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1.
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between intensities of exercise during match-play of elite-standard soccer referees with those of the players from the same match. Match analysis data were collected (Prozone? Leeds, UK) for 18 elite-standard soccer referees (age 26-49 years) on FA Premier League matches during the 2008/09 English FA Premier League season (236 observations). Running categories for referees and players were as follows: total distance covered (m); high-speed running distance (speed >19.8 km · h(-1)); and sprinting distance (speed >25.2 km · h(-1)). Analysis of the distance-time regression coefficients revealed no differences between the referees' and players' within-match rates of change for total distance covered (-0.594 ± 0.394 vs. -0.713 ± 0.269 m · min(-1); P = 0.104), high-speed running (-0.039 ± 0.077 vs. -0.059 ± 0.030 m · min(-1); P = 0.199), and sprinting (-0.003 ± 0.039 vs. -0.021 ± 0.017 m · min(-1); P = 0.114). In addition, there were no differences between across-season rates of change for total distance (-26.756 ± 40.434 vs. -20.031 ± 25.502 m per match day; P = 0.439) and sprinting (-9.662 ± 7.564 vs. -8.589 ± 4.351 m per match day; P = 0.542). These results show that elite-standard soccer referees' intensities of exercise during match-play are interrelated with those of the players and thus demonstrate that referees are able to keep pace with the players during FA Premier League matches. 相似文献
2.
世界足球主要联赛球员国际流动特征研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以2008-2009赛季世界职业足球一级市场(英超、西甲、意甲、德甲、法甲)和二级市场联赛(巴甲、阿甲、荷甲、俄超、日本联赛)注册球员为调研对象,对球员国际流动的一般特征及特殊性进行了量化分析.数据分析显示,一级市场联赛是世界职业足球发展的核心区域,主要招募来自东欧、南美洲和非洲球员,形成了全球精英球员供给分配的科层化结构.二级市场联赛大量启用本土球员,参与本土足球市场竞争.结论认为,世界足球主要联赛球员的国际流动是一个非常复杂的全球体育现象,诸如经济、政治、文化、语言、价值观、习俗、地理位置、历史殖民地、后殖民关系、国家双边交流、技战术风格打法等要素分别对其产生一定的作用影响,球员国际流动现象的产生是多种要素综合作用的结果. 相似文献
3.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(5):424-428
AbstractThe influence of a potentially fouled player's vocalisations on the referee's decisions was investigated. Experienced soccer referees watched video clips of real-match situations that were presented either without sound or with sound where a player's vocalisations were clearly audible and made judgements regarding fouls, direction of play and personal penalties. The results revealed that players’ vocalisations had no impact on the foul decisions of the referees. However, once a referee made a foul decision, the player's vocalisations led to an increased number of personal penalties (increase in yellow cards) for the foul-causing player. In addition to crowd noise, a player's vocalisations during a foul are used as a proximal cue in the referee's decision-making process. 相似文献
4.
我国足球运动员犯规动作特点分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对2000年甲A前13轮78场比赛和第11届欧洲足球锦标赛54场比赛中队员的犯规动作，从犯规动作的部位、犯规发生区域和红黄牌出示情况等方面进行分析，揭示高水平足球运动员形成犯规的共有规律性特点，为运动员有针对地提高防守抢截能力提供理论依据。 相似文献
5.
第4届女子世界杯足球决赛运动员犯规特征分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用文献资料、观察统计法，对第4届女子世界杯足球决赛场上队员犯规特征进行分析。结果显示：全部比赛共犯规813次、越位161次、红牌1张、黄牌65张；平均3．54min有1次犯规、17．89min发生1次越位、44.33min出示1张黄牌；上半场的犯规数略高于下半场、越位数略少于下半场、黄牌数大大低于下半场；队员上肢犯规多于下肢；中场犯规最多。 相似文献
6.
2004～2005赛季英超联赛红黄牌判罚情况的统计分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
李伟 《体育成人教育学刊》2006,22(2):58-60
通过对2004~2005赛季英格兰足球超级联赛中红黄牌的判罚情况进行统计分析,结果表明:英超联赛等采用循环赛制的比赛中红黄牌的判罚数量远远低于世界杯等采用淘汰赛制的比赛;红黄牌的判罚数量随着联赛的深入呈上升趋势;客场球队比主场球队被判罚更多的红黄牌;中场队员被判罚的红牌数量最多,后卫队员被判罚的黄牌最多,守门员被判罚的红黄牌最少;红黄牌的判罚数量呈现出随着比赛时间的减少而增加的趋势;红黄牌的判罚与球队的风格关系更大。 相似文献
7.
It has been suggested that individuals may use heuristic methods of reasoning and rely on schemata when a quick decision is necessary. Accordingly, it is possible that decisions made by sport officials may be influenced by prior knowledge they have about teams they are officiating. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sport officials are more likely to penalize individuals who participate in a team with an aggressive reputation. In a balanced design, 38 football referees were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group and were presented with the same 50 video clips of incidents from football games, all involving a team in a blue strip ('blue team'). The incidents were categorized before the study by five experienced referees into fouls committed both by, and against, the blue team, where all participants agreed that a foul had been committed (certain incidents), disagreed it was a foul (uncertain incidents) or agreed that there was no foul (innocuous incidents). Both groups received written instructions before the task; in addition, the experimental group was informed that the blue team present in all of the clips had a reputation for foul and aggressive play. For each incident, the participants were required to indicate what action they would engage in if refereeing the game. Although there was no difference in the number of decisions made, the experimental group awarded significantly more red and yellow cards against the blue team both overall and for the 'certain' incidents. It is suggested that prior knowledge may impact referees' behaviour in a laboratory setting, although future research should explore whether a similar effect is observed in the behaviour of referees during football matches. 相似文献
8.
It has been suggested that individuals may use heuristic methods of reasoning and rely on schemata when a quick decision is necessary. Accordingly, it is possible that decisions made by sport officials may be influenced by prior knowledge they have about teams they are officiating. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sport officials are more likely to penalize individuals who participate in a team with an aggressive reputation. In a balanced design, 38 football referees were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group and were presented with the same 50 video clips of incidents from football games, all involving a team in a blue strip ('blue team'). The incidents were categorized before the study by five experienced referees into fouls committed both by, and against, the blue team, where all participants agreed that a foul had been committed (certain incidents), disagreed it was a foul (uncertain incidents) or agreed that there was no foul (innocuous incidents). Both groups received written instructions before the task; in addition, the experimental group was informed that the blue team present in all of the clips had a reputation for foul and aggressive play. For each incident, the participants were required to indicate what action they would engage in if refereeing the game. Although there was no difference in the number of decisions made, the experimental group awarded significantly more red and yellow cards against the blue team both overall and for the 'certain' incidents. It is suggested that prior knowledge may impact referees' behaviour in a laboratory setting, although future research should explore whether a similar effect is observed in the behaviour of referees during football matches. 相似文献
9.
Abstract The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between intensities of exercise during match-play of elite-standard soccer referees with those of the players from the same match. Match analysis data were collected (Prozone® Leeds, UK) for 18 elite-standard soccer referees (age 26–49 years) on FA Premier League matches during the 2008/09 English FA Premier League season (236 observations). Running categories for referees and players were as follows: total distance covered (m); high-speed running distance (speed >19.8 km · h?1); and sprinting distance (speed >25.2 km · h?1). Analysis of the distance–time regression coefficients revealed no differences between the referees' and players' within-match rates of change for total distance covered (?0.594 ± 0.394 vs. ?0.713 ± 0.269 m · min?1; P = 0.104), high-speed running (?0.039 ± 0.077 vs. ?0.059 ± 0.030 m · min?1; P = 0.199), and sprinting (?0.003 ± 0.039 vs. ?0.021 ± 0.017 m · min?1; P = 0.114). In addition, there were no differences between across-season rates of change for total distance (–26.756 ± 40.434 vs. ?20.031 ± 25.502 m per match day; P = 0.439) and sprinting (–9.662 ± 7.564 vs. ?8.589 ± 4.351 m per match day; P = 0.542). These results show that elite-standard soccer referees' intensities of exercise during match-play are interrelated with those of the players and thus demonstrate that referees are able to keep pace with the players during FA Premier League matches. 相似文献
10.
第17届世界杯足球赛决赛阶段运动员犯规特征分析 总被引：22，自引：3，他引：19
通过对第 17届世界杯足球赛决赛阶段 6 4场比赛场上运动员犯规特征统计分析 ,结果表明 :全部比赛运动员共犯规 2 2 4 2次 ,越位 35 3次 ,被判红牌 15张、黄牌 2 6 2张。平均 2 .5 7min有 1次犯规 ,16 .30 min发生 1次越位 ,2 2 .0 0 m in出示 1张黄牌 相似文献
11.
Tom Gibbons 《Soccer & Society》2016,17(4):527-539
Academics have created typologies to divide association football (soccer) fans into categories based upon the ‘authenticity’ of their fandom practices. One of the main requirements of ‘authentic’ fandom has been assumed to be match attendance. The goal of this paper was to critically assess this assumption by considering how fans themselves talk about the significance of match attendance as evidence of ‘authentic’ fandom. In the light of the fact that the voices of English non-league fans on the ‘authenticity’ debate have so far been overshadowed by the overbearing focus of much previous research on the upper echelons of English soccer, an e-survey was conducted with 151 members of an online community of fans of English Northern League (NL) clubs (a semi-professional / amateur league based in North East England). Findings revealed that opinion was divided on the constituents of ‘authentic’ fandom and match attendance was not deemed to be the core evidence of support for a club by 42% of the sample. Elias (1978) suggested that dichotomous thinking hinders sociological understanding and it is concluded that fan typologies are not sufficient for assessing the ‘authenticity’ of fan activities. 相似文献
12.
马驰 《哈尔滨体育学院学报》2010,28(5):80-82
针对足球裁判员在比赛过程中出现＂瞬间误判＂的现象,文章从心理,生理方面进行了分析,对参加足球甲级联赛哈尔滨赛区以及全国足球超级联赛吉林和辽宁赛区的80名足球裁判员进行走访得出：克服心理障碍、熟悉参赛双方球队的攻守战术、了解球员的技术特点、提高判断预见力、注意合理放松、提高有限注意容量,是解决＂瞬间误判＂的有效纠正方法。从而提高足球裁判员的执法水平,降低瞬间误判的出现几率,保证比赛公正、公平有序的进行。 相似文献
13.
Abstract Officiating bias is thought to contribute to home advantage. Recent research has shown that sports with subjective officiating tend to experience greater home advantage and that referees' decisions can be influenced by crowd noise, but little work has been done to examine whether individual referees vary in their home bias or whether biased decisions contribute to overall home advantage. We develop an ordinal regression model to determine whether various measures of home advantage are affected by the official for the match and by crowd size while controlling for team ability. We examine 5244 English Premier League (EPL) match results involving 50 referees and find that home bias differs between referees. Individual referees give significantly different levels of home advantage, measured as goal differential between the home and away teams, although the significance of this result depends on one referee with a particularly high home advantage (an outlier). Referees vary significantly and robustly in their yellow card and penalty differentials even excluding the outlier. These results confirm that referees are responsible for some of the observed home advantage in the EPL and suggest that home advantage is dependent on the subjective decisions of referees that vary between individuals. We hypothesize that individual referees respond differently to factors such as crowd noise and suggest further research looking at referees' psychological and behavioural responses to biased crowds. 相似文献
14.
第18届世界杯足球赛决赛阶段运动员的犯规特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对第18届世界杯足球决赛阶段的64场比赛的犯规情况特征统计分析,结果表明各类犯规情况都高于上届。全部比赛运动员共犯规2 349次,越位386次,红牌28张,黄牌345张。平均2.45min有1次犯规,14.93min有1次越位,16.7min有1张黄牌。淘汰赛场均犯规率高于小组赛。 相似文献
15.
足球裁判对比赛时间的控制 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对2000欧洲杯和98-99中国甲A联赛的比赛实际时间、纯时间、中断次数、犯规与警告次数进行对比分析，指出国际、国内足球裁判在控制比赛时间和停顿方面的差距。建议国内裁判应严格控制比赛实际时间，正确使用有利原则，促进足球运动健康发展。 相似文献
16.
足球裁判员是足球比赛的有机组成部分,没有高水平的裁判员,就没有高水平的足球比赛。我们在业余足球联赛过程中,可以通过对年轻足球裁判员的理论培训并给予较多的上场锻炼机会,以逐步增强裁判员的自信心,不断提高他们的判罚能力,从而培养出一批业务合格、作风出色、能够完成各级联赛任务的年轻足球裁判员。他们的成长提高又对促进业余足球联赛的健康发展有着积极的影响。 相似文献
17.
针对欧洲顶级联赛俱乐部出现的收支严重亏损状况,特剐是英超,欧足联提出并通过了“财政公平政策”,旨在使欧洲足球的发展更加均衡。英超采取应对措施：实施“本土8人”新规;20支球队还要定期向英足总提交俱乐部财务报表。但是这一政策仍然存在一些问题：“财政公平“可能会凸现马太效应,豪门受益的状况难以得到扭转,青训体系可能会发生很大变化。 相似文献
18.
2006年与2002年世界杯足球赛决赛阶段运动员犯规情况的对比分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用文献资料法、观察统计法、对比分析法，对2006年与2002年世界杯足球赛决赛阶段运动员犯规情况进行统计分析。结果表明：2006届世界杯足球赛运动员在犯规、越位、红、黄牌方面都比2002年世界杯多；运动员的主要犯规动作类型按顺序从过去的踢人、拉扯、冲撞、铲人、推人、绊摔变为铲人、推人、冲撞、绊摔、拉扯、踢人；犯规、越位的最高峰期分别从过去的30-45min、16～30min到0～15min、76～90min的时段转变；出示红牌比例最多的区域从过去的后场转变到中场；规则的修改减少了运动员在场上的严重犯规和暴力行为。 相似文献
19.
Tom Webb 《Soccer & Society》2017,18(1):47-62
The structure employed in England for referees and elite referees is something which has evolved as the game of Association Football has developed over time. This referee promotion, support and management system has changed more rapidly since the inauguration of the Premier League and latterly since the introduction of ‘full-time’ or ‘professional’ referees. The change in the promotion and support for elite referees has necessitated changes to that management structure at the elite level in particular. This article has utilized historical research to analyse the changes to these structures alongside semi-structured interviews as a means of analysing this evolving network for elite referees. Findings indicate that support for the changes which have occurred in elite refereeing regarding the establishment of ‘full-time’ referees are opposed, with alternating views also encompassing the current structure employed for managing elite referees in England and the pathways utilized for referee promotion. 相似文献
20.
现代足球比赛是快速、富于竞争、充满激情的竞赛,为了取胜夺标,比赛双方在身体、技术、作风、心理、战术思想的对抗越演越激烈,对抗性已成为现代足球运动发展趋势。同时,对足球裁判员的要求也越来越高,足球裁判员在比赛中判罚的准确性对比赛的顺利进行至关重要。足球裁判员是足球场上的组织者和法官。裁判员的水平直接影响着足球比赛的质量,对犯规准确性的判罚是衡量裁判员水平的标准。本文采用调查访问及问卷调查法,对初级裁判员临场执法的错漏判因素进行探讨。结果发现存在理论与实际判罚脱离、判罚降格处理、红黄牌亮出等等问题。找出不利裁判员准确判罚的因素加以研究,对提高足球裁判员水平有着重要的促进作用。 相似文献