共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
技术效率是决定经济增长的关键要素,而科技环境是影响技术效率的重要因素,研究科技环境对技术效率的影响对于促进经济增长意义重大。本文研究的科技环境因素包括科技人力资源、政府科技投入和高科技产业规模等。运用随机前沿方法,本文对2000-2006年期间全国28个省、自治区和直辖市的技术效率及其科技环境影响因素进行了回归估计。研究结果表明,我国地区之间的技术效率两级分化严重,东部地区各省市的平均技术效率明显高于中西部地区,全国各地区的技术效率随时间的推移大体呈下降趋势,科技人力资源、政府科技投入和高科技产业规模与技术效率损失显著地负相关。根据以上研究结果,本文最后提出了一系列相关的政策建议。 相似文献
2.
随着市场环境的日趋复杂多变及竞争的日益激烈,技术创新成为提升企业竞争力、促进企业成长和效率非线性提高的重要途径。组织结构是影响企业技术创新能力的重要因素。企业技术创新管理面临着技术和组织上的两难悖论,即企业越是追求高新技术,就越是导致企业偏重内部结构并导致部门之间的隔离,从而越是阻碍了企业技术创新;高生产率、产品商业化创新和创新信息管理都需要一个严格等级分明的组织,而新技术发明和创意都要求比较灵活机动的、非等级制的组织形式。企业内外的合作网络机制是解决技术创新的两难悖论、提高创新绩效的关键。 相似文献
3.
Despite a substantial body of research investigating the market significance of inventions by independent inventors, relatively little attention has been devoted to understanding their technological significance. A recent study conducted by [Dahlin, K., Taylor, M., Fichman, M., 2004. Today's Edisons or weekend hobbyists: technical impact and success of inventions by independent inventors. Res. Policy 33, 1167-1183] on the tennis racket industry shows that independent inventors are a heterogeneous group which includes both “heroes” who contribute substantially to technological progress and “hobbyists” who make only a marginal contribution. What is not asked - and therefore not explained - is why this distinction arises. In this paper, we focus on the type of prior technological knowledge (in terms of technological specialization and diversity) applied by independent inventors and their corporate counterparts as a factor explaining differences in technological impact. Our empirical setting is the field of medical equipment technology. We find that independent inventors are more sensitive to the negative effects of technological diversity than their corporate counterparts. Furthermore, our study reveals that technological specialization pays off more for independent inventors than for their corporate counterparts. Therefore, those independent inventors who apply low degrees of diversity and high degrees of specialization are capable of reaching the same level as or even outperforming their corporate counterparts, thus becoming “heroes”. Based on our findings, we discuss implications for research and corporate practice. 相似文献
4.
Demand-pull, technology-push, and government-led incentives for non-incremental technical change 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Gregory F. Nemet 《Research Policy》2009,38(5):700-709
Rising expectations about future demand for new technologies increase the incentives for investments in innovation by enlarging payoffs to successful innovations. How well does this notion of “demand-pull” apply to non-incremental technological change when demand is largely attributable to actions by governments? In this case, inventors of the most important inventions did not respond positively to strong demand-pull policies; filing of highly cited patents declined precipitously just as demand for wind power created a multi-billion dollar market. Three explanations for this apparent inconsistency with the demand-pull hypothesis played a role: (1) the rapid convergence on a single dominant design limited the market opportunity for non-incremental technical improvements; (2) even though the policies implemented were stringent enough to stimulate demand, uncertainty in their longevity dampened the incentives for inventions that were likely to take several years to pay off; and (3) alternative explanations, such as declining R&D funding and weakening presidential engagement on energy, appear to have been important. 相似文献
5.
We develop a valid definition of technological radicalness which states that a successful radical invention is: (1) novel; (2) unique; and (3) has an impact on future technology. The first two criteria allow us to identify potentially radical inventions ex ante market introduction; adding the third condition, we can ex post determine if an invention served as an important change agent. Empirically testable condition selected 6 of 581 tennis racket patents granted between 1971 and 2001. Two of the identified patents - the oversized and the wide-body rackets - are considered radical inventions by industry experts. Applying our definition and operationalization would allow researchers to achieve greater generalizability across studies, avoid endogenous definitions of radicalness, and study predictors of market success for radical inventions. 相似文献
6.
The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the technical universities have been more successful in facilitating the spillover and commercialization of knowledge. We compare the impact of technical and general universities on the performance of knowledge-based firms. Based on a unique data set consisting of publicly held high technology firms, the empirical evidence suggests that, in fact, firm performance is not influenced by the type of university. Technical universities do not have a differential impact on firm performance from more general universities. 相似文献
7.
《Research Policy》2023,52(4):104738
Public research institutes (PRIs) have played an increasingly prominent role in leading radical inventions, which are considered a major source of long-term economic growth. However, there is little empirical evidence on the factors affecting radical inventions in PRIs, which have been at the forefront of scientific research and technological development. This study fills this gap by providing an empirical analysis of radical inventions at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), a conglomerate of PRIs in China. Based on a newly compiled data set on CAS patents, this study explores the effects of knowledge path dependence, external network connections, and their interactions on radical inventions in PRIs. Our empirical findings reveal that knowledge path dependence negatively affects radical inventions; there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between external network connections and radical inventions, and weak external connections can alleviate the hindrance originating from knowledge path dependence, thus prompting radical inventions. 相似文献
8.
Business cycles modify firms’ incentives to innovate and the direction of innovation. By introducing a new measure of patent unconventionality this paper explores the impact of the business cycle on firms’ technological search strategies. We find that during upturns firms generate inventions characterized by a higher level of technological unconventionality. We also find that financially resilient and diversified firms produce more unconventional patents. While patent unconventionality is associated with technological impact and market value, firms extract more value by investing in unconventional inventions in downturns. 相似文献
9.
The diffusion of innovations is identified as an important aspect of technological and social change. Innovations diffuse through segmented networks of knowledge that limit the flow of knowledge from any one technological domain to any other. Despite this segmentation, some organizations are capable of developing pieces of knowledge that overcome these limitations. Within this context, we develop four hypotheses regarding specific R&D strategies that affect a firm’s ability to develop inventions that diffuse beyond the firm’s technological boundaries. Specifically, we examine how a firm's scientific intensity, technological collaborations, technological diversity, and internal focus impact breadth of innovation diffusion. We use two of the main determinants of innovation diffusion, namely, the relative advantage and the observability, as theoretical mechanisms to build our arguments. We empirically test our hypotheses on longitudinal data from the industries of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and chemicals. Our findings show that the extent to which the knowledge embedded in a firm’s inventions diffuses in distant technological areas is positively related to the firm’s scientific intensity and to its extent of collaboration, but it is negatively related to its technological diversity. 相似文献
10.
技术进步偏向对工业产能过剩影响的实证研究 《科学学研究》2019,37(12):2157-2167
在测度我国工业行业的技术进步偏向指数和产能过剩指数基础上,本文实证检验了技术进步偏向对工业产能过剩的影响程度及其传导机制,探究了技术进步与要素禀赋不同匹配度下二者关系的异质性。研究发现：当前我国工业技术进步方向为资本偏向型,加剧了产能过剩形成;并且资本偏向型技术进步主要通过投资、需求、研发和资本配置效率等传导路径对产能过剩形成产生影响。最后发现技术适宜性下技术进步偏向会有效促进生产效率且化解过剩产能,而在技术非适宜性下技术进步偏向则会进一步加剧工业产能过剩。 相似文献
11.
农业用水效率与技术进步:基于中国农业面板数据的实证研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过Malmquist指数法对农业技术进步进行分解科技进步率和技术效率(即纯技术效率和规模效率),尝试去探讨广义技术进步能否促进农业用水效率的提高,并观察各部分技术进步指数对中国(全国平均)和不同农业用水量分区的农业用水效率影响程度。研究结果表明:1技术进步对中国各省区农业生产率的增长具有明显的推动作用,且主要来自科技进步的贡献;2技术进步有助于提高农业用水效率,且我国各省区农业用水效率更多受科技进步影响。对于农业用水量较高省区,农业科技进步率和技术效率对该地区农业用水效率影响显著,且作用效果都比较突出;而农业用水量中等地区的用水效率提升更多来自规模效率作用;3技术进步会引起农业水资源利用的"回弹效应",且目前表现为效率性回弹。 相似文献
12.
《Research Policy》2022,51(1):104406
Climate changes and ecological challenges often motivate firms to diversify into environmental domains. However, this does not guarantee impactful inventions. Therefore, this study investigates how firms can create impactful environmental inventions based on their technological relatedness and prior knowledge integration capabilities. Using a unique dataset of 1,990 high-tech Chinese firms between 2006 and 2016, our results reveal that diversifying firms’ green technological relatedness has an inverted U-shaped relationship with invention impact. While the depth of firms’ knowledge integration capabilities steepens this relationship, the breadth flattens it. Higher levels of depth capability result in a greater impact, while greater breadth leads to an early attainment of peak invention impact at a lower degree of green technological relatedness. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed. 相似文献
13.
关注政府对高新技术企业实施激励政策时有关补贴对象的异质性问题和不同政策对各项创新产出的不同效果，基于2015—2018年科技部火炬中心对广东省高新技术企业的统计调查数据，运用多层线性模型评估税收优惠和财政补贴两类创新激励政策对不同企业规模、行业类型、高企类别的高新技术企业创新质量提升效果。结果表明：税收优惠和财政补贴政策对高新技术企业创新质量有显著提升作用，但对不同规模、行业、类别高新技术企业的科技成果转化能力、知识产权与技术标准、研发投入强度、财务能力、新产品收入等创新质量产出作用效果存在差异。其中，两类政策对企业科技成果转化能力的作用效果较强，对知识产权与技术标准、资产回报率的作用效果较弱；财政补贴对入库培育企业科技成果转化能力有负向作用；税收优惠对电子信息与服务业企业研发投入强度有负向作用。基于此，建议广东省通过继续实施财政补贴、高新技术企业入库培育等创新激励政策，关注中小微高新技术企业需求、促进大型高新技术企业做大做优，打造高新技术企业创新生态链等措施，推动高新技术企业创新质量提升。 相似文献
14.
基于生态学原理,构建种群竞争模型。利用logistic模型测算研究样本的种群互动关系。选取全国总体以及浙江、江苏、上海、广东等发达地区的工业企业种群为研究样本。研究发现多数研究区域的工业企业处于种群协同状态。以全要素生产率指标表示技术进步。测算工业企业种群投入产出指标的Malmquist指数,得到技术进步、技术变化和效率变化的趋势。结果表明,2000年以来的经济高速增长过程中,技术变化对技术进步的贡献比较高;技术效率的贡献度不高;技术变化与技术进步有着相同的变化趋势;技术变化与技术进步的变化没有出现明显收敛;工业企业种群协同态势下技术进步明显,技术进步主要依赖技术变化,技术效率改进空间较大。 相似文献
15.
16.
从知识的视角,一项职务成果就是一个由显性知识和隐性知识构成的知识包,分属于科研单位和发明人控制,因此,是否赋予发明人主导职务成果转化,既是一个重大的理论问题,也是一个重大的政策问题。论文首先提出研究假设,即由于显性知识与隐性知识的控制权分离,导致转化主体分别与研发主体、消费主体、融资主体分别出现技术距离、市场距离和融资距离;而且这三类距离越大,越需要发明人来主导职务成果转化;随后,采用案例研究方法,以甲醇制烯烃成果转化案例进行实证检验。论文的实证结论显示,采用创业分拆方式来推进发明人主导职务成果转化,即把发明人及其职务成果整体孵化转化为企业性质的转化主体,由发明人主导职务成果转化,消除了这三类距离,促进职务成果顺利转化。 相似文献
17.
Reconsidering the Bayh-Dole Act and the Current University Invention Ownership Model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 provided U.S. universities with the right to commercialize employees’ inventions made while engaged in government-funded research. This paper argues that the current university invention ownership model, in which universities maintain de jure ownership of inventions, is not optimal either in terms of economic efficiency or for advancing the social interest of rapidly commercializing technology and encouraging entrepreneurship. We argue that this model is plagued by ineffective incentives, information asymmetries, and contradictory motivations for the university, the inventors, potential licensees, and university technology licensing offices (TLOs). These structural uncertainties can lead to delays in licensing, misaligned incentives among parties, and obstacles to the flow of scientific information and the materials necessary for scientific progress. The institutional arrangements within which TLOs are embedded have encouraged some of them to become revenue maximizers, rather than facilitators of technology dissemination for the good of the entire society.We suggest two alternative invention commercialization models as superior alternatives. The first alternative is to vest ownership with the inventor, who could choose the commercialization path for the invention. For this privilege the inventor would provide the university an ownership stake in any returns to the invention. The inventor would be free to contract with the university TLO or any other entity that might assist in commercialization. The second alternative is to make all inventions immediately publicly available through a public domain strategy or, through a requirement that all inventions be licensed non-exclusively. Both alternatives would address the current dysfunctional arrangements in university technology commercialization. 相似文献
18.
This study examines how inventors’ breadth and depth of expertise influence innovation in 3M, a company renowned for sustained innovation for over a century. While prior research tends to examine a single indicator – the technical success achieved by the inventor – our study differentiates between three indicators of a successful inventor: (1) the number of inventions generated; (2) the extent to which the inventor has a significant impact in his or her technical domain; and (3) the inventor's career success, in terms of the commercial value they have brought by converting their inventions into products that generate sales for commercial organizations. We found that breadth of inventor expertise relates to the generation of many inventions, but not necessarily to those that are technically influential. Depth of inventor expertise enables individuals to generate technically influential inventions, as measured by patents granted. However, both breadth and depth of expertise are required for innovators to be deemed highly valuable, based on their records of effectively converting inventions into commercially successful products. Our study extends prior research on innovation in two ways. We provide a comprehensive view of how inventors’ expertise influences innovation and also show how inventors with different expertise profiles can contribute in unique ways to their organization. 相似文献
19.
基于开放式创新的过程管理思想,考虑一个由知识源、知识转移中介、信息服务机构组成的闭环知识链系统,通过构建知识源领导(SL)、知识转移中介领导(OL)与信息服务机构领导(TL)等博弈模型,分析了权力结构对知识供给、转换、反馈等环节的创新绩效的影响。研究表明,掌握领导权可提高组织的知识产出、知识定价与创新利润;在创新绩效表现上,SL模式是分散决策时的最优权力结构;OL与SL模式具有同等的知识创造效率,但OL模式系统利润偏低并存在组织间的利益冲突风险;市场机遇、合作伙伴的创新能力与组织的知识创造效率正相关,弥补知识链成员创新能力的短板是提高系统创新绩效的关键。 相似文献
20.
论循环经济的本质与政策启示 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
循环经济是全面模仿自然生态系统的物质循环机制和能量梯级利用规律而重构经济系统,使经济活动的环境影响和寿命周期成本最小化、价值最大化,从而以最低的资源和环境代价实现经济与环境协调发展的技术经济模式。分别从资源经济学、环境经济学、生态学、系统论、经济学、价值工程、哲学和技术进步等角度来看,循环经济都表现出一定的特质,从而使其在本质上成为:(1)以资源循环利用为核心的自循环经济;(2)环境友好型经济;(3)全生态仿生经济;(4)良性超非线性经济;(5)实现技术资源、自然资源与环境资源综合优化配置的可持续性经济;(6)全功能、低周期寿命成本(高价值)经济;(7)方法论经济;(8)消除技术进步非对称性的理想路径,人类技术经济思维方式革命、技术经济范式革命和环境保护范式革命。对于循环经济本质的认识能够使我们获得许多有益的政策启示。 相似文献