2.
基于ESI数据库的材料科学领域文献计量分析研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
通过对《基本科学指标数据库》(ESI)收录的近11年来有关材料学领域的文献进行计量研究,得出材料学领域高生产力和高被引的国家、机构、期刊以及作者的分布,并对材料学领域高被引论文和热门论文进行期刊和作者的分析;最后对高被引作者进行共被引分析,并提供了近11年来材料科学领域的主要研究主题和作者的集群分布。 相似文献
3.
侯莎莎 《科学．经济．社会》2011,29(2):107-110
协商民主理论倡导公民通过自由平等的对话、讨论、审议等方式,参与公共决策和政治生活。通过协商民主鼓励公众参与社会管理,可以增强弱势群体利益表达的效果,建立劳资共赢的工资协商制度,增强各级党政组织公信力,减少恶性群体事件发生,对化解社会矛盾、创新社会管理具有重要的促进作用。 相似文献
4.
我国与西方国家在提出科学家社会责任的背景、履行科学家社会责任的途径、培养科学家社会责任意识的措施等方面存在较大差异。我国由于科学研究活动中违反科学道德的行为日益增多从而使得科学家社会责任问题备受关注,注重科学家通过构建良好的道德自律机制来履行自身的社会责任,强调通过科学家本人培养科学良心来提高社会责任感;而西方国家则由于科学带来诸多负面效应才引发了对于科学家社会责任问题的广泛讨论,通过科学共同体制定准则来规范科学家的科学活动,注重通过专门机构培训科学家道德伦理意识和责任意识。通过比较也不难发现,我国的科技伦理道德仍基本属于学术道德。 相似文献
5.
在科技界,男女科学家在产出和地位方面的差异是显著存在的,而且随着年龄的增长,男女科学家发表成果的差别越来越大。对造成男女科学家地位和成就分化原因的研究一直成为研究的焦点。本文在2006-2007年的问卷调查基础上,从科技女性主观价值偏好的视角,对此问题进行了解读。研究发现：主观偏好具有重要的影响;同时,在职业发展的不同阶段,科技女性主观价值取向与男性相比呈现不同的变化趋势。该结果从一个新的角度对我国科技界性别分层现象进行了解释。 相似文献
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We examine the incident known as “Climategate” in which emails and other documents relating to climate scientists and their work were illegitimately accessed and posted to the Internet. The contents of the files prompted questions about the credibility of climate science and the legitimacy of some of the climate scientists’ practices. Multiple investigations unfolded to repair the boundary that had been breached. While exonerating the scientists of wrongdoing and endorsing the legitimacy of the consensus opinion, the investigating committees suggested revisions to some scientific practices. Despite this boundary repair work, the credibility and legitimacy of the scientific enterprise were not fully restored in the eyes of several stakeholders. We explore why this is the case, identify boundary bridging approaches to address these issues, and highlight policy implications. 相似文献
8.
自20世纪90年代中期以来,“公众科学”的概念逐渐受到学界关注并形成了一个新的研究领域,但目前学界对于“公众科学”的内涵仍没有共识。为此本文追溯了实践进路和政治进路两种不同内涵的公众科学的源起、内容与影响,并对两种公众科学的形成背景、理论预设、政策影响等方面的差异进行了系统比较;同时阐述了已有研究对于融合两种公众科学进路的尝试。最后,文章提出公众科学是一种以公众为主体的新知识生产方式,并结合国内公众科学情况提出了几点发展建议。 相似文献
9.
图书馆学的客观性依据是基于批判现实基础上的理性要求。它与古典图书馆学家崇尚的“实事求是”、“凸显本真”有着显著的区别。“实事求是”之所以不等同于客观性,缘由在于其实质上是一种高下分明的品级性。与之相反,客观性的实质体现在它的平等性上。图书馆学的客观性原则在过往的古典图书馆文化演进史上得以长久的承袭,主要在于其刻意求索着一种理想化的精神世界。这一理想化精神世界的内在底蕴是人性为本、自由发展和真理永恒。图书馆学中的各种偏见能够凭藉人性为本、自由发展和真理永恒加以克服,同时,人性为本、自由发展及真理永恒本体的偏见又能被图书馆学发展史所克服。 相似文献
10.
现代科学发展越来越趋于整体化，要求科学的思维模式也趋于整体化，元极学研究中的思维方法继承和发展了中国传统思维的整体性特点，主张人与自然界应达到协调和统一，运用这种思维方法可适应现代科学的发展。 相似文献
11.
运用心理学、教育学、哲学、人才学、管理学、成功学等多种学科知识,并结合中外女科学家家庭背景、所受教育、所处发展环境、婚姻以及个人品质等方面进行分类分析,探讨她们的一些共同特征和促使其获得成功的若干重要相关影响因素。 相似文献
12.
Otis L 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(3):570-577
With their common focus on narrative, literary scholars and historians of science share a close relationship with language and can offer each other valuable interpretive insights. Particularly revealing in each field are scientists' and literary writers' changing uses of metaphor, which is critical to each kind of scholarship since both disciplines place such a high value on cultural context. Any cross-disciplinary help, however, needs to take into account the essential differences between the fields: contrasting views of what constitutes evidence and varying relationships with the past. Since both kinds of scholarship involve creating as well as analyzing narratives, each field has developed its own sense of pacing and significance, and their differing approaches to truth deserve respect. 相似文献
13.
覃晓燕 《科学技术与辩证法》2010,27(1):97-100
科学博客作为科学工作者的知识管理系统,为加强科学家同行之间的交流,拉近科学家与公众的距离,促进公众科学的建构,提高公民的科学素养搭建了平台。解读科学博客的传播模式,探讨科学博客传播中的问题,对于科学博客的健康发展将起到积极的推动作用。 相似文献
14.
Green CD 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2010,101(4):697-721
Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison's recent book on the history of scientific objectivity showed that, over the course of the nineteenth century, natural scientists of many stripes became intensely concerned with the issue of the distorting influence that their own subjectivities might be having on their observations and representations of nature. At very nearly the same time, experimental psychology arose specifically to investigate scientifically the nature and structure of subjective consciousness. Although Daston and Galison briefly discussed some basic psychological issues-especially the discovery of differences in human color perception-they did not strongly connect the widespread European concern with scientific objectivity to the rise of experimental psychology. This essay critically examines the theoretical and empirical activities of the experimental psychologist who most energetically strove to discover the structure of subjective conscious experience, Edward Bradford Titchener. Titchener's efforts to produce an objective study of subjectivity reveal important tensions in early experimental psychology and also serve to situate experimental psychology at the center of an important intellectual struggle that was being waged across the natural sciences in the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century. 相似文献
15.
This paper looks at how citations are perceived among scientists. Based on a questionnaire survey it traces the repertoire of views and experiences about citations that could be found among Norwegian scientists that had published highly cited papers. Their views circle around three issues: the relation between the quality (or importance or significance) of a paper and its citation history; the importance of visibility and how different sorts of factors play a role in determining citation in general and high citation in particular; and the fairness (or lack of fairness) of the system. Taken together, the respondents’ answers and comments offer an informal (and fragmented) sociology of citations and their role in the world of science. In the final section we discuss the relevance of our findings in respect to the increasing use of citation indicators in science policy and research evaluations. 相似文献
16.
在利用焦点访谈法构建图书馆评价指标体系时,不仅需要整理参会者口头表述建议,还需指出这些观点的可信程度,并挖掘其内心真实想法。本文首先借助心理学、行为学的有关知识,分析发言者肢体语言、表述方式与表述内容之间的关系,利用其肢体语言信息评判发言者口述内容的可信度等级。接着,根据参会者聆听时的肢体语言,给出其对当前发言者观点的支持度。最后,利用参会者的支持度,给出校正其自身表述观点可信度等级的方法,提炼其真实的观点。 相似文献
17.
《Research Policy》2019,48(10):103694
Citizens are the target group of sustainability policies, and their acceptance and subsequent behavioral change are key in transition processes. But what drives citizens to accept new instruments that will be added to a pre-existing instrument mix? To answer this question, we suggest an innovative combination of sustainability transitions and social acceptance research, and examine the case of Swiss energy turnaround. We rely on data from a representative sample of the Swiss resident population. By estimating logistic multi-response models, we disentangle individual and context-related factors that drive instrument preferences in a instrument mix situation. We conclude that it is mainly individual factors (values in favor of nuclear phasing out and climate mitigation) that positively impact the acceptance of instruments that promote the larger energy transitions through renewables. Additionally, the self-contribution of citizens (energy pro-sumers) seems to shape preferences more than current policies of their own jurisdiction. 相似文献
18.
Stuart S. Blume 《Research Policy》1974,3(1):40-76
This paper attempts to summarize the recent behavioural science literature dealing with the management of research personnel and of the organizational research function.Sociologists are divided over the salience of the institutional norms of science for organizational scientists. Do scientists in corporate environments find themselves torn between values and norms of behaviour absorbed during professional training, and the possibly very different values and norms of the organization in which they subsequently work? If indeed scientists are principally oriented to the wider scientific community, what incentives can management offer in order to secure or maintain their commitment? A number of rather different studies have sought correlations between the effectiveness or productivity of scientists and various characteristics of the organizations in which they work. Positive relationships have been demonstrated with, inter alia, extent and pattern of communication, the nature of managerial control, incentives provided, sizes and ages of research groups, and functional compared to project organization. Of course, technically successful research is no guarantee of substantial utility for a commercial organization.Whilst most of the literature relates to the industrial situation, this review attempts from time to time to point its relevance for management in the public sector. 相似文献
19.
囿于“理论逻辑”的“学究式谬误”,实证主义科学话语体系固守“证伪主义”的科学教条,认为如果科学家信任他人,则“既置入了认识论错误,又具有道德危险”。然而,科学场域的实践逻辑表明,富有道德色彩的“情感型信任”内嵌于科学实践之中,它是科学场域内生的一种结构性资源,甚至科学知识体系本身就是一张由环环相扣的信任链条精心编织的“信任之网”。即使是科学认知层面的带有权宜性的怀疑,也依赖于道德层面的人际信任,科学信任既是怀疑的逻辑起点——即使彻底的科学怀疑主义者也基于一定的信任架构,也是怀疑的价值归宿点——科学怀疑的目的不是主张从道德尺度对科学家进行价值评判,而是提倡通过富有建设性的科学对话,增进科学家之间的信任和合作。有鉴于此,理应批判科学实证主义的话语霸权,从而在科学场域构筑一条从怀疑走向信任的科学通道。 相似文献