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专利信息资源是影响知识创新的关键性战略资源,科技交流的国际化对具有时空局限的专利信息资源提出了互操作的需求,本文借助专利信息资源的元数据描述框架,在分析专利信息资源互操作需求基础上,引入元数据登记系统方法,构建了专利信息资源互操作功能模型,并根据实际案例加以实现。 相似文献
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美国亲专利政策与高科技产业竞争力 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为应对国际竞争力的下降和日本的威胁,美国自1980年开始实施"亲专利"政策,设立了联邦巡回上诉法院,对美国专利商标局进行改革,将知识产权保护作为国际贸易政策的组成部分,扩大了专利的保护范围,推出了《拜杜法案》。美国亲专利政策与美国的法律体制相适合,产生了巨大的经济效应和社会效应,成功恢复了高科技产业的竞争力,对我国有极强的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2019,48(9):103808
We explore the effect of political uncertainty on innovation. In particular, we examine the differential effects of two sources of uncertainty – leaders’ education levels and political regimes (i.e., presidential vs. parliamentary) – on patent applications. We posit that firms react to political uncertainty caused by the unexpected departure of a national leader by investing in patents as growth options. The empirical design analyzes a panel with information from over 62 million patent applications at the aggregated applicant level. Results show that leaders’ unexpected departures cause, on average, increases of approximately 9% in the aggregate growth of patent applications. We also find that the leader’s level of education and the country’s political regime system have significant effects on the relationship between political uncertainty and innovation. The difference between leaders with high and low levels of education accounts for 21% of the change in the growth of patent applications. Further, the effect of political uncertainty on innovation is amplified in presidential systems, which grant leaders more power and make electoral transitions less predictable. The differences between presidential and parliamentary systems account for approximately 16% of the change in the growth of patent applications. As a robustness check, we utilized a subsample of more than 170,000 firms with local and foreign patent applications, as well as a panel of over 5700 government non-profits, universities, and hospitals with local patent applications. Consistent with our theory, the former react to political uncertainty by investing in patents, while the latter remain unaffected. We contribute by showing the theoretical mechanisms linking leader and regime characteristics with patent applications. 相似文献
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针对专利联盟在序贯专利竞赛条件下对创新效率的影响,在多样化专利关系背景下,构建了一个同时描述企业研发投资和专利许可行为的动态博弈模型.在比较有、无联盟两种模型均衡的基础上,得出联盟对各阶段研发强度的影响,及联盟提高长期社会福利的充要条件.结果表明,不受专利关系影响,专利联盟总会提高各阶段研发强度,因此是鼓励创新的;且联盟能抑制领先者垄断市场的动机,提高外部参与者的研发积极性;但当且仅当专利互补程度足够高时,联盟才是提高长期社会福利的. 相似文献
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我国知识资本生产特征及其对经济增长的影响 《科学学研究》2017,35(8):1155-1166
以专利为代表的我国知识资本高速增长,是否具备支撑经济长期增长的潜力,是否能对经济增长产生显著的促进作用,成为各界广泛关注的焦点,也是本文研究的核心问题。本文基于内生经济增长理论中关于知识生产函数的设定,测算了1996年-2014年我国30个省份以专利为代表的知识资本生产函数,认为目前我国知识资本存量的内生积累效应仍不明显,尚不具备突破经济增长约束、推动经济长期增长的能力。进一步地,本文采用参数回归和半参数回归方法,分时间区间测算了不同增速水平下知识资本对经济增长的促进作用。结果表明,随着专利制度的逐步完善,专利存量对经济增长的促进作用将逐渐凸显;在知识积累的过程中,当知识资本增速过高,超过了技术转化和市场接受的范围,其对经济增长的促进作用有限;而以发明专利为代表的高质量知识资本增加,则表现出对经济增长的明显促进作用。因此,本文建议我国专利制度和相关科技创新政策,应加强专利的审查和监督,提高专利质量;弱化政策追求专利数量的干预,确立市场配置地位;突出专利成果转化的重要性,形成产学研协同创新网络。 相似文献
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摘要：随着世界范围内对专利保护强度的加大,特别是美国亲专利（pro-patent）政策实施以来,国外企业“专利悖论”行为在现实中开始大量存在。论文在对国外企业“专利悖论”行为的心理、实践和结果等三个方面的特征进行分析后,从美国实施的亲专利政策、企业R&D活动效率的提高、企业专利价值的策略性应用以及企业专利组合策略的产生与发展等四个方面,详细分析了“专利悖论”行为产生的原因;最后,结合中国的实际,给出了一些规范性的对策和建议。 相似文献
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本文构建了集成创新的过程模式,并以这个模式为基础,提出专利情报在各个阶段的应用措施,具体包括:分析技术发展趋势确保企业选择了正确的创新方向,达到战略集成;建立相关专利数据库、分析专利引文,促进企业知识集成;分析专利技术领域,并查阅、参考相关的专利说明书中的产品规格和技术标准,提高企业技术集成;通过专利分析识别竞争对手、了解竞争对手的技术构成及其实力,辅助企业制定创新产品的商业化策略;通过专利分析寻找合适的合作伙伴、发现重要客户或供应商,加强组织间的交流与合作,实现组织集成。专利情报不仅可以为企业提供重要的技术信息,而且还能提供法律和经济方面的信息,是企业集成创新的利器。 相似文献
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Timo Fischer 《Research Policy》2012,41(9):1519-1533
Patent trolls, or NPEs, appropriate profits from innovation solely by enforcing patents against infringers. They are often characterized as relying on low-quality patents, an assessment that, if correct, would imply that eradicating such patents would effectively terminate the NPE business. In this paper, we shed light on this issue by empirically analyzing NPEs’ patent acquisitions. We draw on a unique dataset of 392 U.S. patents acquired by known NPEs between 1997 and 2006, which we compare to three control groups of 784 U.S. patents each acquired by practicing firms. We find that the probability that a traded patent is acquired by an NPE rather than a practicing entity increases in the scope of the patent, in the patent density of its technology field and, contrary to common belief, in the patent's technological quality. Our findings thus support recent theoretical propositions about the NPE business model, showing that NPEs procure patents that are more likely to be infringed, harder to substitute for, and robust to legal challenges. The fact that NPE-acquired patents are of significantly higher quality than those in the control group implies that elevating minimum patent quality will not put an end to the NPE business, and suggests that this business is sustainable in the long run. We furthermore discuss the fact that NPEs are peculiar players on markets for technology insofar as they are solely interested in the exclusion right, not in the underlying knowledge. We posit that transactions involving NPEs may only be the tip of the iceberg of “patent-only” transactions, a conjecture with strong implications for the efficiency and the study of markets for technologies. Managerial and policy implications are discussed. 相似文献
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本文将2008-2011年中国科技部企业创新数据库、世界银行全球治理数据库和Hofstede关于文化的研究数据合并，基于东道国视角，研究东道国正式制度和文化制度对全球知识搜索与创新绩效关系的调节作用。实证结果表明外部知识搜索促进了企业创新绩效，前人提出的倒U型关系曲线的“拐点”尚未出现。进一步结合东道国制度因素对其探讨，发现东道国正式制度中的法律规则与监管质量负向调节搜索行为与创新绩效的关系；而文化制度中的长期导向正向调节二者之间的关系，权力距离的负向调节作用未出现。此外，我们还发现在上述东道国制度调节下全球知识搜索所实现的中国企业创新，仍以渐进式创新为主，颠覆式创新则略显乏力。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2019,48(8):103771
Innovation is a cumulative process in which past knowledge created by others can be both a source for predictable outcomes and also a barrier to significant change. The recent literature on digital innovation suggests that open platforms, which encourage their developers to build upon each other's knowledge when innovating their add-on apps in the periphery, face a related paradox. Developers face the tension of either being coherent with the past, or flexible to adjust to the future. In this paper, we examine how the trade-off between coherent and flexible search mechanisms affects the individual developer's choice of innovating a certain app as well as his or her cumulative impact, i.e., the degree of modifications to the app. We study an open platform in the multi-disciplinary field of nanotechnology, in which 480 developers perform more than 30,000 problem-solving actions over a period of 10 years. We use relational event modeling to differentially assess the effect of the coherent and flexible search strategies. We find that developers are significantly more likely to choose a certain app that is consistent with both a coherent and flexible strategy. However, a coherent strategy leads to greater cumulative impact on an app compared to a strategy of being mutually coherent and flexible. Thus, our findings indicate both a complementary and a contradictory logic in how the tension between coherence and flexibility unfolds. We make contributions to the recent literature on digital innovation as well as the innovation literature more broadly. Further, our results inform innovation policy and platform design. 相似文献
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加强专利保护对我国创新活动影响的实证研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以我国地区大中型工业企业数据为样本,分别从技术投入与产出角度实证分析了加强专利保护的相应影响,发现随着专利保护的增强,企业的研发投入下降而专利申请活动反而增加。本文推断：我国企业整体技术创新能力还不足以进行高水平的创新活动,专利保护政策的加强无法激励出更多的研发投入;更强的专利保护提升了企业的专利保护意识,企业申请专利不仅能获得研发投资收益,也可能是为了构建专利组合以在累积创新背景下应对专利要挟或向竞争企业抽取利润。 相似文献
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Darshak PatelMichael R. Ward 《Research Policy》2011,40(6):886-894
We propose an empirical strategy to estimate competition in innovation markets. Our method relates firms’ market return on equity to information about patent citation patterns. Two innovations are implemented in the methodology. First is the application of daily abnormal stock returns rather than annual measures of Tobin's q. Second is the creation of citation patterns related to the area of science a firm patents in as represented by the detailed patent classification system. We find that markets positively reward firms when patents are granted. We further find that firm's market value increases when its patent portfolio is cited. We find evidence of competition in innovation markets. The market reacts at the time that the citation occurs and does not anticipate future citations at the time of patenting. Holding this effect constant, we find that citations from patents in the same area of science tend to reduce market value. We interpret these findings as consistent with more citations indicating more valuable intellectual property but citations from competing technologies decreasing it. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(9):104854
How patents affect follow-on innovation is a key question for the patent system. We disaggregate follow-on innovation into activities that infringe patents and others that do not infringe but can be indirectly affected by patents. Replicating an important study using our disaggregated measure, we find that 87 percent of follow-on scientific publications describing patented genes do not constitute patent infringement. Supplementing our empirical strategy with data on patent expiration dates, we find that gene patents which are not close to expiration cause an increase in noninfringing follow-on research, but the effect disappears for patents close to expiration. Our nuanced measure helps better identify the mechanisms of patents’ effect, reconcile disparate results in the literature, and evaluate policy reform. 相似文献
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The past decade has witnessed a resurgence in innovation awards, in particular of grand innovation prizes (GIPs) which are rewards to innovators developing technologies reaching performance goals and requiring breakthrough solutions. GIPs typically do not preclude the winner also obtaining patent rights. This is in stark contrast with mainstream economics of innovation theories where prizes and patents are substitute ways to generate revenue and encourage innovation. Building on the management of innovation literature which stresses the difficulty to specify ex-ante all the technical features of the winning technologies, we develop a model in which innovative effort is multi-dimensional and only a subset of innovation tasks can be measured and contracted upon. We show that in this environment patent rights and cash rewards are complements, and that GIPs are often preferable to patent races or prizes requiring technologies to be placed in the public domain. Moreover, our model uncovers a tendency for patent races to encourage speed of discovery over quality of innovation, which can be corrected by GIPs. We explore robustness to endogenous entry, costly public funds, and incomplete information by GIP organizers on the surplus created by the technology. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(10):104603
Economic inequalities have increased in many countries since the 1980s, provoking calls for more income redistribution. One argument against increased redistribution is that it could hamper innovation and technological progress. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that empirically investigates the relationship between government redistributive policies at the top of income distribution and innovative activity using new, high-quality, cross-country comparable panel data on income redistribution from the Distributional National Accounts. This study analyzes data from 34 advanced and emerging countries between 1980 and 2010. We find that redistribution has no negative impact on innovation in the cross-country setting. This result is robust to various measures of income redistribution and patent-based indicators of innovation, including patent counts, patent citations, and patent originality. 相似文献
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While extant research discusses how niche innovations develop in protected market niches and trigger regime shifts along sustainability transition pathways, we know less about the direct role of different niche actors as competitors in affecting regime incumbents’ investments in niche innovations. This study addresses this gap and builds on Strategic Niche Management and the Multi-level Perspective to distinguish two different niche actors: prosumers on the demand-side applying a niche innovation in a disruptive way to regime incumbents’ business model, and new entrants on the supply-side applying the niche innovation symbiotically with the regime. We examine incumbent responses to these different niche actors in different competitive and policy environments. Studying the United States’ electricity industry's sustainability transition toward solar from 2010-2017, we find that as more niche actors enter, regime incumbents are more likely to invest in the niche innovation, but the effect is influenced by policy and competitiveness of the environment. In competitive environments, incumbents are more likely to respond to disruptive niche actors (prosumers), while in traditional monopoly-like markets they are more likely to respond to symbiotic niche actors. We also find that the prosumer effect is stronger when the time that policies in support of the niche innovation have existed is shorter, indicating a potential substituting relationship of niche actors and policy. Our work contributes to the extant literature by demonstrating that the interplay between different niche actors needs to be understood within the context of policy, and that considering policy without accounting for the competitive environment may omit an important aspect of how regime actors become active participants in sustainability transitions. 相似文献