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1.
Vincent Carpentier 《Higher Education Quarterly》2012,66(4):363-390
This paper looks at the current challenge facing higher education by exploring the historical relationship between higher education funding and long economic cycles in the UK, USA and France. It examines the consequence of the transformation of public‐private income in higher education that followed the 1970s downturn, questioning whether the rise of private resources acted as additional or substitutive resources for public spending. The paper suggests that there is a risk that the cost‐sharing strategy could be turned into a policy of public‐private substitution of funding and provision, leading to a transfer rather than an increase of resources with strong implications on quality and equity. However, the Kondratiev cycle suggests an alternative route by designating the impact of the 1970s economic downturn on education as unique. Previous economic crises were contemporary of accelerations of public funding towards education which in fact contributed to economic recovery. The current crisis could represent an opportunity to revive counter‐cyclical policy by looking not only at efficient public spending but also at developing fairer taxation. A revival of public funding complemented by an additional rather than substitutive diversification of income would rebalance the public‐private structure of funding and drive a sustainable higher education system capable of playing a key part in these counter‐cyclical transformations. 相似文献
2.
This study uses panel data models to analyze international indicators and examines the relationship between education finance policies and higher education access among 86 countries from 1998 to 2009. We find that public expenditure per tertiary student bears a negative association with tertiary enrollment ratios, whereas GDP per capita and public spending on education as a percentage of GDP both have a positive effect on tertiary enrollment. These results imply that for a fixed amount of total budget and rising demands for higher education, various nations have reduced spending per college student and drawn on more private resources to expand higher education access. 相似文献
3.
A rich interdisciplinary literature exists exploring the determinants of state higher education funding policies. However, that work has collectively ignored an important finding from political economy literature: namely, that citizens’ preferences regarding public spending are strongly influenced by the state’s ethnic and racial context. Drawing on a unique panel of state-level data covering the years 1982–2009, we find that states demarcated by increased racial and ethnic diversity and eroding white majorities do tend to spend less on subsidies to public higher education, resulting in decreased state appropriations as well as more tepid support for financial aid programs. Critically, however, we find that the negative effects of increased ethnic and racial fractionalization can be mitigated—and in some circumstances, fully offset—by a high degree of positive social interaction between ethnic and racial groups. These results are discussed within the pragmatic context of continued state emphasis on degree attainment as a mechanism to foster economic growth as well as broader considerations about equality and social justice. 相似文献
4.
This paper arises from the experiences in five countries (Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom) in developing and using performance indicators in government-institutional relationships. The rôle of performance indicators in higher education depends on the political culture, the educational funding system and the quality assessment procedures that determine the optimal allocation of resources in a particular country. The political culture of education can be geared, on the one hand, to equivalence in the provision of educational opportunities and, on the other, to variety in the educational system. The funding system can be incremental or differential. Quality assessment can aim at quality across the system or at comparative quality judgements. Ten lessons for government and intermediate funding agencies are drawn, which are believed to facilitate the debate on the development and the use of indicators in government-institutional relations.The authors wish to thank Marianne Bauer, Toril Johansson and Hugo von Linstow for their contributions from Sweden, Norway and Denmark. 相似文献
5.
The expansion of higher education in Latin America before 1980 resulted from the growing demand of the urban middle classes. The state responded with a benevolent attitude, except when political circumstances led to police repression. The deep crisis and the emergence of new economic policies in the 1980s drastically changed this picture. Funds for further growth are not available and there is no longer a favorable political climate for the universities. The new ideological and political scene favors policies aimed at abandoning incremental formulae for state funding, increasing private funding, rationalizing spending, promoting institutional and program differentiation, introducing evaluation as a major policy instrument and checking enrolment growth. Negotiation over these issues in democratic regimes has become cumbersome and difficult. A set of policies for the private sector is also emerging though these are ineffectual if state funding is not forthcoming. Though flexibility over accreditation became common in the 1970s and 1980s there is now closer scrutiny of such matters. Legal frameworks have favored differentiation in the private sector also, including recognizing profit-oriented institutions which are capable of absorbing excess demand but which are less closely regulated than the older and more prestigious institutions. 相似文献
6.
There has been little critical scrutiny of the extent to which the members of different social classes support current public educational institutions. This paper explores the attitudes toward education of class groups in relation to the declared agendas of class leaders, using public opinion surveys conducted regularly in Canada's economic heartland of Ontario between 1978 and 1996. An analysis of class leaders’ public discourse indicates that corporate leaders stress the waste and inefficiencies of the current school system, the need for market‐driven initiatives to overcome these problems, and a general belief that such reforms coupled with cost reductions and lower government deficits can lead to economic growth and job creation. Some labour union and other leaders associate declining school quality with spending cuts, defend equal access to education, and promote measures such as a reduced normal workweek to address the education‐jobs gap rather than continuing deficit reduction and more reliance on private and individual initiative. Corporate executives are shown to hold much more strongly consensual, fiscally restrictive views on education than other class groups. Other classes hold less consensual but equally coherent and fiscally responsible attitudes on education spending. Professional and managerial class groups, whom some analysts predict to be most disaffected, have only decreased their degree of support for increased education spending and taxes. Support for education funding among working‐class groups has increased since the early 1980s. There is also now at least plurality support for a shorter workweek in all class groups except corporate executives. Corporate business attempts to resettle the social contract with a downsized state education system are so far failing in the realm of public opinion. It is a question of whether we can grasp the real nature of our society, or whether we persist in social and educational patterns based on a limited ruling class, a middle professional class, a large operative class, cemented by forces that cannot be challenged and will not be changed. The privileges and barriers, of an inherited kind, will in any case go down. It is only a question of whether we replace them by the free play of the market, or by a public education designed to express and create the values of an educated democracy and a common culture (Williams 1961: 155) 相似文献
7.
Most investigations into the effects of funding changes on higher education systems have been carried out in developed economies.
This article focuses on the Thai higher education system, applying theoretical arguments and empirical analyses to the case
of a newly industrialising country. One goal of the Thai higher education funding reform is to cut public spending and to
stimulate university–industry cooperation as a means to obtain additional university income. This article presents empirical
data based on an investigation into the cooperation activities of five Thai universities. The results show that both individuals
and organisations react to changes in university funding: university–industry relations are becoming more frequent and are
promoted by university administrations. The financial benefits for the universities as well as the technological benefits
for the cooperating companies are, however, both very limited. 相似文献
8.
David A. Tandberg 《Research in higher education》2010,51(5):416-450
State support of public higher education has rapidly declined relative to total state spending. Much of this decline in support
is due to the rapid growth in spending on such things as Medicaid. However, relative support of public higher education varies
significantly between states. This study applies Tandberg’s (2009) fiscal policy framework created to explain state support of public higher education in order to evaluate the relationship
between various factors and states’ relative support of higher education. While Tandberg’s fiscal policy framework accounts
for traditional economic and demographic factors in explaining state support for higher education, it also draws attention
to political influences as well including the impact of state-level interest groups. Using cross-sectional time-series analysis
these relationships are explored over a 19-year period. The findings provide evidence of the significant impact of interest
groups and politics on state fiscal policy in regard to higher education. 相似文献
9.
姚刚 《河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2012,39(4):55-57
公共危机危害巨大.全面整合的公共危机管理体系包含着思想政治教育.当前二者的关系机制表现为思想政治教育是公共危机管理柔性的一面,应保障其有效性并不断推陈出新.公共危机管理中的思想政治教育模式包括整合社会力量的“合力”模式、榜样示范的“隐性”模式、利益导向的“人性化”模式、积极面向新媒体的“网络化”模式、关注心理健康的“心理咨询式”模式. 相似文献
10.
This article describes the changing face of institutions of higher education in Russia in comparison with other countries. It is shown that the ratios of funding sources for higher education in Russia are similar in structure to those in other countries. However, the absolute amounts of funding from these sources are three times less in Russia than the level of the OECD countries. We analyze the following two strategies that Russian universities have used to cope with reduced public funding: diversification of sources of income and changing the structure of expenses. These strategies have been borrowed from the experience of foreign universities that have reformed their financial management. We identify the following main trends in the financing of Russian higher education: concentration of support on leading universities, reliance on public support for higher education as a main source of funding, and the weak use of public-private partnership mechanisms as well as endowment funds. We provide an assessment of the impact of these trends on the economic position of universities. 相似文献
11.
Fulufhelo G. Netswera Neo Mathabe 《Journal of educational administration and history》2006,38(1):29-40
This paper reviews briefly the relationship between the South African government and higher education. This relationship, which has shaped the landscape of higher education, is looked at on the premise that public institutions depend to a large extent on government for funding and other resources, and as such there has been constant influence and interference in higher education affairs. Whereas under colonial rule, the relationship mimicked that of the Scottish and British universities, the postcolonial relationships had their own characteristics, emulating government policies under apartheid and confirming therefore the establishment of two‐tier university systems. Like most African countries, South Africa is currently faced with an immense task to bring together economic, social and political stability. This requires proactive national policies to develop particular skills and therefore a focused intervention and delivery within and through the institutions of higher education. 相似文献
12.
Post-war growth of higher education has attracted the interest of national governments. They are properly concerned with higher education's contribution to economic success and equity, and the efficient and effective use of public funds. They can intervene by means of legislation (which is unwieldy), exhortation (which is ineffective), or funding incentives. Funding councils must operate within a social and political context which determines the balance between planning and the market, central and local direction, public and private funding. They have only four strategies to choose from: deficiency-, formula-, contract-, and core-funding. The first was nearly fatal; the last is the preferred option for the future.
There are two issues: the merging of the two funding councils (PCFC and UFC), and the ending of the binary system. The first could produce a welcome single guiding intelligence for UK higher education, and economies of scale. The second raises the question of the funding of fundamental research. The merging of PCFC and UFC and the reorganisation of research-funding is a two-headed nettle. It must be grasped soon. 相似文献
There are two issues: the merging of the two funding councils (PCFC and UFC), and the ending of the binary system. The first could produce a welcome single guiding intelligence for UK higher education, and economies of scale. The second raises the question of the funding of fundamental research. The merging of PCFC and UFC and the reorganisation of research-funding is a two-headed nettle. It must be grasped soon. 相似文献
13.
20世纪80年代末,在前苏东大地上,政治转型拉开了私立高等教育兴起的序幕。本文选取了五个具有代表意义的国家——俄罗斯、匈牙利、波兰、捷克、罗马尼亚,对前苏东国家的私立高等教育作一概述。不平衡发展是前苏东国家私立高等教育的显著特点,但在科类结构、层次结构、地区结构以及师资结构上,后起的私立高等教育大同小异。就发展前景而言,前苏东国家私立高等教育都面临着来自公立高等教育的挤压和人口减少的危机,而政府决策是制约私立高等教育发展的另一个重要因素。 相似文献
14.
全球化和知识经济的发展对高等教育体系提出了新的要求.高等教育系统正经历着重大的变革.在高等教育的管理体制中,教育主管部门应维护人民的利益,确保公共资源在高等院校中得以有效的支配和使用,使得高等教育有助于国家经济和社会发展.在各项政策提议中,重点应放在教育体系与劳动力市场和区域经济的联系上;使得大学与产业的联系能有效地促进研究和创新;参与到与外部利益相关者的制度和体制管理中来保障教育质量;增加院校长期预算中的资金投入;以及与国际化政策接轨. 相似文献
15.
《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2012,54(2):213-224
Background:?The extent to which the global financial crisis (GFC) has impacted upon teacher education in universities in Australia is potentially, like most other aspects of teacher education, a contested area. Purpose, aims/questions:?The aim of this article is to examine the impact the GFC along with other funding constraints, has had on teacher education in Australia. Sources of evidence:?On the surface we could cite some aspects of teacher education which may point to a significant impact of the GFC such as funding from the government not keeping pace with other OECD countries' spending on higher education in general and teacher education in particular, increased pressure to find appropriate practicum placements for students, increased staff/student ratios, reduction of hours for teaching in university courses, obsession with profit margins and cost-driver budget models. However, all of these issues were evident or at least immanent before we started hearing about the GFC. Alistair Mant in his book Intelligent Leadership (Crow's Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin; 1997) employs the metaphor of frogs and bicycles to describe organisations and systems. Universities and most organisations are in fact more naturally like frogs than bicycles. They are organic in that all parts interact to create the whole and they are complex systems, which are not susceptible to technical, machine-like approaches. A bicycle is a machine and a frog is a living thing. Main argument:?Governments view universities as bicycles or machines, and this thinking is further reinforced through the introduction of a market forces model. Teacher education when treated as a bicycle when it is really more of a frog, shows signs of adaptation for as long as it can cope with various bits being cut off, but then will become unsustainable. While the impact of the GFC in Australia generally was much less severe than in many other countries, the continued starving of teacher education of adequate funding over a long period has taken its toll as reflected in unduly high staff student ratios, an over-reliance on casual staffing, insufficient funds to support the requirements of practicum placements, unrealistic staff workloads, lack of succession planning and inability to innovate. Conclusion:?The issues discussed in this article are likely to be attributable to a highly successful and prolonged period of economic rationalism and policies, which emanate from New Right ideologies. The influence of neo-conservative and neo-liberal policies is well in evidence in universities generally and in Australia, successive governments have underfunded higher education. 相似文献
16.
国际比较及启示:绩效拨款在高等教育中的实践 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
近20年来,世界发达国家高等教育财政体制改革的一个重要方面是把绩效因素纳入拨款公式。与投入拨款相对,产出或绩效拨款是指根据一些产出指标分配资源的拨款方式。丹麦、荷兰和美国的部分州,是三种不同类型的绩效拨款方式的代表。借鉴绩效拨款机制在各国高等教育中的实践,对目前我国高等教育拨款方式的改革是有意义的。 相似文献
17.
《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2012,54(2):225-237
Background:?A newly elected centre-right coalition government in New Zealand was forced to deal with the cumulative fiscal consequences of two unforeseen challenges: a global financial crisis in September 2008 and two major seismic events in the country's second largest city in 2009 and 2010. This paper examines the way in which policies for initial and continuing teacher education were reshaped thereafter and the justifications provided by government for these changes. Purpose:?The paper examines the plausibility of the government's contemporary ‘crisis’ discourse and aims to show how ‘rational’ education policy changes also carry broader ideological and political agendas for teacher education. Thus, current changes to teacher education policy are located in the historical context of trends over the last two decades. Sources of Evidence:?The paper uses official statements by government and officials to show how they justified the policy changes as the only possible responses to an external economic crisis. Secondary sources of statistical economic data and policy texts are used to demonstrate that equally plausible alternative responses were overlooked, rejected or ignored. Main argument:?The paper construes teacher education policy as both text and discourse. It is argued that the media statements of politicians and officials are intended to secure popular approval for public education austerity measures, while at the same time masking an underlying political and ideological project and ignoring the informed policy rebuttals of some educationists. Conclusions:?The steps taken in New Zealand to respond to a short- to medium-term national fiscal crisis have major long-term consequences for teacher education. Most apparent is the continued failure to acknowledge the major incremental reductions in public subsidies for initial teacher education that have occurred year on year since the early 1990s and, instead, to reiterate the new public management ideology of further public service efficiencies. 相似文献
18.
宋映泉 《北京大学教育评论》2012,10(2):97-119,190
本文使用2001-2008年全国31个省市自治区学前教育事业发展时间序列数据和2008年截面数据刻画我国民办学前教育发展的省际差异,并通过多元回归方法分析民办学前教育规模占比与地方政府财政投入、管制措施之间的关系。在控制经济和其他社会发展因素的情况下,研究发现:(1)地方政府对学前教育的重视程度(以财政性学前教育经费占财政性教育经费的比例来测量)以及对学前教育的财政投入努力程度(以幼儿园生均预算内经费支出在人均财政支出的占比来测量)均与民办学前教育发展规模占比存在显著负相关关系;(2)对民办幼儿园的管制措施(注册登记、收费管理及综合整治"黑园"等)显著影响民办幼儿园的规模占比。这些发现证实我国民办学前教育的省际差异与地方政府对学前教育财政投入努力程度有关,也与地方政府对民办幼儿园的管制措施有关。如何通过财政投入和管制扶持措施调整民办与公办学前教育机构协同提供数量足够且有质量的学前教育服务是我国各级政府面临的严峻挑战。 相似文献
19.
本文运用2005年各省市1399所地方高校的教育经费统计基层报表数据,首先对各地方高等院校预算内教育经费收入各项指标与预算内教育支出的各项指标进行多元方差分析,显示各地区高校财政状况存在显著差异。然后选取有地区差异和代表性的教育预算内经费拨款、预算内教育事业费支出、预算内公用经费支出3个指标与地方经济发展水平指标进行典型相关分析,研究发现第三产业的构成比、人均GDP、城镇居民消费支出、城镇居民可支配收入4个指标最能反映地方经济发展水平,并与地方高校预算内教育经费有较强相关关系,而通常所认为的GDP总量、财政收入和支出与各地预算内高校经费没有显著相关。研究还认为,地方高等教育财政状况与该地区的居民实际富裕程度有关。 相似文献
20.
Emmanuel Botlhale 《Africa Education Review》2018,15(4):84-98
In developing countries, education is regarded as a public good that must be publicly provided. Due to the perceived positive correlation between education and development in development-hungry Africa, the education sector has, over the years, been receiving very generous budgetary allocations. Today, however, particularly post-2008, there are moves to re-define education as a private good, consequently, not deserving of public provision. As a result, there are persistent calls for alternative ways of providing education, particularly at tertiary levels. Similarly, in Botswana, there are developments that unmistakably suggest that the time is ripe for alternative ways of providing tertiary education, mainly, cost-sharing. To be sure, the Ministry of Education and Skills Development drastically cut sponsorships during the 2016/17 academic year. The general lesson from the Botswana case is that there is a need to continually interrogate the architecture of public expenditure. If problems are discovered, the architecture must be promptly reconfigured. 相似文献