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1.
The purpose of the study was to determine if currently used FITNESSGRAM® cut-off scores for the Back Saver Sit and Reach Test had the best criterion-referenced validity evidence for 6–12 year old children. Secondary analyses of an existing data set focused on the passive straight leg raise and Back Saver Sit and Reach Test flexibility scores of 87 boys and 91 girls. The reliability and validity evidence was determined for Back Saver Sit and Reach Test cut-off scores of 7, 8, 9, and 10 inches for the boys and girls separately. Reliability evidence for passive straight leg raise and all Back Saver Sit and Reach Test cut-off scores was good to excellent. The most valid cut-off scores had the highest proportion of correct decisions associated with sensitivity ≥.67, and false-positive rate ≤.24. Based on moderate validity evidence, the best Back Saver Sit and Reach Test cut-off scores for 6–12 year olds are 8 and 9 inches for boys and girls, respectively. These findings should be cross-validated with other samples.  相似文献   

2.
The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of the trunk lift test. Eighty eight high school boys and girls performed two trials of the trunk lift test as described in the FITNESSGRAM manual (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) on each of 2 days. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to examine norm-referenced reliability, whereas P and modified kappa (κm) were used to examine criterion-referenced reliability. Additionally, a goniometer was used to examine the relationship between the trunk lift test and trunk range of motion. Reliability ranged from R = .93 to .98 with estimated reliability of R = .90 for boys and R = .85 for girls for a single trial test. Using 9 inches as the cutoff score, P was .93 with κm = .86 for boys, whereas for girls both P and κm were 1.0. Specifically, 93% of boys and 100% of girls passed the trunk lift test on both days. The correlation between trunk lift scores and goniometer scores was r = .70 for boys and r = .68 for girls. These results suggest that the trunk lift test is a simple and highly reliable test. However, the concurrent validity of the trunk lift test and the validity of the cutoff score used for this test need to be determined. Finally, the relationship between low back pain and trunk lift scores needs to be examined.  相似文献   

3.
The purposes of this study were to examine the test-retest reliability of the PACER 20-m, multistage shuttle run and to examine the equivalence reliability of the mile run/walk and PACER from both a criterion-referenced and norm-referenced framework. All fourth- and fifth-grade children (N = 266) from one public school were administered two trials of the PACER and one trial of the mile run/walk (mean age = 10.5 ± 0.5 years). The percent of boys that passed the PACER (68%) was similar to the percent of boys that passed the mile run/walk (66%); however, the percent of girls that passed the PACER (96%) far exceeded the percent of girls that passed the mile run/walk (65%). Criterion-referenced reliability was estimated with proportion of agreement (Pa) and modified kappa (Kq) using FITNESSGRAM® (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) standards. Pa = .97 (Kq = .94) for girls and Pa = .82 (Kq = .65) for boys. The high level of agreement for girls was found because of the low criterion-referenced standards, which allowed 99 of 104 girls to pass both trials of the PACER. Criterion-referenced equivalence reliability of the mile run/walk and PACER was moderate for boys (Pa = .83, Kq = .65) and low for girls (Pa = .66, Kq = .33). The low level of classification agreement for girls was also explained by the low standards for the PACER for this age group. Thirty-four percent of the girls that passed the PACER failed the mile run/walk. Norm-referenced test-retest reliability of the PACER was estimated with an intraclass correlation (Rxx) from a one-way analysis of variance model. Reliability estimates were high for two trials (Rxx = .89 for boys and Rxx = .89 for girls) and acceptable for one trial (Rxx = .80 for boys and Rxx = .79 for girls). Pearson correlations between the mile run/walk and PACER were moderate (-.59≤r≤-.67). The moderate correlations between the mile run/walk and PACER and the low criterion-referenced...  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of child- and teacher-reported curl-up (CU) scores in children ages 10-12 years in both a norm-referenced (NR) and criterion-referenced (CR) framework. Eighty-four children, 36 boys and 48 girls, performed the FITNESSGRAM (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) CU test on 2 days separated by 48-72 hr. Two video cameras were used to record students' CU performances. Two students performed the CU at the same time, with each child's performance recorded by one camera. The test was terminated when the child stopped due to fatigue or after two form errors occurred. Teacher-reported scores were the average of two independent ratings of each video performance, while child-reported scores came from data collected and recorded by the children. Single trial norm-referenced reliability was R = .75 for girls and R = .80 for boys for teacher-reported CU and R = .69 and R = .70 for child-reported CU for girls and boys, respectively. CR reliability was examined using P, proportion of students who consistently passed or failed the test across 2 days, and km, defined as reliability with chance removed. For teacher-reported scores, P = .89 and km = .78 for boys and P = .81 and km = .62 for girls. For child-reported scores, P = .86 and km = .72 for boys, while P = .79 and km = .58 for girls. For teacher-reported data, 39% of boys passed and 50% failed the test on both days, while for girls the percentages were 27% pass and 54% fail. For child-reported data, 64% of boys passed and 22% failed on both days, while 54% of girls passed and 25% failed. NR validity was examined by correlating teacher and child-reported scores. The resultant coefficient was r = .42 (95% CI = .11-.66) for boys and r = .67 (95% CI = .58-.74) for girls. Additionally, child-reported scores were significantly higher than teacher-reported scores. CR validity was examined with a contingency coefficient, and results indicated C = .55 with 44% false master errors for boys and C = .65 with 29% false master errors for girls. The findings of this study suggest that while NR reliability estimates were moderate for teacher-reported scores, single trial estimates suggest that child-reported CU should be viewed with caution. In regard to CR reliability, both teacher-reported and child-reported reliability were moderate. However, there were marked differences between teacher- and child-reported scores, with children reporting higher percentages of students passing and lower percentage of student failing the test when compared with scores reported by teachers. Validity was rather moderate when viewed in either a NR and CR framework. It is suggested that problems with child-reported scores may be due to the need for additional practice or simplification of the testing protocol.  相似文献   

5.
The accuracy of video analysis of the passive straight-leg raise test (PSLR) and the validity of the sit-and-reach test (SR) were tested in 60 men and women. Computer software measured static hip-joint flexion accurately. High within-session reliability of the PSLR was demonstrated (R > .97). Test-retest (separate days) reliability for SR was high in men (R = .97) and women R = .98) moderate for PSLR in men (R = .79) and women (R = .89). SR validity (PSLR as criterion) was higher in women (Day 1, r = .69; Day 2, r = .81) than men (Day 1, r = .64; Day 2, r = .66). In conclusion, video analysis is accurate and feasible for assessing static joint angles, PSLR and SR tests are very reliable methods for assessing flexibility, and the SR validity for hamstring flexibility was found to be moderate in women and low in men.  相似文献   

6.
The accuracy of video analysis of the passive straight-leg raise test (PSLR) and the validity of the sit-and-reach test (SR) were tested in 60 men and women. Computer software measured static hip-joint flexion accurately. High within-session reliability of the PSLR was demonstrated (R > .97). Test-retest (separate days) reliability for SR was high in men (R = .97) and women R = .98) moderate for PSLR in men (R = .79) and women (R = .89). SR validity (PSLR as criterion) was higher in women (Day 1, r = .69; Day 2, r = .81) than men (Day 1, r = .64; Day 2, r = .66). In conclusion, video analysis is accurate and feasible for assessing static joint angles, PSLR and SR tests are very reliable methods for assessing flexibility, and the SR validity for hamstring flexibility was found to be moderate in women and low in men.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the influence of hamstring extensibility on spinal and pelvic postures adopted by young paddlers in their kayaks.

Methods: Sixty-eight young elite kayakers were recruited for the study (mean value 15.23, s=0.68 years). Thoracic and lumbar curvatures and pelvic position were evaluated with a Spinal Mouse system in standing position and in the boat (seated in the kayak with the paddle resting on their thighs, right entry position and left entry position). Hamstring muscle extensibility was determined in both legs by passive straight leg raise test (PSLR). The sample was divided into two groups with regard to straight leg raise angle (Group A, PSLR < 80°, n=32, and group B, PSLR ≥ 80°, n=32).

Results: Paddlers with lower extensibility presented higher thoracic and lumbar flexion and a more posterior pelvic tilt in the kayak in all three positions. However, no significant differences were found between the groups when standing.

Conclusion: The results suggest that lower hamstring extensibility is related to increased spinal flexion and posterior pelvic tilt, which can overload the spine during paddling training. A systematic and intensive stretching programme to improve hamstring muscle extensibility should be incorporated into the training activities of paddlers.  相似文献   

8.
The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability for the 1-mile, 3/4-mile, and 1/2-mile distance run/alk tests for children in Grades K-4. Fifty-one intact physical education classes were randomly assigned to one of the three distance run conditions. A total of 1,229 (621 boys, 608 girls) completed the test-retests in the fall (October), with 1,050 of these students (543 boys, 507 girls) repeating the tests in the spring (May). Results indicated that the 1-mile run/walk distance, as recommended for young children in most national test batteries, has acceptable intraclass reliability (.83 less than R less than .90) for both boys and girls in Grades 3 and 4, has minimal (fall) to acceptable (spring) reliability for Grade 2 students (.70 less than R less than .83), but is not reliable for children in Grades K and 1 (.34 less than R less than .56). The 1/2 mile was the only distance meeting minimal reliability standards for boys and girls in Grades K and 1 (.73 less than R less than .82). Results also indicated that reliability estimates remained fairly stable across gender and age groups from the fall to spring testing periods, with the exception of the noticeably improved values for Grade 2 students on the 1-mile run/walk test. Criterion-referenced reliability (P, percent agreement) was also estimated relative to Physical Best and Fitnessgram run/walk standards. Reliability coefficients for all age group standards were acceptable to high (.70 less than P less than .95), except for Fitnessgram standards for 5-year-old girls on the 1-mile test for both fall and spring and for 6-year-old boys and girls on the 1-mile test administered in the spring.  相似文献   

9.
The purpose of this study was to establish sex-specific criterion-referenced standards for pedometer-determined physical activity related to body mass index (BMI)-defined weight status among youth. We analyzed data from 7-16-year-old boys (n = 338) and girls (n = 337) and used pedometer-assessed physical activity and anthropometric data to derive average steps/day and BMI. Sex-specific criterion-referenced standards for steps/day relating to healthy weight and overweight/obese were determined using the contrasting groups method. Healthy weight children took more steps/day than overweight or obese (boys: 14,413 vs. 12,088, and girls: 12,562 vs. 10,114, respectively; p < .001). The optimal BMI-referenced cut-point emerging flom our sample was 16,000 steps/day for both boys and girls. Our results and those reported elsewhere suggest that youth take insufficient pedometer-determined steps/day to avoid becoming overweight.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine test–retest reliability for the 1-mile, 3/4-mile, and 1/2-mile distance run/walk tests for children in Grades K—4. Fifty-one intact physical education classes were randomly assigned to one of the three distance run conditions. A total of 1,229 (621 boys, 608 girls) complied the test–retests in the fall (October), with 1,050 of these students (543 boys, 507 girls) repeating the tests in the spring (May). Results indicated that the 1-mile run/walk distance, as recommended for young children in most national test batteries, has acceptable intraclass reliability (.83 < R < .90) for both boys and girls in Grades 3 and 4, has minimal (fall) to acceptable (spring) reliability for Grade 2 students (.70 < R < .83), but is not reliable for children in Grades K and 1 (.34 < R < .56). The 1/2 mile was the only distance meeting minimal reliability standards for boys and girls in Grades K and 1 (.73 < R < .82). Results also indicated that reliability estimates remained fairly stable across gender and age groups from the fall to spring testing periods, with the exception of the noticeably improved values for Grade 2 students on the 1-mile run/walk test. Criterion-referenced reliability (P, percent agreement) was also estimated relative to Physical Best and Fitnessgram run/walk standards. Reliability coefficients for all age group standards were acceptable to high (.70 < P < .95), except for Fitnessgram standards for 5-year-old girls on the 1-mile test for both fall and spring and for 6-year-old boys and girls on the 1-mile test administered in the spring.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Self-report recall questionnaires are commonly used to measure physical activity in children and adolescents. However, they have been shown to have low to moderate validity, mainly due to inaccuracies in recall activity. The purpose of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of an adapted version of the Assessment of Physical Activity Levels Questionnaire (APALQ) among a sample of Spanish adolescents. Test–retest reliability of the APALQ was assessed using a sample of 150 adolescents (72 males, 78 females), aged 13.6±1.1 years, who answered the APALQ twice within 7 days. Criterion validity was assessed using a sample of 77 adolescents (50 males, 27 females), aged 13.6±1.1 years, by comparing the APALQ against the Computer Science and Application (CSA) monitor. All participants were volunteers recruited from local schools in the Aragon region of Spain. Test–retest reliability for all items was high with intra-class coefficients of 0.77 for boys and 0.74 for girls. The APALQ demonstrated modest criterion validity with Pearson correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.53 between Physical Activity Index (PAI) and CSA minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity, and 0.47 between PAI and CSA steps per day. When the data were analysed by gender, girls had higher correlations than boys (P < 0.01). The Spanish APALQ seems to be a valid and reliable short self-report physical activity questionnaire.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the relationships of the sit and reach test, a component of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance Health Related Fitness Test, 1980, with criterion measures of back and hamstring flexibility. Young females (N = 100) with a mean age of 14.08 years ± .825 were administered two trials of three tests. The measurements included the sit and reach test, passive hamstring flexibility using a Leighton Flexometer, and a test of back flexibility using a protocol suggested by Macrae and Wright in 1969. Test-retest reliability estimates exceeded .90 for all measurements. Results indicated that the sit and reach test had a moderate relationship (r = .64) with passive hamstring flexibility. The correlations between the sit and reach test and total back flexibility (r = .07), upper back flexibility (r = ?.16), and lower back flexibility (r = .28) were low. These findings indicate the sit and reach test has moderate criterion-related validity when used as an assessment of hamstring flexibility, but appears not to provide a valid assessment of back and, in particular, low back flexibility which is one of the reasons it was included in the Health Related Fitness Test.  相似文献   

13.
Twenty-six male and female collegiate and semiprofessional/professional soccer players (age = 20.4 ± 2.0 years; height = 172.1 ± 8.2 cm; weight = 70.7 ± 10.8 kg) participated in this study to determine the reliability and validity of a field anaerobic shuttle test (FAST) and the Cunningham and Faulkner (1969) treadmill anaerobic speed test (AST). The relationship between the AST and FAST was also investigated. Intraclass reliability coefficients were acceptable for the FAST (.96) and AST (.97) with no significant difference between the means at T1 and T2 (FAST = 56.0 vs. 55.8 sec; AST = 41.9 vs. 41.4 sec). Poor reliability for the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAT), .83 (W), .70 (W · kg-1), necessitated correcting the validity coefficients for attenuation, FAST vs. WAT = -.89 (W) and -.71 (W · kg-1); AST vs. WAT = .82 (W) and .74 (W · kg-1). These coefficients provide preliminary evidence that the construct being measured is anaerobic work capacity. The results (FAST vs. AST = -.85) indicate that FAST and AST appear to be measuring the same construct. Further research is needed to substantiate the validity of AST and FAST scores as measures of anaerobic work capacity of collegiate and professional soccer players.  相似文献   

14.
We analyzed data from the National School Population Fitness Survey (Reiff et al., 1986) and data collected by the authors of the original study to assess the fitness of American children and youth based on the results of additional analyses. We then compared the numbers of children and youth meeting norm-referenced standards to numbers meeting recently adopted criterion-referenced health (CRH) standards for individual test items in the FITNESSGRAM (Institute for Aerobics Research, 1987) and AAHPERD Physical Best (AAHPERD, 1988) test batteries. The number of children and youth meeting CRH standards for multiple items in a test battery was also determined. Finally, data were analyzed to determine if changes in fitness have occurred among American children and youth over recent decades. Our results suggest that, with the exception of measures of arm and shoulder girdle strength/endurance, more children and youth meet criterion-referenced health standards than norm-referenced standards (50th percentile) and the majority of American children and youth meet CRH standards for individual test items. However, the majority of American children and youth cannot meet the CRH standards for a battery of items for either of the two batteries studied. A second look at decade to decade comparisons of fitness produced evidence that questions the idea that youth are less fit now than in previous years.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

We analyzed data from the National School Population Fitness Survey (Reiff et al., 1986) and data collected by the authors of the original study to assess the fitness of American children and youth based on the results of additional analyses. We then compared the numbers of children and youth meeting norm-referenced standards to numbers meeting recently adopted criterion-referenced health (CRH) standards for individual test items in the Fitnessgram (Institute for Aerobics Research, 1987) and AAHPERD Physical Best (AAHPERD, 1988) test batteries. The number of children and youth meeting CRH standards for multiple items in a test battery was also determined. Finally, data were analyzed to determine if changes in fitness have occurred among American children and youth over recent decades. Our results suggest that, with the exception of measures of arm and shoulder girdle strength!endurance, more children and youth meet criterion-referenced health standards than norm-referenced standards (50th percentile) and the majority of American children and youth meet CRH standards for individual test items. However, the majority of American children and youth cannot meet the CRH standards for a battery of items for either of the two batteries studied. A second look at decade to decade comparisons of fitness produced evidence that questions the idea that youth are less fit now than in previous years.  相似文献   

16.
The first purpose of this study was to determine the norm-referenced predictive validity of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) max estimated from the progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER, FITNESSGRAM®; Cooper Institute for Aerobic Research, Dallas, TX) performance by 3 separate formulas: the Leger, Mercier, Gadoury, and Lambert (1988) 8- to 19-year-old equation; the Leger et al. adult equation; and the Ramsbottom, Brewer, and Williams (1988) equation. Norm-referenced intraclass stability reliability coefficients (n = 19) were determined to be .96 for PACER and estimated VO2 max values. Only the VO2 max values estimated from the Leger et al. adult equation (47.29 ± 7.02 vs. 50.45 ± 8.01 rnL · kg-1 · min-1 measured; p < .0001) were shown to be valid (r = .82; standard error of estimate [SEE] = 4.59; Error = 5.58; percentage of participants whose measured VO2 max fell within ± 4.5 mL · kg-1 · min-1 of estimated VO2 max = 59.7; N = 60 female participants ± 59 male participants). The second purpose was to cross-validate the Cureton, Sloninger, O'Bannon, Black, and McCormack (1995) equation for the estimation of VO2 max from the one-mile run (1-MR). The results (estimated VO2 max = 48.06 ± 6.57 vs. 50.45 ± 8.01 rnL · kg-1 · min-1 measured; p < .0001; r= .82; SEE = 4.53; Error = 5.27; percentage = 61.7; N = 50 female ± 44 male participants) indicated a norm-referencedpredictive validity similar to the Leger et al. adult PACER equation. There was no significant difference between the VO2max estimated by the Leger et al. 8- to 19-year-old and the Cureton et al. equations. Correlations between 1-MR time and measured VO2 max (r = .78) and PACER laps and measured 90, maw (r = 33) supported norm-referenced concurrent validity in this population. The third purpose was to determine the criterion-referenced reliability and validity of the PACER and 1-MR. Criterion-referenced reliability indicated a proportion of agreement (P) of .95 and a modified Kappa (K) of .90 for PACER laps and estimated VO2 max. A .88 proportion of correct classification decisions (c) with a phi coefficient (?) of .08 was determined for criterion-referenced validity of the Leger et al. adult equation. Comparable validity coefficients for the Cureton et al. equation were c = .97 and ? = .65. Criterion-referenced equivalence reliability (P) was .90 with a Kq of .80 for the 1-MR and PACER. It was concluded that (a) the Leger et al. (1988) adult equation is the preferred equation to use to estimate VO2 max from PACER scores for college aged individuals; (b) the Cureton et al. (1995) equation is valid for estimating VO2 max in college students from the 1-MR; and (c) the FITNESSGRAM® (Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, 1992) criterion-referenced standards using data from the Cureton et al. and Leger et al. adult equations were both reliable and valid in this population. The 1-MR and the PACER may be used interchangeably in this age group to assess cardiovascular fitness either from performance scores or estimated VO2 max if the Leger et al. adult equation is used for PACER VO2 max prediction.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to validate criterion-referenced standards for cardiovascular endurance tests using the criterion-groups validation model. Adolescent boys and girls assigned to either untrained or trained groups were administered the mile run and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) tests. Selection of optimal criterion standards was based on finding a cutting score that minimized the probability of misclassification errors and maximized the probability of making correct decisions based on participation in physical activity. The results of this study suggest that recent changes in FITNESSGRAM standards are appropriate, especially for the PACER test. While modifications of standards have corrected somewhat for disparities in passing rates between the mile run and the PACER, especially for girls, further study of standards is necessary.  相似文献   

18.
运用比较研究法,通过杭州电子科技大学实施《学生体质健康标准》的实践,结果表明:男女学生身高随着年级递升略有下降,男生体重随着年级递升而逐渐增加,女生体重随着年级递升而逐渐下降,男女学生较低体重率明显高于体重正常率,低年级学生心血管机能水平明显好于高年级,二年级男生和四年级女生肺功能水平较好;男女学生下肢爆发力、男生柔韧性和女生前臂力量的峰值出现在二年级;并对身高标准体重的评价标准进行思考。  相似文献   

19.
为了提高中学生身心健康水平,解决目前大课间体育活动时间不足,学生积极性不高、活动强度不够、锻炼效果不佳等问题,对中学生大课间体育活动内容进行了重新设计,以达到全面提高中学生身心健康水平的目的。本研究以吉林省某中学200名学生为实验对象,进行十周的趣味游戏健身干预方案实验教学。结果表明:趣味游戏组合活动干预对中学生的心肺机能、身体柔韧性、下肢力量、奔跑能力、反应能力和减少腹部脂肪厚度具有非常明显的促进作用,对提高中学生情绪调节、人际交往感知具有较好的促进作用;对中学男生的心肺机能、下肢力量、奔跑能力、反应能力的提高具有非常明显的促进作用,对中学男生的情绪调控能力具有非常明显的促进作用;对中学女生的心肺功能、身体柔韧性、奔跑能力、反应能力以及腹部脂肪厚度的减少具有非常明显的促进作用,对中学女生的情绪控制能力和人际交往能力具有非常明显的促进作用。  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Children studied longitudinally from kindergarten through second grade were refilmed in seventh grade as they performed 10 trials of the forceful overarm throw. The horizontal ball velocities of the 22 boys and the 17 girls were compared with predictions made when the children were in second grade. The original estimate of an annual rate of change (a “developmental year”) of 5–8 feet/sec/year (1.52–2.44m) remained accurate for the boys; the original estimate for the girls had to be increased to 2–4.5 feet/sec/year (.61–1.37m). While the gap between the sexes increased throughout elementary school, it increased at a slower rate from second to seventh grade than it had during the primary years. By seventh grade, however, the girls were 5 developmental years behind the boys. The data also suggested a difference in the degree to which the sexes maintained their relative positions within their groups: girls appeared more stable than boys across the elementary years. Change was also assessed in the developmental levels exhibited by the children as they threw. The girls' rate of development was 5–6 years behind the boys' rate. Few boys, however, had reached an advanced level in all movement components by seventh grade. Self-reports suggested that the boys had participated in more overarm throwing than had the girls.  相似文献   

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