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1.
Dysregulated Fear,Social Inhibition,and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: A Replication and Extension 
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下载免费PDF全文 Behavioral inhibition indicates increased risk for development of social anxiety. Recent work has identified a pattern of dysregulated fear (DF), characterized by high fear in low‐threat situations, that provides a more precise marker of developmental risk through early childhood. This study tested a new longitudinal sample of children (n = 124) from ages 24 to 48 months. Replicating prior findings, at 24 months, we identified a pattern of fearful behavior across contexts marked by higher fear to putatively low‐threat situations. DF was associated with higher parental report of social inhibition at 24, 36, and 48 months. Extending prior findings, we observed differences in cardiac physiology during fear‐eliciting situations, suggesting that the neurobiological underpinnings of DF relate to difficulty with regulation. 相似文献
2.
Students motivated to protect self‐worth perform poorly in situations that threaten to reveal low ability while performing well in situations that involve little threat to self‐worth. One factor contributing to their poor performance is thought to be their orientation towards social comparison goals (goals that have to do with vindicating their ability relative to others rather than pursuing mastery). In the present study, 96 undergraduate students who were either high or low in self‐worth protection were exposed to either success or failure feedback and subsequently primed to pursue either social comparison or mastery goals. For students high in self‐worth protection, the negative effects of either failure or social comparison goal priming is sufficient to give rise to poor performance. However, only when success is combined with mastery goal priming is a positive achievement outcome evident. The requirements of best practice approaches to encouraging students to adopt mastery‐orientated behaviours are discussed. 相似文献
3.
《教育心理学家》2013,48(1):21-35
Recent research on school learning has dealt only with cognitive aspects of the student activity. However, in typical learning and performance situations, the student is expected to cope with complex social and emotional challenges. We developed a theoretical model that describes typical patterns of coping strategies that students use in school situations. The dominating tendency of some students in school situations is task orientation. Such students are oriented to interpret and fulfill the demands of learning tasks. In contrast, other students are sensitive to the threat of failure and show ego-oriented coping strategies. A third group of students relies on social-dependence coping. Orientation tendencies originate in classroom situations, but are then continuously reproduced and reinforced in similar teaching interactions. A multimethod approach was used to test this theoretical model. Longitudinal case studies have demonstrated the cumulation and reinforcement processes of coping tendencies in teaching interactions. Classroom interaction studies have provided evidence of the strong interaction between cognitive processes and socioemotional orientation. Finally, intervention studies have shown that, to improve the use of cognitive strategies, coping strategies also have to be changed. 相似文献
4.
Responses to the Negative Emotions of Others by Autistic, Mentally Retarded, and Normal Children 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Attention, facial affect, and behavioral responses to adults showing distress, fear, and discomfort were compared for autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. The normal and mentally retarded children were very attentive to adults in all 3 situations. In contrast, many of the autistic children appeared to ignore or not notice the adults showing these negative affects. As a group, the autistic children looked at the adults less and were much more engaged in toy play than the other children during periods when an adult pretended to be hurt. The autistic children were also less attentive to adults showing fear, although their behavior was not different from the normal children. Few of the children in any group showed much facial affect in response to these situations. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of affect in the social learning experiences of the young child. 相似文献
5.
Chris van Klaveren Karen Kooiman Ilja Cornelisz Martijn Meeter 《Journal of research on educational effectiveness》2019,12(1):67-89
This study examines whether providing students with information on their future study success will influence their higher education enrollment decision and lower first-year dropout as a consequence. A randomized field experiment is conducted among 313 law and social science applicants at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. The main results suggest that (a) students are generally overly positive about their future performance, (b) enrollment rates increase by 25% if students receive information on future study success, but (c) providing information to students does not reduce first-year dropout. An important conclusion is that the higher enrollment decision is not driven by the extent to which students are self-serving biased or by their updating behavior. Instead this decision seems to be influenced by a fear of failure, in the sense that students who receive a pass-signal (fail-signal) with respect to future study success enroll with higher (lower) probability. 相似文献
6.
As a group, students with learning disabilities (LD) have social difficulties. One possible explanation for these difficulties is the unique way they process social information. Although students with LD may differ from their nondisabled peers in their social cognition, investigators have suggested the presence of subgroups within the population of students with LD who may differ in their social competence and, thereby, shed light on the source of the difficulties. The present exploratory study examined how two subgroups of students with LD in inclusive settings, students with high and low social status, perceive social situations. Using a sociometric technique, three students with LD receiving high social‐status ratings and three students with LD receiving low social‐status ratings were identified. A qualitative approach was used to gather and evaluate data from the participants and their teachers. Results suggested differences between the two subgroups in their (1) sensitivity to cues in the environment, (2) interpretation of social situations in relation to their own experiences, and (3) levels of self‐control. Implications of these findings for practice and future research are discussed. 相似文献
7.
教学恐惧是指教师和学生在教学情境中面临并企图摆脱某种危险性情境所产生的防御性反应,并伴有不安全感、危机感、无能为力感等情绪体验。教学恐惧按照不同的标准可以分为不同的类型。教学恐惧会造成教师的教学分离,导致学生的发展受阻。为此,我们要积极应对教学恐惧:首先,直面恐惧,巧用积极因素;其次,克服恐惧,鼓足教学勇气;其三,超越恐惧,引发心灵共鸣。 相似文献
8.
James Life 《Interactive Learning Environments》2013,21(6):683-695
When students look at their classmates in the classroom, consciously or unconsciously, they see competitors both for academic recognition and social success. How do they fit in relation to others and how do they succeed in achieving both? Traditional views on the drive to succeed and the fear of failure are well known as motivators for achieving academic success but is it that simple a dichotomy? Do students also view success through a fear of success and a purposeful intent to fail – referred to in this text as the drive to fail? Students recognize the importance of social position in class but how is this perceived and will they sacrifice social position for academic standing or vice versa? This paper considers these issues by analyzing the results of a student survey and opinions offered by the students. The discussion considers the survey, academic standing, social position, cultural variables, perception of success and failure, and concluding comments. 相似文献
9.
Y.M. Lo S.L. Gdovin J.B. Stankiewicz L. Appezzato E.M. Garvey 《Journal of Food Science Education》2002,1(3):45-51
ABSTRACT: An internship program based upon problem-based learning (PBL) and student-centered mentoring is developed. Food science majors are introduced to the program in their sophomore/junior year and follow a process that involves learning-style assessments, career counseling, and direct contact with industrial mentors to develop a resume. The problems are designed in collaboration with a faculty advisor so the students can apply their knowledge to industrial situations. Assessment of performance is conducted by having students submit weekly journal entries and a final report and participate in a closing interview. The journals and reports are graded on 6 aspects of a pedagogical reasoning model: Comprehension, transformation, implementation, evaluation, reflection, and new comprehension. This trains students to use a range of knowledge within a restrained environment, as well as assisting students to refine the critical food science and interpersonal skills needed for successful careers after graduation. 相似文献
10.
Marjorie H. Thorpe 《College Teaching》2013,61(3):160-161
AbstractThis paper defines teacher empathy, argues that teacher empathy enhances student learning, and offers suggestions for increasing teacher empathy. Teacher empathy is the degree to which an instructor works to deeply understand students’ personal and social situations, to feel care and concern in response to students’ positive and negative emotions, and to respond compassionately without losing the focus on student learning. Teacher empathy is communicated to students through course policies as well as the instructor’s behavior toward students. To increase teacher empathy, we review non-pejorative explanations for undesirable student behavior (e.g., fear of failure), and we suggest ways in which faculty can learn about their students and can structure course policies to increase teacher empathy. Ultimately, we call for research on teacher empathy and student learning. 相似文献
11.
教学恐惧是指教师和学生在教学情境中面临并企图摆脱某种危险性情境所产生的防御性反应,并伴有不安全感,危机感,无能为力感等情绪体验。教学恐惧按照不同的标准可以分为不同的类型。教学恐惧会造成教师的教学分离,导致学生的发展受阻。为此,我们要积极应对恐惧:首先,直面恐惧,巧用积极因素;其次,克服恐惧,鼓足教学勇气;其三,超越恐惧,引发心灵共鸣。 相似文献
12.
Anders Jonsson 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》2014,39(7):840-852
This paper reports on a study where rubrics have been used to convey assessment expectations to students (n?=?176) in three different assessment situations in professional education. These situations are: (1) the development of a survey instrument, which was part of a course in statistics and epidemiology; (2) an inspection of a house, which was part of a course about the functions of buildings for real estate brokers and (3) a workshop in communication with patients, which was part of a course in the evaluation of diagnostic procedures and treatments of oral infections in dental education. In all situations, students’ perceptions and uses of the rubrics were investigated. Findings suggest that it is indeed possible to convey expectations to students through the use of rubrics, in the sense that students not only appreciate the efforts to make assessment criteria transparent, but may also use the criteria in order to support and self-assess their performance. Important features of the rubrics, which were found to facilitate students’ understanding and use of the criteria in these situations, are presented and discussed. 相似文献
13.
Rebecca Dahm 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2017,63(4):521-543
One way to foster active social inclusion is to enable students to develop a positive attitude to “foreignness”. Creating a situation where mainstream students are less wary of foreign languages and cultures, and where newcomers feel their linguistic background is being valued, provides favourable conditions for the inclusion of these newcomers in the classroom and in society. However, language classrooms in French schools rarely take any previously acquired linguistic knowledge into account, thus unconsciously contributing to the rift between multilingual learners (e.g. 1st- and 2nd-generation immigrant children, refugees, children of parents with different mother tongues) and French learners. Native French learners’ first experience of learning another language is usually when English is added as a subject to their curriculum in primary school. In some schools in France, English lessons now include the simulation of multilingual situations, designed in particular for the French “quasi-monolingual” students to lose their fear of unknown languages and “foreignness” in general. But the overall aim is to help both groups of learners become aware of the positive impact of multilingualism on cognitive abilities. However, to achieve long-term effects, this awareness-raising needs to be accompanied by maximum engagement on the part of the students. This article explores an instructional strategy termed Pluralistic Approaches based upon Unknown Languages (PAUL), which was designed to develop learning strategies of quasi-monolingual students in particular and to increase learner engagement more generally. The results of a small-scale PAUL study discussed by the author seem to confirm an increase in learner engagement leading to an enhancement of learning outcomes. Moreover, PAUL seems indeed suitable for helping to prepare the ground for social inclusion. 相似文献
14.
学生的恐惧心理是体操教学的一大障碍,给教学带来一定的难度。体操教学中导致学生产生恐惧心理的因素较多,如生理、心理、教学管理、教师的业务水平、教材教法等。本文从体操教学的实际出发．对学生产生恐惧心理的原因及消除恐惧心理的方法进行分析和探讨。 相似文献
15.
本研究运用SCL—90症状自评量表和应对方式问卷（CSQ）,对新疆伊犁师范学院320名少数民族贫困生的心理健康状况和应对方式进行了测查分析,结果显示,与全国常模及本校同年级汉族学生样本进行比较,少数民族贫困生心理适应问题比一般大学生严重;问题较突出地表现在焦虑、恐怖、强迫、偏执等方面;少数民族贫困生在解决问题、求助、积极应对因子上显著优于汉族非贫困生,与非贫困生相比在解决问题、自责、幻想、消极应对因子上差异显著（P〈0.05）,少数民族贫困生SCL—90各因子与消极应对总分具有显著正相关,与积极应对总分无显著相关;SCL—90各因子与应对方式的解决问题、求助因子具有显著负相关,与自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子具有显著正相关。为此,高校要有针对性开展心理健康教育和心理咨询工作,营造团结互助,扶贫帮困的校园氛围,培养学生各种应激的能力,促进少数民族贫困生的心理健康和良性发展。 相似文献
16.
Geert Driessen Hetty Dekkers 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1997,43(4):299-315
Since 1985 the Educational Priority Policy (EPP) has been in effect in the Netherlands. This policy is aimed at reducing the educational disadvantage of children due to their social, economic and cultural circumstances. The first section of this article describes the outlines of the EPP. The second section presents the results of an EPP evaluation study conducted in secondary education among 20,000 students from nearly 400 schools. The emphasis is on test performance in relation to three student characteristics: gender, social class and ethnic background. The analyses show that the test results are largely determined by social class. Gender hardly plays a role, while the influence of ethnic origin is also limited. It should however be added that the performance of two migrant groups, the Turks and Moroccans, is the worst of all. As most Turks and Moroccans belong to the lowest socioeconomic category, the factor of ethnic origin is so closely interwoven with the factor of social class, that it is not really possible to distinguish the two. In the final section of the article these findings are related to three theoretical perspectives regarding the explanation of differences in educational performance. This is followed by a discussion on possible consequences for the EPP. 相似文献
17.
《Journal of Experimental Education》2013,81(4):269-287
The authors examined how 2 types of goal setting (process vs. outcome), self-evaluation (presence vs. absence), and organizational signals (presence vs. absence) affected student ability to perform a set of procedural skills, namely animating slides created via presentation software. They also examined how these variables influenced a variety of affective outcomes, including students' self-efficacy, satisfaction with their performance, evaluation of the instruction, and attributions of success or lack of success in acquiring the skills. Using a 2 X 2 X 2 (Goal Setting X Self-Evaluation X Organizational Signals) design, 96 ninth- and tenth-grade students were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 versions of a print-based instructional module designed to teach slide-animation skills. Results indicated that students in the process goal condition reported a higher degree of self-efficacy, more satisfaction with their performance, and more strategic attributions than students in the outcome goal condition. Moreover, among students who were not directed to self-evaluate their own work, those students in the process goal condition demonstrated a higher level of animation skills, self-efficacy, and satisfaction, and rated the instruction more positively than did their counterparts in the outcome goal group. Self-evaluation also had a positive effect on student skill acquisition, particularly for students in the outcome goal condition. Organizational signals did not have any effect on any of the dependent measures. These results are discussed from a social cognitive perspective of self-regulation. 相似文献
18.
工读生和普通生攻击性行为归因方式的比较研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
本研究采用投射测验 ,通过集体开放式问卷的形式来比较工读学生和普通学生攻击性行为归因方式的特点。结果表明 :(1)工读生对意图不明的伤害作敌意性归因和攻击性反应预测的倾向比普通生明显。 (2 )工读生攻击性情绪反应更冲动 ,而不顾后果。在事态发展过程中较为自私 ,更多的考虑对自己产生的不利 ,较少考虑对受害者造成的伤害。 (3)工读生大多认为攻击性行为在社会矛盾冲突情境中是一种合情合理的反应方式。他们对被攻击者的同情心和移情能力 ,对攻击性行为的良心谴责都比较缺乏。他们在社会认知上表现出的偏差都和他们的攻击性行为有一定的关系。 相似文献
19.
When processing information about their world, people systematically reduce objective complexity. This is true not only of cognitive problem‐solving, but also other everyday situations, for example where decisions are required in situations relevant to morality. The developmental psychological perspective suggests that the adequate handling of situations like these requires, on the one hand, an age‐related, increasing differentiation in social cognition and, on the other hand, an ever more effective structuring and integration of information. However, the operation of the latter developmental process might carry the risk that complexity reduction (in the sense of oversimplification) substitutes for adequate psychosocial development. Undue emphasis on complexity reduction may suggest situation‐specific action alternatives, which though inappropriate, are ‘easier to handle’. In an empirical study using 176 pupils from Polytechnic High Schools in (East) Berlin, we test the hypothesis that a tendency towards oversimplification in (fictitious) situations of moral relevance is systematically related to deviant behaviour at school. Results show that students exhibiting deviant behaviour do indeed have a stronger tendency to oversimplify social cognition. It can also be shown that the frequency of complex social cognitions generally increases with age. This trend, however, is found for non‐deviant students only. For deviant students a decrease in complex social cognitions with increasing age was found. Furthermore, it can be shown that these results are not confounded with the effects of gender or academic grade. 相似文献
20.
全纳教育通过为有障碍和无障碍学生建立学习型社区,使所有学生在适龄的普通教育场景接受相同的教育。全纳教育代表所有学生的利益,提倡教师要为差异而教。学习障碍学生是美国中小学接受特殊教育的最大群体。全纳教育对美国学习障碍学生的教育安置、学业进步和社会性发展均产生一定影响。研究全纳教育对学习障碍学生的教育影响有助于提高全纳教育的效能并对评估和推进全纳教育起到指导作用。 相似文献