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1.
Public Research Institutes (PRIs) were established for many reasons, such as to promote defence related research and health related research. Helping domestic industries remains one of the important missions for public research institutes even when the countries have industrialized and firms’ technological capabilities are high. PRIs aim to upgrade existing industries, especially SMEs, as well as spearheading new ones. They can conduct research to solve today’s problems of existing industries and those of next generation technologies which might lead to creation of new industries. Moreover, relationship between PRIs and firms and non-firm actors like universities became more intense, open, horizontal, international, and longer term. To reduce risk and uncertainty inherent in research mentioned above, intermediary roles of PRIs are increasingly important. The emphasis and the ways PRIs help industry change over time and vary across countries as they are integral part of national innovation systems. This makes generalization difficult, but the experiences of five leading PRIs in Germany, Taiwan, Japan, Australia, and the US shows that, the balances between contract research vs. longer term research with own initiative, mobility of researchers vs. retaining core researchers, and competitive grants and funds from industry vs. block grants from government are important to keep PRIs relevant to industry needs and maintain research standards. The governance of PRIs is of particular importance to maintain proper balances. 相似文献
2.
The analysis of the importance of different types of regional innovation systems must take place within a context of the actual knowledge base of various industries in the economy, as the innovation processes of firms are strongly shaped by their specific knowledge base. In this paper, we shall distinguish between two types of knowledge base: analytical and synthetic. These types indicate different mixes of tacit and codified knowledge, codification possibilities and limits, qualifications and skills, required organisations and institutions involved, as well as specific competitive challenges from a globalising economy, which have different implications for different sectors of industry, and, thus, for the kind of innovation support needed. The traditional constellation of industrial clusters surrounded by innovation supporting organisations, constituting a regional innovation system, is nearly always to be found in contexts of industries with a synthetic knowledge base (e.g. engineering-based industries), while the existence of regional innovation systems as an integral part of a cluster will normally be the case of industries-based on an analytical knowledge base (e.g. science-based industries, such as IT and bio-tech). In the discussion of different types of regional innovation systems five empirical illustrations from a Nordic comparative project on SMEs and regional innovation systems will be used: the furniture industry in Salling, Denmark; the wireless communication industry in North Jutland, Denmark; the functional food industry in Scania, Sweden; the food industry in Rogaland, Norway and the electronics industry in Horten, Norway. We argue that in terms of innovation policy the regional level often provides a grounded approach embedded in networks of actors acknowledging the importance of the knowledge base of an industry. 相似文献
3.
制药企业技术创新战略网络中的关系性嵌入 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
战略网络对企业的行为和绩效有重要的影响,企业在战略网络中的关系主要由嵌入关系构成。学术界对于企业间究竟应形成何种强度的联系并未达成共识,且对特定产业中的企业间关系性嵌入鲜有研究。本文对我国制药企业技术创新战略网络中的不同合作形式进行了关系性嵌入分析。提出企业选择合作形式的方向是与网络成员形成较强的关系性嵌入,制药企业应从深化已有联系和逐步结成较强联系两方面提升关系性嵌入程度。 相似文献
4.
Kwanghui Lim 《Research Policy》2004,33(2):287-321
This paper evaluates the impact of basic and applied research on innovation in two industries. Whereas innovation in the pharmaceutical industry is closely tied to both basic and applied research, innovation in the semiconductor industry depends mainly upon applied research. Surprisingly, many firms perform little basic research, but they produce many innovations. Within each industry, firms pursue different R&D strategies: firms that emphasize basic research absorb more basic scientific knowledge than those that emphasize applied research. These findings suggest that future research must carefully consider how industry context and the composition of R&D mediate the relationship between research and innovation. 相似文献
5.
《International Journal of Information Management》2016,36(3):348-359
Innovation networks are vital in advancing new product and service development. Particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises, partnering within innovation networks allows to enlarge innovation capabilities and to reach new markets. In order to create effective innovation networks, however, firms are required to adapt to the network. To do so, they must overcome three principal challenges: they need to build partnerships, integrate the partners’ value contributions, and coordinate innovation processes. We followed three innovation networks over a three-year period and examined how they successfully used information systems (IS) to respond to these challenges. On the basis of their experiences we identify IS categories and measures that support setting up an information management for networked innovation. We explicate relevant tasks for managing the aspects of “who, what and how” in networked innovation. 相似文献
6.
《Research Policy》2023,52(8):104837
Global productivity growth has either stagnated or declined, despite continued technological innovations with the rise of knowledge-intensive intangibles that arise from the growth of knowledge stock (R&D activities). Understanding the root causes of this paradox in the context of growing economies requires an investigation of whether local knowledge diffusion can explain firm-level productivity differences, including key constraining factors like sources of financing or corporate governance structure. Using financial data of 7970 Indian firms over a 20-year period and clustering firms across industries, we assess the impact of R&D stock that is external to the firm through estimating both within (intra) and between (inter) industry spillovers. We find that both R&D and non-R&D-performing firms benefit from ‘between industry’ spillovers. We further show that firms with better access to finance achieve higher productivity, not only through their own R&D capital stock but also via both types of industry-level knowledge spillover. We allow for the two key sources of international spillovers namely import intensity and FDI. While import-intensive firms experience lower productivity, FDI mitigates this adverse productivity effect across knowledge-intensive exporting firms. The paper concludes that financially unconstrained firms and firms with greater corporate board connectedness derive positive industry-level spillover effects, reflecting intra- and inter-industry as domestic spillover or local value-chain effect in the literature on technological innovation. 相似文献
7.
将领导权力视为重要情境因素外,其直接影响组织创新的内在机理正逐渐受到关注。与以往探讨成熟企业领导权力不同,本研究聚焦创业企业家权力,并从行业类别和信息决策视角剖析了创业企业家集权对自主创新意愿的作用机制。通过获取创业板跨年度创业企业样本,运用随机效应Tobit模型和随机效应负二项模型进行实证研究。研究结果表明：①企业家集权更能激发创业企业自主创新意愿;②识别行业要素类别发现,该集权配置对技术密集型行业创业企业自主创新更为有效,而在非技术密集型行业创业企业中则存在负向效应;③提高跨层知识异质程度会增强企业家集权对自主创新意愿的促进作用;④行业要素类别对企业家集权与自主创新意愿的调节还依赖于跨层知识异质程度。据此提出针对创业企业创新管理实践和经济转型的启示。 相似文献
8.
Marcus Wagner 《Research Policy》2011,40(9):1217-1225
Innovation in high technology industries poses considerable challenges, frequently forcing firms to consider using acquisitions as a means of sourcing technology. This paper investigates such behaviour in a major high technology sector, namely the semiconductor industry. The paper focuses on differential effects of technology-related versus nontechnological acquisitions on exploratory and exploitative research and innovation. Most importantly, it confirms the important role of technology-related acquisitions for exploratory innovation. 相似文献
9.
Hiring employees with advanced education, training, and experience has been a prevalent human resource practice in dynamic science-based industries, and a growing body of literature has demonstrated the importance of scientists in such fields. Little research has attempted to distinguish the functional from the symbolic roles of scientists, however. We develop an integrative theoretical framework to separate the productive and legitimating effects of scientists on strategic alliance formation of firms. Results from a longitudinal analysis of more than 300 U.S. biotechnology firms between 1988 and 1999 suggest a positive relationship between ratio of scientists and R&D alliance partners as well as a positive relationship with finance alliance partners. Scientists influence partner attraction more strongly for firms that are less-well-connected, and they become less prominent in fostering finance ties as the industry practice of partnership becomes more institutionalized. We conclude that scientists serve more than just a research function in knowledge-intensive industries. Implications for building interorganizational networks and managing human resources in such industries are discussed. 相似文献
10.
基于2001-2016年的151起中国上市公司海外并购样本，本文运用GLS实证回归模型检验海外并购创新过程中海外知识整合与创新质量的非线性关系，并对比提升国内创新质量与提升国际创新质量所对应的不同知识整合模式；结果发现：海外并购知识整合与并购后国内创新质量的关系呈倒U型曲线，与国际创新质量负相关；进一步考察网络嵌入均衡与产业时钟速度的调节作用，发现国内与国外创新网络嵌入均衡能够优化知识整合与创新质量的倒U型关系，且当国内网络依赖高于海外网络依赖时，网络嵌入均衡的优化作用更强；产业时钟速度快的行业，内外网络嵌入均衡的优化作用更强。本文首次基于创新网络的内外嵌入均衡视角，为中国企业突破海外并购知识整合过程中的“专利泡沫”与“创新假象”，提升对外投资质量走向世界创新中心提供了理论依据。 相似文献
11.
学者不断探讨政治关联在中国新兴市场中的价值,然而研究结论并不一致。基于嵌入观和情景理论,本文探讨私营企业家政治关联对企业研发投资的作用,以及企业家经济地位和企业规模对该作用的调节效应。基于2004年、2006年、2008年三轮全国私营企业调查形成的混合截面数据,运用Tobit回归模型,实证研究得出企业家政治关联对企业研发投资影响是倒U型作用;且企业家经济地位、企业规模均会削弱该倒U型作用。本文拓展了新兴市场中的政治关联理论以及其战略价值的研究,且研究结论对于中国企业的创新投资有实践指导价值。 相似文献
12.
Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of R&D subsidies to firms has produced mixed results so far. One possible explanation is that firms and project selection rules may be quite heterogeneous both across agencies and across industries, leading to different outcomes in terms of the induced additional private effort. Here we focus on the participation stage. Using a sample of Spanish firms, we test for differences across agencies and industries. Our results suggest that firms in the same industry face different hurdles to participate in different agencies’ programs, that participation patterns may reflect a combination of agency goals, and that patterns differ across high-tech and low-tech industries. 相似文献
13.
跨产业间的技术融合已成为诱发新兴产业形成并提升其绩效的重要因素。利用EPO-PATSTAT数据库搜索出生物芯片产业13101项专利数据,利用Datastream、Osiris、Amadeus企业数据库搜集335家生物芯片企业财务数据。运用N指数、辛普森多样性指数和香农-维纳指数方法,依据专利数据,测算生物芯片产业技术融合宽度和深度。采用面板数据的GLS回归方法,依据2001-2013年间生物芯片产业20个样本企业专利数据和财务数据,实证分析技术融合引发新型竞争协同关系最终提升战略性新兴产业绩效的机理。研究表明:技术融合度对产业绩效有明显的提升作用,同时提高技术融合的宽度与深度更能带动产业发展;产业融合创新对产业绩效的作用机制随着产业的成长趋势呈现一条开口向下的"倒U型"曲线。这一研究具有重要的政策启示:放松产业管制,加强跨产业共性技术研发,促进跨产业间的技术融合,强化跨产业间的新型竞争协同关系,更有利于战略性新兴产业的规模扩大和绩效提升。 相似文献
14.
Thinking of government as entrepreneur is a unique lens through which to view a subset of government actions. The lens is not a template for an evaluation of government policy; rather, it is a characterization that underscores the government's purposeful intent, ability to act in new and innovative ways, and willingness to undertake policy actions that have uncertain outcomes. Our focus is on the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. We argue that the innovative action of government - the innovative use of public resources through the SBIR program to target and support research in small firms - does lessen innovation barriers that cause small firms to underinvest in R&D. However, this government action is subject to entrepreneurial risk, namely the a priori uncertainty that the funded research will result in a commercialized product, process, or service. We quantify the uncertainty that the government accepts in the context of innovation supported by the SBIR program; or stated alternatively, we quantify the probability that a project funded by the SBIR program will fail to commercialize its results. Our empirical results show that the entrepreneurial risk that characterizes the SBIR program is, on average, somewhat more than the probability of failing to get heads on the toss of a fair coin. Importantly, however, our evidence shows that there is a large range in the entrepreneurial risk that the government accepts—across the projects, the predicted probability of failure covers essentially the entire range from 0 to 1.0. 相似文献
15.
浙江绍兴纺织产业的竞争优势来源于持续的集群创新。绍兴纺织产业集群创新的经验对于我国各地产业集群的可持续发展大有启示:集群创新是产业核心竞争力的源泉,集群企业不仅要成为一个“学习型组织”,更要借助于集群创新环境成为一个“创新型组织”,只有在产业集群中不断创新才能塑造未来的长期竞争优势。 相似文献
16.
Innovation and network structural dynamics: Study of the alliance network of a major sector of the biotechnology industry 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
We study the large-scale topology and dynamics of maps of alliances in a major segment of the biotechnology industry. The results point to the joint dynamics of network and innovation. The study demonstrates that the network is scale-free. Competition for links translates into a dynamic exponent that seems to follow the fitter-get-richer model of network growth, with preferential attachment to firms holding key technologies. This network also shows a small-world effect. This work highlights the strategic importance of understanding the growth dynamics and structure of collaboration networks for the building of leading positions in industries led by sustained radical change. 相似文献
17.
《Research Policy》2019,48(7):1694-1713
Building on Lee and Malerba’s (2017) framework, we explore how leading firms in Brazil’s forestry and pulp industry responded to windows of opportunity, in learning terms, shaping an early entry into path-creation technological catch-up, shifting that industry into a globally leading position. Drawing on an in-depth inductive study based on 50 years of evidence, a 10-year fieldwork in large firms, and on a novel approach to micro-level external and internal absorptive capacity (AC), as empirically observable external and internal learning mechanisms (LMs) underlying firms’ innovative capability accumulation (technological catch-up), we find that: (1) firms responded to changing windows of opportunity by developing dual AC through the intensity and the manner of use of multiple LMs across the emergence, gradual catch-up, and forging-ahead phases of the path-creation process; (2) however, there were variations within and across firms in the effectiveness with which they developed their dual AC over these phases, leading to a non-homogenous technological catch-up: while some firms reached a world-leading capability level, others became fast-followers. We contribute to deepening and refining the understanding of technological catch-up through robust empirical insights on how the dynamic interplay between windows of opportunity and variation in the micro-level dual AC development’s effectiveness helps to explain the nature and extent of firms’ technological catch-up. We also provide a basis to further the analysis of technological catch-up and its learning processes, particularly in natural resources-rich industries in resource-rich developing countries. 相似文献
18.
As leading East Asian latecomer firms begin to compete on the basis of new product development and in-house research and development (R&D), they appear to confront a difficult strategic dilemma. Should they compete as R&D and brand leaders on the international stage or should they continue with their tried and tested formula of low cost catch up competitiveness? Most studies of East Asian firms focus on catch up innovation processes. By contrast, this paper focuses on the challenges facing latecomer firms in the transition phase from catch up to leadership status, in order to assess the ‘strategic dilemma’ argument and examine the nature of transition innovation. Based on in-depth interviews with leading Korean firms, the paper contends that the strategic dilemma argument is a misleading oversimplification of the main innovation challenges facing most Korean firms as they become more technologically advanced. Most of the major exporters (or chaebol) offer a portfolio of products, some of which are technologically advanced and others less advanced. Corporate innovation strategies tend to be executed in relation to the needs of specific products (or closely related product families) rather than ‘the firm’ in its entirety. In addition, many firms in many product areas have yet to reach the innovation frontier stage and even the leading chaebol continue to produce large volumes of products under sub-contracting and licensing agreements. Firm strategies tend to embody a mix of leadership, ‘followership’ and latecomer positions according to the product portfolio of the company in question. The study identifies various strategic options and difficulties facing Korean firms during the transition process and points to promising future research on latecomer transition. 相似文献
19.
A long stream of academic literature has established that public funding towards research and development matters for economic growth because it relates to increases in innovation, productivity and the like. The impact of public funding on the creation of new firms has received less attention in this literature despite theoretical constructs that support such association. In the present paper we study whether indeed there is a relationship between public research funds and local firm births in the context of the U.S. biotechnology industry. In doing so, we introduce a number of changes that strengthen the robustness of our findings when compared with existing literature. These changes include a direct measure of research expenditures and a considerably lengthier longitudinal dataset which allows us to capture a structural relationship and not a chance event. We empirically demonstrate that increases in the level of research funding from the National Institutes of Health towards biotechnology associate with increases in the number of biotechnology firm births at the Metropolitan Statistical Area level. Further, we reveal that public funds towards established firms associate with local firm births considerably more strongly when compared with funds towards universities and research institutes/hospitals. We conclude the paper with academic and policy implications of the present work that highlight the complexity of factors that underlie the creation of local firms in high technology industries. 相似文献
20.
近十年来,中国光伏产业迅速发展,并成功追赶和超越其他发达国家成为全球光伏产业领导者。基于创新生态系统视角,本研究探索中国光伏产业追赶与超越的机制。通过对中国光伏企业的案例分析发现,在进入阶段,中国光伏企业利用国际市场需求机会窗口,通过嵌入全球创新生态系统进行技术引进、建立合法性、获取国际资本来提高企业绩效。在追赶和超越阶段,中国光伏企业利用创新生态系统互补性技术机会窗口,通过选择性地知识共享、上下游合作创新、形成全产业链及集聚效应、互补性技术创新来建立本地创新生态系统,以提高绩效并实现追赶和超越。此外,在超越阶段,中国政府帮助光伏企业培育本地下游市场需求,中国光伏企业利用制度政策机会窗口稳固了本地创新生态系统,有效协调生态上下游企业共同创新,保持了中国光伏产业的领先地位。 相似文献