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Vassilis Barkoukis Lauren Brooke Nikos Ntoumanis Brett Smith Daniel F. Gucciardi 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(21):2483-2491
ABSTRACTThe present study investigated athletes’ and coaches’ beliefs about the role of athletes’ entourage in deterring or promoting doping. Competitive athletes and coaches in Greece and Australia took part in semi-structured interviews. Our analysis of the interviews produced five main themes: coach influence, peer influence, doping stance, doping stigma, and entourage’s culture. Overall, coaches and peers having a close and trusty relationship with the athletes were considered most influential with respect to doping-related decisions. The majority of the athletes held a strong anti-doping stance but could not articulate why they held this position. This inability could be ascribed to the stigmatization of doping which led to lack of knowledge and anti-doping education. Finally, an anti-doping culture in the athletes’ environment was considered central to an anti-doping stance. The study findings provide valuable information towards a comprehensive understanding of the role athletes’ entourage can play in shaping athletes’ attitudes and decision for doping. 相似文献
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《Sport Management Review》2015,18(2):218-230
Athlete support personnel (ASP) implement drug control policies for sport, such as anti-doping. Interviews with 39 ASP reveal how differences between policy and practice play out in their “lived experience” of anti-doping. While most ASP support the ideology underlying anti-doping at a “common sense” level (using popular drug and sporting discourses such as “drugs are bad” and sporting virtue), they are critical of anti-doping practice. Combined with no direct experience with doping, ASP saw doping as a rare event unlikely to emerge in practice. Most ASP took a laissez-faire approach to anti-doping, relying on managers to know what to do in the unlikely event of a doping incident. Despite broadly supporting the ideas of anti-doping, ASP raised concerns around implementation with regards to Athlete Whereabouts and recreational drug use. In response to hypothetical doping events, a number of ASP would seek to persuade the athlete to discontinue doping rather than meet mandatory reporting obligations. Part of this extended from conflicts between professional and anti-doping obligations (e.g. mandatory reporting and patient confidentiality). ASP demonstrate anti-doping policies are in tension with a practice that systematically normalises substance based performance enhancement early in sporting careers. Anti-doping agencies need to do more to engage with ASP as the “front line” of drug management in sport, including resolving contradictions across policies and in practice. 相似文献
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《运动与健康科学(英文)》2020,9(1):41-49
PurposeTo identify co-produced multi-stakeholder perspectives important for successful widespread physically active learning (PAL) adoption and implementation.MethodsA total of 35 stakeholders (policymakers n = 9; commercial education sector, n = 8; teachers, n = 3; researchers, n = 15) attended a design thinking PAL workshop. Participants formed 5 multi-disciplinary groups with at least 1 representative from each stakeholder group. Each group, facilitated by a researcher, undertook 2 tasks: (1) using Post-it Notes, the following question was answered: within the school day, what are the opportunities for learning combined with movement? and (2) structured as a washing-line task, the following question was answered: how can we establish PAL as the norm? All discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed. Inductive analyses were conducted by 4 authors. After the analyses were complete, the main themes and subthemes were assigned to 4 predetermined categories: (1) PAL design and implementation, (2) priorities for practice, (3) priorities for policy, and (4) priorities for research.ResultsThe following were the main themes for PAL implementation: opportunities for PAL within the school day, delivery environments, learning approaches, and the intensity of PAL. The main themes for the priorities for practice included teacher confidence and competence, resources to support delivery, and community of practice. The main themes for the policy for priorities included self-governance, the Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services, and Skill, policy investment in initial teacher training, and curriculum reform. The main themes for the research priorities included establishing a strong evidence base, school-based PAL implementation, and a whole-systems approach.ConclusionThe present study is the first to identify PAL implementation factors using a combined multi-stakeholder perspective. To achieve wider PAL adoption and implementation, future interventions should be evidence based and address implementation factors at the classroom level (e.g., approaches and delivery environments), school level (e.g., communities of practice), and policy level (e.g., initial teacher training). 相似文献
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使用兴奋剂不仅危害运动员的身心健康。而且破坏公平竞争的体育精神,甚至严重损害国家形象和荣誉。为积极预防兴奋剂问题的发生。使反兴奋剂教育和管理工作落到实处。我国在反兴奋剂宣传教育工作中,不断加强教育力度,创新教育手段和方式,拓展教育的广度和深度,提高教育的成效。在工作过程中,逐渐形成了一些常规做法, 相似文献
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Philip Hurst Maria Kavussanu Ian Boardley Christopher Ring 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(15):1734-1740
The aim of this study was to examine: 1) whether sport supplement use is related to doping and 2) whether sport supplement beliefs mediated this relationship. In Study 1, athletes (N = 598), completed measures of sport supplement use, sport supplement beliefs, and doping attitudes. In Study 2, athletes (N = 475) completed measures of sport supplement use, sport supplement beliefs, and doping likelihood. In both studies, sport supplement use predicted doping outcomes indirectly via sport supplement beliefs. Our findings provide novel evidence to suggest that sport supplement users, who strongly believe that sport supplements are effective, are more likely to dope. For anti-doping organisations wishing to prevent doping, targeting an athlete’s beliefs about sport supplements may improve the effectiveness of anti-doping prevention programmes. 相似文献
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Giuseppe Lippi Giuseppe Banfi Massimo Franchini Gian Cesare Guidi 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):441-442
Abstract Doping in sports is commonplace. The prevention of harm to the athlete, the guarantee of fair play, and a level playing field for all competitors are the basis of the current anti-doping strategies. As healthcare systems are forced to allocate increasing resources to prevent and treat the prevailing pathologies worldwide, funding for anti-doping campaigns will necessarily be restricted. Ideally, additional resources should be devoted to increasing the number of athletes tested, the panels of tests used, and the frequency of out-of-competition controls. Since doping prevention cannot be considered a priority for most healthcare systems, such an approach is unaffordable and an alternative framework should be devised, focused primarily on harm reduction rather than fair play. The identification of abnormal deviations from reference values, regardless of pathological or artificial causes, would allow the athlete to be followed and tested using conventional laboratory tests, which are affordable to governments and healthcare systems and available to clinical laboratories. Although this strategy would not detect cheating, it would safeguard athletes' health. 相似文献
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Mag. David Müller 《Sportwissenschaft》2012,42(3):202-213
The reinforced anti-doping efforts, which were initiated with the foundation of the World Anti-Doping Agency, stand before a next development step. With the amendment of the World Anti-Doping Code in 2015, critical choices are to be made in order to achieve global harmonization. In particular the repressive system has proved not to be optimized and access to education and prevention of doping also needs to be reconsidered. Based on the practical experiences of the Austrian anti-doping work and the examination of the present situation open and fundamental problem areas are identified in order to provide impetus and solutions for the international anti-doping efforts. 相似文献
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《运动与健康科学(英文)》2020,9(1):28-40
PurposeTo examine adolescent experiences and perspectives of the GoActive intervention (ISRCTN31583496) using mixed methods process evaluation to determine satisfaction with intervention components and interpret adolescents’ experiences of the intervention process in order to provide insights for future intervention design.MethodsParticipants (n = 1542; 13.2 ± 0.4 years, mean ± SD) provided questionnaire data at baseline (shyness, activity level) and post-intervention (intervention acceptability, satisfaction with components). Between-group differences (boys vs. girls and shy/inactive vs. others) were tested with linear regression models, accounting for school clustering. Data from 16 individual interviews (shy/inactive) and 11 focus groups with 48 participants (mean = 4; range 2–7) were thematically coded. Qualitative and quantitative data were merged in an integrative mixed methods convergence matrix, which denoted convergence and dissonance across datasets.ResultsEffect sizes for quantitative results were small and may not represent substantial between-group differences. Boys (vs. girls) preferred class-based sessions (β = 0.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1–0.3); qualitative data suggested that this was because boys preferred competition, which was supported quantitatively (β = 0.2, 95%CI: 0.1–0.3). Shy/inactive students did not enjoy the competition (β = –0.3, 95%CI: –0.5 to –0.1). Boys enjoyed trying new activities more (β = 0.1, 95%CI: 0.1–0.2); qualitative data indicated a desire to try new activities across all subgroups but identified barriers to choosing unfamiliar activities with self-imposed choice restriction leading to boredom. Qualitative data highlighted critique of mentorship; adolescents liked the idea, but older mentors did not meet expectations.ConclusionWe interpreted adolescent perspectives of intervention components and implementation to provide insights into future complex interventions aimed at increasing young people's physical activity in school-based settings. The intervention component mentorship was liked in principle, but implementation issues undesirably impacted satisfaction; competition was disliked by girls and shy/inactive students. The results highlight the importance of considering gender differences in preference of competition and extensive mentorship training. 相似文献
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《反兴奋剂条例》是我国反兴奋剂法律法规体系的主干。近年来,国际层面反兴奋剂治理的理念、规则、机构、权责都发生了较大变化,国内新修订的《中华人民共和国体育法》《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（十一）》在兴奋剂争端解决、入刑等方面也有新的发展,为我国反兴奋剂工作的法治化、制度化、规范化提供了有力支撑,指明了努力方向。我国《反兴奋剂条例》的修订,应适应当前反兴奋剂工作的需要,构建我国更为完善的反兴奋剂治理和争端解决体系,与国际反兴奋剂治理体系有效衔接,进而推进我国更多地参与国际反兴奋剂治理,提升在反兴奋剂和体育治理中的话语权。建议在《反兴奋剂条例》（修订草案）中明确兴奋剂概念、细化兴奋剂违规类型与违规处罚方式、增加争端解决机制。 相似文献
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“孙杨案”暴露了运动员与其辅助人员，以及体育组织在反兴奋剂教育方面存在的问题。解决该问题的起点是制定反兴奋剂教育的国际规则。《反兴奋剂教育国际标准》作为反兴奋剂国际规则体系中全新的单行规范性文件，具有里程碑式的意义，它明确了反兴奋剂教育的首要基本原则，规定了签约方在制定、实施和评估教育方案时的标准、义务和责任，增强了反兴奋剂教育的可行性，但仍存在不足。由此，建议未来要统一教育与反兴奋剂教育的定义，不再在分论部分重复表述首要基本原则，删减第三部分中签约方一般义务的表述，专条规定国际(残)奥委会的角色和责任。同时，应当参照国际标准完善我国的反兴奋剂教育规则，尽量采用《反兴奋剂教育指南》的建议，建立反兴奋剂教育咨询专家库，推动反兴奋剂教育预防体系的构建。 相似文献
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青少年业余运动员使用兴奋剂原因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
顾建仁 《体育科技文献通报》2008,16(12):16-17
本文透过2002年沈阳体校和2006年鞍山市田径学校集体使用兴奋剂事件，对青少年业余运动员使用兴奋剂这一问题从经济利益、升学、心理、教练员和现有反兴奋剂条件限制等多方面进行了原因分析，并结合分析结果，从加大反兴奋剂工作的宣传教育、加强教练员和有关人员职业道德、进一步加大、完善相关处罚力度和措施等几个反面提出了自己的建议，以供有关职能部门参考。 相似文献
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《运动与健康科学(英文)》2020,9(4):376-383
BackgroundEvery high-level athlete will eventually see his or her sport career come to an end. Most former athletes will experience changes in their self-definition and everyday behaviors as they accept a nonathletic way of life. The present study aimed to identify discrepancies between actual and former athletes regarding athletic identity, physical activity (PA), and nutrition habits.MethodsActual athletes (AA; n = 122), former athletes (FA; n = 230), and nonathletes (NA; n = 74) were asked to complete an online questionnaire on athletic identity, duration and intensity levels of occupational and leisure time PA, and nutritional habits.ResultsFA healthy nutrition score was the lowest of the 3 groups and significantly different from that of AA. Athletic identity and intense and moderate PA during leisure time consistently decreased (p < 0.01) across the 3 groups (AA > FA > NA). No significant difference between FA and NA was found regarding either nutritional habits or type of PA.ConclusionSport retirement may affect FA quality of nutritional habits that tends to decline below the NA level, as well as the amount of time spent practicing physical activities during leisure time. Athletic status does not ensure PA practice during sport postcareer. 相似文献
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PD Dr. Claudia Pawlenka 《Sportwissenschaft》2012,42(1):6-16
The question concerning criteria and reasons for prohibition of doping in sports addresses a current issue of sport sciences revolving around the concepts of nature and naturalness which has been discussed controversially for some time. Criticism concerning the conceptual incisiveness with which doping is designated as artificial, thus constituting an illegitimate form of enhancing sports performance, has led to the abolishment of a definition of its essence. Doping is currently defined pragmatically, i.e. as a violation against anti-doping regulations. Doping per se is what is prohibited. The fact that doping is defined normatively a priori raises doubts as to the ethical legitimacy of existing doping prohibitions and questions regarding criteria for including certain agents in the list of forbidden substances. Thus, as a symbol for a global halt to enhancement, prohibition of doping in sports and discussions on artificial performance enhancement are gaining importance in the field of biomedical ethics, i.e. in the debate on human enhancement and endeavours to perfect the human being through biotechnology. 相似文献
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Abstract The AAHPER youth fitness test and Gordon's “How I See Myself” scale were administered to 75 grade 7 students. The subjects were divided into those with elementary school physical education provided by a specialist (N=46) and those from schools with no such specialist (N=29). Those subjects who were taught by a specialist participated in experiences in rhythmic activities, group games, tumbling and gymnastics activities, and other individual and dual activities each week. The atmosphere was free from threat, providing opportunities for each child to experience a degree of success and yet be challenged further each day. Results indicated that the subjects with the experience of working with a physical education specialist performed at a higher level and were more able to assess themselves accurately than were those subjects who had not worked with a physical education specialist in the elementary school. 相似文献
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《Sport Management Review》2016,19(1):6-22
Doping testing is a key component enforced by anti-doping authorities to detect and deter doping in sport. Policy is developed to protect athletes’ right to participate in doping-free sport; and testing is a key tool to secure this right. Accordingly, athletes’ responses to anti-doping efforts are important. This article explores how the International Standards for Testing, which face different interpretations and challenges when policy is implemented, are perceived by elite athletes. Particularly, this article aims to investigate how elite athletes perceive the functioning of the testing system (i.e., the efforts of stakeholders involved in testing) in their own sport both nationally and worldwide. Moreover, it seeks to identify whether specific factors such as previous experience of testing and perceived proximity of doping have an impact on athletes’ perceptions of the testing system. The study comprises a web-based questionnaire (N = 645; response rate 43%) and uses qualitative findings to elaborate on and explain quantitative results. Results showed that two-thirds of the athletes reported the national testing programme in their sport to be appropriate. A majority of the athletes who had an opinion on the subject regarded testing programmes in some countries as not extensive enough or believed that in certain countries doping control was downgraded to win medals. Past experience of testing seemed to have a positive influence on trust in the concrete measures; however, if athletes experienced flaws during the control procedures, this could increase distrust and cause worry. The proximity of doping in an athlete's sport influenced the athlete's perception of the testing system. Particularly, athletes who need the testing system to be effective and to function well across the world show greater distrust of or dissatisfaction with the current testing system. The athletes’ diverging views indicate that contemporary anti-doping policy is simultaneously met with support, (dis)trust and frustration. By integrating the views and experiences of Danish elite athletes, this study confirms that the current testing system is confronted with obstacles, and it contributes knowledge about some of the challenges WADA faces when policy is implemented. Implications of results and recommendations for anti-doping authorities are outlined in the paper. 相似文献
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《运动与健康科学(英文)》2020,9(4):339-344
BackgroundThe social environment might play an important role in explaining people's physical activity (PA) behavior. However, little is known regarding whether personal networks differ between physically active and physically inactive people. This study aimed to examine the relationship between personal network characteristics and adults' physical (in)activity.MethodsAn egocentric social network study was conducted in a random sample in Switzerland (n = 529, mean age of 53 years, 54% females). Individual and personal network measures were compared between regular exercisers and non-exercisers. The extent of these factors' association with PA levels was also examined.ResultsNon-exercisers (n = 183) had 70% non-exercising individuals in their personal networks, indicating homogeneity, whereas regular exercisers (n = 346) had 57% regularly exercising individuals in their networks, meaning more heterogeneous personal networks. Additionally, having more regular exercisers in personal networks was associated with higher PA levels, over and above individual factors. Respondents with an entirely active personal network reported, on average, 1 day of PA more per week than respondents who had a completely inactive personal network. Other personal network characteristics, such as network size or gender composition, were not associated with PA.ConclusionNon-exercisers seem to be clustered in inactive networks that provide fewer opportunities and resources, as well as less social support, for PA. To effectively promote PA, both individuals and personal networks need to be addressed, particularly the networks of inactive people (e.g., by promoting group activities). 相似文献
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反兴奋剂司法中，“程序正义与实质正义”的取舍中，优先维护程序正义；“公平与效率”出现矛盾时，效率先于公平；“严格责任与过错责任”则分别适于“定罪”和“量型”；面对“行为能力是否具备”，目前是“对象一律”的策略，以后应立法加以改进。反兴奋剂执法中法律救济贯彻正义、公平理念，彰显人文关怀。反兴奋剂教育工作是反兴奋剂法理实践的自觉前移，彰显教育先于惩治、预防重于惩治的人文精神。我国应完善正式教育体系，将教育对象从运动员、管理人员扩大到各类社会人员，尤其是体育专业学生及其生源。反兴奋剂斗争是“体育精神与负面人性的博弈”，而科技的发展给新类型和新品种兴奋剂出现带来可能，因而反兴奋剂具有复杂性、长期性。 相似文献