共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Oudshoorn N 《Social studies of science》2012,42(1):121-142
Dominant discourses on telecare technologies often celebrate the erasure of distance and place. This paper provides a critical intervention into these discourses by investigating how spaces still matter, despite the move from physical to virtual encounters between healthcare professionals and patients. I argue that science and technology studies (STS) research on telecare, as well as other technologies, can be enriched by including a focus on place to understand the dynamic interactions between people and things. Adopting insights of human geographers, I show how places in which technologies are used affect how technologies enable or constrain human actions and identities. Whereas some spaces may facilitate the incorporation of technologies, others may resist technologies. A focus on how places matter is important for understanding how telecare technologies reorder and redefine healthcare. Although other healthcare technologies are also important actors in transforming healthcare, telecare technologies do this in a very specific way: they redefine the spatial dimensions of healthcare. To capture and further explore this changing spatial configuration of healthcare, I introduce the notion of technogeography of care. This concept provides a useful heuristic to study how places matter in healthcare. Although telecare technologies introduce virtual encounters between healthcare providers and patients, the use of telecare devices still largely depends on locally grounded, situated care acts. Based on interviews with users of several cardiac telecare applications, including healthcare professionals and patients in Germany and The Netherlands, the paper shows how patients' homes and public spaces are important for shaping the implementation and use of telecare technologies, and vice versa. Last, but not least, telecare devices are implicated as well. The paper emphasizes the place-dependency of the use and meaning of technical devices by showing how the same technological device can do and mean different things in different places. 相似文献
2.
Wray KB 《Social studies of science》2005,35(1):151-164
My aim in this paper is to re-examine specialization in science. I argue that we need to acknowledge the role that conceptual changes can play in the creation of new specialties. Whereas earlier sociological accounts focus on social and instrumental changes as the cause of the creation of new specialties, I argue that conceptual changes play an important role in the creation of some scientific specialties. Specifically, I argue that conceptual developments played an important role in the creation of both endocrinology and virology. 相似文献
3.
Jason W. Patton 《Ethics and Information Technology》2000,2(3):181-187
While maintaining the importance of privacy for critical evaluations of surveillance technologies, I suggest that privacy also constrains the debate by framing analyses in terms of the individual. Public space provides a site for considering what is at stake with surveillance technologies besides privacy. After describing two accounts of privacy and one of public space, I argue that surveillance technologies simultaneously add an ambiguityand a specificity to public places that are detrimental to the social, cultural, and civic importance of these places. By making public places accessible to other places and/or times, surveillance technologies make these social contexts ambiguous by blurring their spatial and temporal bounds. At the same time, surveillancetechnologies valence public places in functionally specificways that are detrimental to informal civic life. To complement defensive approaches to surveillance technologies based onindividual privacy, I conclude by suggesting how sociality as a relational value or an ethics of place as a contextual value could provide a proactive line of reasoning for affirming the value ofthat which is between people and places. 相似文献
4.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):288-289
Despite a dramatic growth in interest in technology over the last two decades, this has not resulted in a clear understanding of either the nature of technological change or the basis for its regulation. Part of the problem is the ambiguous heritage of science, technology and society studies which rose to prominence in the 1970s. This paper seeks to provide a theoretical scheme for categorising the commonly used models of technological change: to outline the limitations of ‘technocratic’ and ‘technophobic’ approaches to technology and social development and argue for the superiority of an explicitly ‘technochoice’ approach; and to discuss the dominant models for the public control of technology. 相似文献
5.
Erica R.H. Fuchs 《Research Policy》2010,39(9):1133-1147
This paper explores the role of the state in re-architecting social networks and thereby new technology directions in the United States. It draws on a case study of DARPA's Microsystems Technology Office from 1992 to 2008. Leveraging one of the most radical directorships in DARPA's history, I argue that the perceived “death” of DARPA under Tony Tether was because past analyses, by focusing on the organization's culture and structure, overlooked a set of lasting, informal institutions among DARPA program managers. I find that despite significant changes in the recipients and outcomes of DARPA attentions, these same institutions for directing technology were in place both before and during Tether's directorship. Drawing on these results, I suggest that we must add to technology policy-making a new option—embedded network governance. 相似文献
6.
基于社会结构矩阵研究框架,设定了影响区域科技创新政策的四项一级指标和十七项二级指标。运用熵权法进行权重确定。以北京市区域科技创新政策为例,对北京市2007年至2016年间的区域科技创新政策绩效进行计算并分析,本文认为,北京市区域科技创新政策绩效一直处于增长状态,且较小的科技投入能带来较高科技产出。但区域科技创新政策对环境的作用还比较单一,科技成果的实际转化还是亟待解决的一大问题。 相似文献
7.
科技创业家创业过程中的社会网络与创业资本 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从社会网络的角度对科技创业家的创业行为进行了探讨,认为科技创业家是植根于社会网络之中的,科技创业从某种意义上讲是一种网络行为,社会网络在创业过程中发挥着重要的作用,社会网络是科技创业家获取创业资本的重要资源,这些资源的拥有状况及其联系的紧密程度直接或间接地对创业初期的决策及企业成长有极其重要的影响。 相似文献
8.
依据PZB服务质量差距模型,在对广东企业科技特派员工作与传统服务在服务接触要素和服务差距2个方面对比分析的基础上对SERVQUAL量表进行修正,构建广东企业科技特派员服务质量测度模型,并对其服务质量进行实证研究。研究结果表明:广东企业科技特派员服务接触3要素——管理者、企业、企业科技特派员自身对企业科技特派员服务质量的期望与感知均存在差距。最后,根据实证结果,分别从政府、企业、企业科技特派员和高校4个方面有针对性地提出提升广东企业科技特派员服务质量的对策措施。 相似文献
9.
Gerard Goggin 《The Information Society》2013,29(3):171-181
In this paper, I approach the question of mobiles in Asian countries by considering the case of Australia. I do so by way of a preliminary inquiry that seeks to explore the intersection between the emergence of mobiles in Australia with transformations in that country's sense of its relationship with Asia. First I discuss the history of the mobile phone in Australia, noting some important uses and representations that formed part of its social shaping. Second, I explore mobiles and the paradoxes of multiculturalism, and also how digital technologies became central to political culture and identity debates in Australia in the early to-mid 1990s. Third, I look at some important moments in the social shaping of text messaging, in which questions of cultural difference were decisive. Finally, I offer concluding remarks about future research on mobiles in Australia and how they are tied into Asian identities. 相似文献
10.
Wolter Pieters 《The Information Society》2017,33(5):271-281
In the public debate, social implications of information technology are mainly seen through the privacy lens. Impact assessments of information technology are also often limited to privacy impact assessments, which are focused on individual rights and well-being, as opposed to the social environment. In this article, I argue that this perspective is too narrow, in terms of understanding the complexity of the relation between information technology and society, as well as in terms of directions for managing this relation. I use systems theory to show that current approaches focus mostly on individual impact of information technology developments rather than their mediating role in society itself. I argue that this should be complemented by an analysis of impact on individuals (psychic systems) via co-construction of the environment (social system). I then take up the question of what the role of information technology in social systems would look like in terms of the social relations of trust and power, and how this can complement privacy in discussions on impacts of information technology. 相似文献
11.
蔡仲 《科学技术与辩证法》2011,28(1):11-14,51
当前科学哲学正在走向＂语境论＂,这种走向与Science Studies有关。文章首先分析了＂社会建构＂所理解的＂语境＂,这种＂语境＂用＂社会重构＂取代了＂理性重建＂,从而走向了社会本体论意义上的相对主义。其次考察了＂科学实践＂视野中的＂语境＂,这种语境把科学置于自然-仪器-社会机遇性聚集的空间或场所,从生成论的视角,为科学哲学重新思考客观性、合理性等一系列概念提供了丰富的资源。 相似文献
12.
《Research Policy》2021,50(10):104362
Producing actionable science to improve social and environmental well-being enables the scientific enterprise to uphold expectations that accompany public funding for science. While innovations in the management of science funding may help overcome institutional hurdles to generating actionable science, the role of program managers in implementing such changes is relatively underexamined. Using sustainability science and related fields as a case, this study examines program documents (n = 33) and interviews of program management staff (n = 61) from public science funding programs in the United States and Europe. The results illuminate program management perspectives on the changing relationship between science and society and their own role in shaping it. In many instances, program managers in both regions are actively experimenting with practices that may strengthen links between knowledge and action. In certain contexts, program manager discretion may also amount to a form of science policy formation. However, program managers may still be limited in their ability to enact changes due to capacity constraints and still prevalent norms expressed by the research community. These results provide a window, and basis for future research, into the contemporary practice of science funding program management and its implications for sustainability and the social contract for science. 相似文献
13.
《Research Policy》2003,32(4):679-691
Science and technology (S&T) indicators are widely used in policy documents as well as in science and technology studies. This paper traces their origins and shows that it was the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that first imagined and developed science and technology indicators. In the 1960s, the debate on technological gaps between the United States and Europe gave the OECD the opportunity to develop the first world-wide indicators on science and technology. The National Science Foundation (NSF) followed in the 1970s and improved the methodology of indicators on science and technology with its publication entitled Science Indicators. Science and technology indicators remain contested however, because centered on inputs rather than outputs, and because preoccupied mainly with the economic dimension of science and technology. 相似文献
14.
Roberta Lamb 《The Information Society》1996,12(1):17-38
Rational economic arguments focused on achieving efficient and productive IT use often guide discussions about technological infrastructure expansion. I characterize those compelling rational arguments as 'informational imperatives,' and I show that they generate unrealistic expectations based on assumptions about information resource use that do not reflect practice. My 'informational contexts' acknowledge that people value information and information resources based, in part, on the way they relate to the social world in which they live and work. If we base our expectations about information use on actual practice, would that reduce the potential economic benefit of expanding a national information infrastructure? I examine the social and organizational processes that direct IT use, and conclude that economic potential will remain high even if we alter information infrastructure policies to acknowledge and accommodate those processes that enhance expertise and foster socially mediated relationships. 相似文献
15.
In this paper we will examine some ethical aspects of the role that computers and computing increasingly play in new genetics. Our claim is that there is no new genetics without computer science. Computer science is important for the new genetics on two levels: (1) from a theoretical perspective, and (2) from the point of view of geneticists practice. With respect to (1), the new genetics is fully impregnate with concepts that are basic for computer science. Regarding (2), recent developments in the Human Genome Project (HGP) have shown that computers shape the practices of molecular genetics; an important example is the Shotgun Method's contribution to accelerating the mapping of the human genome. A new challenge to the HGP is provided by the Open Source Philosophy (I computer science), which is another way computer technologies now influence the shaping of public policy debates involving genomics. 相似文献
16.
Pablo J. Boczkowski 《The Information Society》2013,29(4):255-267
This article argues that a mutual shaping lens enables a more encompassing account of the joint processes of technological and social change in new media than the diffusion of innovations and social shaping of technology perspectives. Drawing from recent work in sociology and history of technology, organization studies, social informatics, and computer-supported cooperative work, this article suggests that the shaping and diffusion of media artifacts are so intimately tied that they should be seen as the two sides of the same innovation coin. Using examples from the history of videotex newspapers in the United States, the analysis shows that actors simultaneously pursued interdependent technological and social transformations, that this was an ongoing process in which partial outcomes in the technological domain influenced social events at a later phase—and vice versa—and that such process was influenced by historical developments. 相似文献
17.
If, as a number of writers have predicted, the computers of the future will possess intelligence and capacities that exceed our own then it seems as though they will be worthy of a moral respect at least equal to, and perhaps greater than, human beings. In this paper I propose a test to determine when we have reached that point. Inspired by Alan Turing’s (1950) original “Turing test”, which argued that we would be justified in conceding that machines could think if they could fill the role of a person in a conversation, I propose a test for when computers have achieved moral standing by asking when a computer might take the place of a human being in a moral dilemma, such as a “triage” situation in which a choice must be made as to which of two human lives to save. We will know that machines have achieved moral standing comparable to a human when the replacement of one of these people with an artificial intelligence leaves the character of the dilemma intact. That is, when we might sometimes judge that it is reasonable to preserve the continuing existence of a machine over the life of a human being. This is the “Turing Triage Test”. I argue that if personhood is understood as a matter of possessing a set of important cognitive capacities then it seems likely that future AIs will be able to pass this test. However this conclusion serves as a reductio of this account of the nature of persons. I set out an alternative account of the nature of persons, which places the concept of a person at the centre of an interdependent network of moral and affective responses, such as remorse, grief and sympathy. I argue that according to this second, superior, account of the nature of persons, machines will be unable to pass the Turing Triage Test until they possess bodies and faces with expressive capacities akin to those of the human form. 相似文献
18.
Pablo J. Boczkowski 《The Information Society》2004,20(4):255-267
This article argues that a mutual shaping lens enables a more encompassing account of the joint processes of technological and social change in new media than the diffusion of innovations and social shaping of technology perspectives. Drawing from recent work in sociology and history of technology, organization studies, social informatics, and computer-supported cooperative work, this article suggests that the shaping and diffusion of media artifacts are so intimately tied that they should be seen as the two sides of the same innovation coin. Using examples from the history of videotex newspapers in the United States, the analysis shows that actors simultaneously pursued interdependent technological and social transformations, that this was an ongoing process in which partial outcomes in the technological domain influenced social events at a later phase—and vice versa—and that such process was influenced by historical developments. 相似文献
19.
Philip A. E. Brey 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(4):305-317
In this essay, a new approach to the ethics of emerging information technology will be presented, called anticipatory technology ethics (ATE). The ethics of emerging technology is the study of ethical issues at the R&D and introduction stage of technology development through anticipation of possible future devices, applications, and social consequences. In the essay, I will first locate emerging technology in the technology development cycle, after which I will consider ethical approaches to emerging technologies, as well as obstacles in developing such approaches. I will argue that any sound approach must centrally include futures studies of technology. I then present ATE and some applications of it to emerging information technologies. In ATE, ethical analysis is performed at three levels, the technology, artifact and application levels, and at each levels distinct types of ethical questions are asked. ATE analyses result in the identification and evaluation of a broad range of ethical issues that can be anticipated in relation to an emerging information technology. This ethical analysis can then be used for ethical recommendations for design or governance. 相似文献
20.
当代STS研究的社会学进路及其转向 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
社会学是当代STS研究的重要进路之一。本文根据国内外有关研究文献,分阶段回顾了STS社会学研究的发展历程和主要贡献。本文认为,社会学视角进入STS研究不仅是STS理论走向成熟的关键因素,而且催生了丰富多彩的经验研究成果,客观上促进了我们对科学技术体制、科学技术知识、科学技术实践的更为深入的理解。本文对科学社会学和科学知识社会学的理论多样性持一种积极评价,视其为社会学说明模式日益开放的标志。而对STS研究近年来出现的试图超越社会学的各种“转向”,则持保留的态度。 相似文献