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1.
科学技术政策与经济发展状况的适配度是影响国家实力的要素之一。日本正式且体系化的科学技术政策始于1995年《科学技术基本法》的颁布,以及随后五年制《科学技术基本计划》的执行。20世纪90年代,日本国内外局势均发生重大变动,政府着手加强对科技发展的统筹引导,制定实施了一系列科学技术政策,在助推经济社会发展的同时也带来一些问题。探究日本科学技术政策的利弊得失,对深化中国科技体制改革极具启示价值。 相似文献
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系统回顾了90年代日美贸易摩擦后,日本科技创新政策的发展演变历程,重点围绕1995年日本《科学技术基本法》确立后的变迁与发展进行论述.首先阐明了日本科学技术基本法设立以后促使日本的科技政策发生转变的背景及原因,然后对每一阶段的政策特点、重大事件和发展脉络进行了剖析与解读.结果发现,科学技术基本法设立后的六期科学技术基本... 相似文献
3.
日本战后科学技术引进的特点 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
分析日本战后科学技术引进的状况,论述了日本战后科学技术引进具有根据经济发展的不同时期确定引进政策,瞄准国内外市场大量引进商标和尚法治工业化的技术,重视技术引进的立法与管理工作,重视引进科学技术的消化,科学技术引进善于抓住机遇等特点。 相似文献
4.
对日本科技政策形成机制改革的分析及其思考 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
文章介绍分析了日本科学技术政策形成与实施体制的改革。首先,是组织体制的变革。改革了原有的日本科学技术会议,新设置了直属内阁府的综合科学技术会议;其次,启动了第二期科学技术基本计划。确定了四个重点研究领域和一系列科技振兴的综合方针。第三,分析说明了由于科学技术知识生产方式的变革而产生的组织变迁与公共科技政策发展的新趋向。 相似文献
5.
日本的《科学技术基本法》自2020年修订后,学界对其政策最新动向的梳理研究还有待完善,因此,对日本科学技术创新政策的主要框架和创新模式的变迁及特征进行总结分析。研究发现,其历经了从传统的科学技术创新线性模式向目标导向型的社会变革创新模式的转变,从科学技术层面向科学技术新生态体系层面创新的转变,从只注重科技研发到注重人文和社会科学与自然科学相结合的综合知识创新的转变,以及创新主体从“产学官”合作为主向“产学官民”共创方式的转变。这一转变与中国目前所走的科技道路有些相似,因此借鉴日本经验,从完善科学技术创新政策法律法规、加强相关者横向协同、创造科技与人文社科融合的创新环境等方面,提出对中国科学技术创新政策的几点启示。 相似文献
6.
新时期日本科技政策的转型 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
1995年,日本国会通过了《科学技术基本法》,标志着日本为迎接挑战而做出科技政策的转型。在新的意义上理解和加强基础研究,成为日本这一科技政策转型中带有根本意义的重要问题。本文将对新时期日本科技政策转型的必要性,以及转型后日本科技政策的基本理念及其相应的举措进行简要的分析与介绍。 相似文献
7.
科技政策科学是在国家层面促进科技政策研究发展的一种新形式,目的是推进科技政策成为一门科学,对国家决策提供持续和系统的支持。日本是继美国之后,第二个在国家层面上推进科技政策成为一门科学的国家。本文指出,日本科学、技术与创新政策科学的发展既是当今世界科学技术决策科学化趋势的反映,又有日本国家及其科学技术自身发展的需求。日本采取设立专门计划的方式从重点任务、竞争性项目、人才培养和教育培训以及数据基础等方面全面推进STI政策科学的发展,其特点是:强调形成以证据为基础的政策,开展战略研究、精心设计项目,全面布局、重视人才建设,重视国际合作与交流。 相似文献
8.
从信息通信基础设施、科技信息流通体制、１９９１￣１９９２年日本各部季科技信息流通活动、信息科学技术发展的研究开发课题４个方面介绍了日本信息科学技术发展的政策及实施项目。 相似文献
9.
各国科技政策研究专家一致认为,日本的科学技术预测不仅先进,而且运用也最为成功。日本能在全球技术竞争愈来愈激烈的情况下,仍然保持经济上的独立和发展势头,与其重视科技预测有很大的关系。尽管日本的科技预测和政策有 相似文献
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11.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):368-370
Limited expenditure on R &; D has received inadequate attention as an explanation of Australia's poor economic performance. This paper compares the level and composition of R &; D expenditure in Australia with those of other countries. Some reasons for Australia's low level of R &; D are explored and the policy implications of the analysis are investigated. 相似文献
12.
追求既定约束条件下利润最大化是企业的首要目的,而研发是企业提高其生产率的重要途径。首先提出数理模型,从异质性生产率角度研究研发对企业利润的决定机制,再通过2007年中国制造业企业样本检验研发支出对企业生产率以及其盈利状况的决定作用。对于企业盈利状况,我们分别验证了研发对企业利润规模以及利润率的影响。结论认为：研发通过提高企业生产率而带来企业利润的提高,进行研发的企业的生产率、利润规模与利润率要显著高于未进行研发的企业,企业研发支出规模与其生产率、利润规模与利润率都呈现显著的正相关。 相似文献
13.
利用专利计量方法,对全球软件专利进行计量分析,计量结果显示,全球软件专利在2000年以后呈现出蓬勃发展的生机;美国和日本是全球软件专利申请最多的国家;全球软件专利的高产机构大部分分布在日本,但是全球软件领域的核心专利大多数却分布在美国;中国软件产业有了一定的发展,但还需要加强和完善立法工作,为软件技术的发展提供良好软环境. 相似文献
14.
O. Keck 《Research Policy》1976,5(2):116-157
The trends in West German science policy since the early 1960' are analyzed and compared to other industrially advanced countries. Government expenditures on research and development (R & D) are compared in their totality and also with regard to specific objectives such as defence, civil space, civil nuclear, general advancement of science, mining and manufacturing, agriculture, economic and social services.The trend of total government expenditure on R & D in West Germany iss characterized by a growth rate higher than in many other countries, such as the USA, the UK, France, Japan and the Netherlands. Also in each of the single objectives of government R & D, West German expenditure as a rule grew faster than in these countries. Among the different objectives, “general advancement of science” is given highest priority in West Germany, whereas the military sector is relatively small. In both trends and priorities, West Germany is more similar to Japan and the Netherlands than to the USA, the UK and France.The author discusses motives and intentions which may have affected these trends. He argues that West German science policy cannot be understood as a response to immediate economic problems, such as labour shortage or an alleged lag in technological progress in West German industry. In the early sixties West German science policy was still determined by efforts to catch up in certain technological fields from which West Germany had been excluded up to 1955 by allies' restrictions. In the late sixties, concern focussed on West Germany's long-term technological competitiveness in general. 相似文献
15.
广东省的科技经费尤其是RD经费投入和支出近年来快速增长,但与发达地区相比,仍然存在着RD投入力度不足,RD经费内部支出结构失衡、高校RD经费支出规模较小等问题,并用回归分析方法分析了RD经费投入对经济增长有着积极意义。因此广东省还可以进一步加大RD经费的投入及改善RD经费支出结构,把广东省真正打造成科技强省。 相似文献
16.
Recently there have been discussions in the US concerning the implementation of a recoupment policy for government expenditures on R & D.The basic questions in developing recoupment policies can be stated as: (1)“it appropriate to seek recoupment of government-supported R & D when such R & D subsequently is utilized to generate private profits? (2) If so, what options exist?”In addressing the first question, the authors develop some pro and con arguments with respect to recoupment. The authors conclude that there are no easy criteria for judging whether and when recoupment of government expenditures on R & D is appropriate. There is currently inadequate information about, and analyses of, the benefits and costs of a recoupment policy upon which to base a policy design. Reasonable people may disagree both on general criteria and on specific cases.In addressing the second question, a review of foreign programs that incorporate recoupment provisions was made to see what lessons they might provide for the US. Programs with recoupment provisions do not represent a major part of total government expenditures on R & D, although in some countries and time periods they have been a significant part of government expenditures on civilian, industry-related R & D, especially in selected industries. When employed, recoupment policies do not seem on average to have been particularly successful. 相似文献
17.
W. Al-Timimi 《Research Policy》1975,4(2):160-171
Throughout the period 1951–1972 the source of over two thirds of the world shipbuilding output has been four industrial countries, namely UK, W. Germany, Sweden and Japan, However, during the same period, the relative share of each of the above-mentioned countries in the world's output has changed. During the 1950's the relative share in the world shipbuilding output of the UK and Swedish industries fell, while that of W. Germany and Japan rose. The 1960's witnessed a further fall in the relative share of the UK and Sweden, a fall in the relative share of W. Germany and a sharper rise than during the earlier decade in the relative share of Japan.The dominant position of Japan vis-à-vis other leading shipbuilding countries has been due primarily to its price competitiveness. Japanese shipbuilding prices were lower than those of the UK by a margin that ranged from 7.5–20%. This article attempts to show that this price advantage is due neither to the lower cost of Japanese factors of production, nor to a greater degree of subsidization for the Japanese shipbuilding industry in comparison with those of the UK, W. Germany and Sweden. The theme of this article is that the competitive position enjoyed by the Japanese shipbuilding industry is accounted for by its greater innovativeness compared with the industries in other leading shipbuilding countries. A series of process innovations introduced in Japan has reduced the building cost as well as the operating cost of Japanese built vessels. These process innovations have affected the various components of shipbuilding technology, such as the general engineering aspects, propulsion system, size and manning. This article shows that the greater innovativeness of the Japanese shipbuilding industry is due to several factors: the favourable effect on R & D expenditure of the average size of firms, good management of R & D efforts, and the involvement of management in the production technology side of the business. 相似文献
18.
分析9个国家的RD投入状况及效应,探究RD投入对规避中等收入陷阱的襄助效应,对RD投入的襄助效应进行成因分析。结论表明,中国的RD投入均衡水平较低,RD人员强度远低于RD支出强度。大幅增加RD研究人员强度,适度增加RD支出强度,有利于提高RD投入均衡水平,提高我国就业率和公共教育强度,进而提高其综合评价值,为我国成功迈进高收入国家的政策选择提供数据支撑。 相似文献
19.
Tuvia Blumenthal 《Research Policy》1978,7(1):63-87
This paper deals with several aspects of R & D activity in Israel's manufacturing industries on three levels — the economy, industrial branch and the firm. Relative to other industrial countries, Israel is characterized by a high share of R & D expenditure in GNP but a low level of industrial R & D. If we take registered patents as an indicator of R & D output no significant correlation is found between this measure and expenditure on R & D; this may point to a low level of success or to the nature of R & D being directed more to small improvements of existing products and processes than to new inventions. An inter-industry analysis shows that R & D expenditure is positively correlated with average firm size and capital per employee and negatively correlated with concentration ratio. A positive correlation was also found with respect to increase in sales and export per employee but not with the rate of growth of export. Although most R & D is performed by large companies there is no significant correlation between R & D expenditure and firm's size among firms engaged in R & D, nor between R & D expenditure and firm's profitability. Concerning the relationship between domestic R & D and imports of technology a tentative conclusion is that Israel does not derive sufficient benefit from the international stock of knowledge. 相似文献