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1.
Bernadette Madeuf 《Research Policy》1984,13(3):125-140
This paper deals with some methodological issues related to the recording and measurement of international transfers of technology by technological balances of payments. Because technology can circulate internationally under many guises, in the form of goods, services or scientific and technical information it is necessary to define the international transfer of technology, as part of the overall circulation of technology. Furthermore it appears that technological balances of payments include other components beside the technology payments linked to international transfers strictly speaking. But conversely there exist technology transfers which are not recorded at all. Section 2 of the article is devoted to definition and interpretation issues so as to ascertain to what extent technological balances of payments correspond to international transfers of technology. Section 3 examines how technology transfers, once recorded, are measured. Measurement problems cover three issues: the transfer price, the economic value of technology transferred and the national significance of the flows recorded. These issues are examined with reference to the technology market and the firm's behaviour at the international level. Special features of technology as an intangible asset explain the ways in which it is traded and particularly the extent of intra-firm transfers taking place inside the multinational enterprises: this may eventually be related to the “transactional approach” to the multinational enterprises. Recent trends in international technology payments as well as international direct investments are then examined. In conclusion, the article provides some recommendations concerning the possible improvement and interpretation of technological balance of payments as a partial indicator of the international diffusion of technology. 相似文献
2.
Using data from the third UK Community Innovation Survey we model the usage of e-business across and within firms in the UK in the year 2000 as a single observation upon an integrated process of inter- and intra-firm diffusion. The intra-firm dimension is a significant extension to standard analysis. The model estimates indicate that the pattern of e-business usage reflects the heterogeneity of firms in terms of size, other innovative activity and labour force skills (generating differences in the payoffs to use) as well as market and non-market intermediated externalities. The policy implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
3.
The paper aims at a joint analysis of inter-and intra-firm diffusion of technology, taking as an example E-selling and E-purchasing. The analysis is based on an encompassing model of diffusion, drawn from the literature, which is extended by considering technology-specific obstacles and benefits of adoption. As hypothesised, we find, first, that the determinants of inter- and intra-firm diffusion differ in case of both types of E-commerce; secondly, that the drivers of the diffusion of E-selling and E-purchasing are not the same, and, finally, that uncertainties and adjustment costs, mostly neglected in previous work, are important factors in explaining technology diffusion. 相似文献
4.
Zouhaïer M&#x;Chirgui 《Research Policy》2009,38(9):1453-1467
This paper analyzes how the structure and the evolution of inter-firm agreements have shaped the development of the smart card industry. The aim is to establish a closer connection between the evolution of inter-firm agreements in the smart card industry and the patterns of change of technology and demand in this new high-tech industry. Based on a proprietary database covering both collaborative agreements and mergers and acquisitions (M&As) occurring in this industry over the period 1992–2006, we find that the evolution of technology and market demand shapes the dynamics of R&D networks and M&As are likely to change the industry structure. We also find that a small group of producers – first-movers – still control the industry and technological trajectories. Their position arises not for oligopolistic reasons of market structure, but for technological and organizational reasons. 相似文献
5.
In the past, efforts of less developed countries (LDCs) to promote utilization of government research have concentrated on narrowing the communication gap between research laboratories and industry. On the whole these attempts seem to have failed. This paper examines the extent of utilization of government civil research by industry and the steps undertaken by the government to increase research utilization in India. It shows that the proportion of research utilization in India is indeed very low; in our sample 85 percent of the licensed processes were not put into production.In our view government policy needs to take into account the fact that small and large firms have different reasons for their failure to use government research. In the past, small firms have shown considerable interest in government research but failed because they lacked technical resources. To enable these firms to use government research successfully, it is essential that increased development activities are undertaken by government agencies. Interestingly, as our study shows, the expenditure by government agencies on development activities has been considerably reduced.On the other hand, to interest the large firms in using government research, where little demand exists at present, it is essential that government policy should not only discourage the import of technology but, more importantly, encourage changes in the socio-economic structure which is mainly responsible for demand in the LDCs for products that can only be manufactured by the use of sophisticated, and often imported, technology. In the absence of such changes the activities of government research laboratories will become even more isolated from production. 相似文献
6.
Coopetition, i.e., cooperation between competing actors, has become a pervasive strategy for innovative firms. The primary focus of studies investigating coopetition centers on inter-firm relationships, highlighting the benefits, limits and configurational patterns of cooperative relationships between competing firms. Only a small, emerging group of studies seeks to extend the concept to the intra-firm level, stressing the existence and effects of competition and cooperation between units that are part of the same organization. This paper contributes to this latter group by investigating the effects of internal coopetition on knowledge and innovation sharing and highlighting the fundamental role of knowledge brokers in managing the resulting tensions. Based on a qualitative case study of the video game publisher Ubisoft, we stress how the tensions raised by internal coopetitive settings limit knowledge sharing between units, and we analyze the mechanisms through which the knowledge broker helps to overcome these limits. We identify three main functions of this knowledge broker that allow the promotion of knowledge and innovation transfer to occur between coopeting units: (1) protecting the unit’s competitive advantage by introducing a lagging principle in the transfer process, (2) reducing sharing costs by standardizing innovative solutions, and (3) enhancing awareness of and trust in innovative solutions by centralizing knowledge diffusion. 相似文献
7.
基于北京市创新创业政策梳理与企业调研,建立包括技术引进与知识扩散、研究开发、生产制造、新产品市场、人才运营资金、服务环境七个一级政策要素21个子要素的创新创业政策要素体系,并构建政策供需匹配模型。从企业视角,对北京市创新创业的政策匹配情况进行实证。结果显示:北京市创新创业政策的制定充分考虑各类企业的特点,立足于培养企业的长期创新能力;国企、民营企业、成熟期企业、大中型企业的各类政策匹配较高,而小微企业、初创期企业及成长期企业的匹配度较低。研究指出,提高政策匹配度的最佳途径不仅是侧重加大支持力度,更应该从积极拓宽政策宣传与辅导渠道、促进科技成果委托合作、提升项目执行辅助监管等方面入手。 相似文献
8.
The paper is concerned with the diffusion and adoption of innovations within the United Kingdom textile chemicals and dyestuffs industry. The authors chose this industry for investigation chiefly because of the rapid increase in dyestuffs output over recent years despite evidence that the market for dyestuffs had declined over that period.Two surveys are described, the first of which involved an attempt to personally interview all United Kingdom manufacturers of, and agents for, textile chemicals. A second survey, taken from a 10% systematic sample of firms engaged in the use of textile chemicals is then described. Comparisons were made between the results of the two surveys.Areas covered in the surveys were the identification of innovators and the influence that these innovators have in initiating the diffusion process; product characteristics affecting the diffusion process and the role of research and development; competitive and speciality products and pressure from consumers. Characteristics having an inhibiting effect upon the diffusion process were also examined.It was found that the communications approach did not satisfactorily explain the diffusion of new textile chemicals and dyestuffs in the United Kingdom textile industry which was due particularly to the infrequent incidence of inter-firm opinion leadership. It was concluded that there were more favourable positive characteristics than unfavourable negative characteristics which aided diffusion and so accounted for the growth of textile chemicals and dyestuffs. 相似文献
9.
企业间关系质量的测度与绩效分析——基于近关系理论的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着企业间合作的日益增多,如何提高合作企业间关系质量对于合作绩效的提升至关重要。本文根据社会心理学中近关系理论对关系质量内涵的界定,通过设计量表,收集国内企业的相关数据,对我国合作企业间关系质量的度量问题进行实证研究。结果表明,我国合作企业间的关系质量可以从关系强度、关系公平性和关系持久性等三个维度进行度量。在此基础上,进一步检验了关系质量各维度对合作绩效的影响。 相似文献
10.
运用复合系统协同度模型,对高新技术产业创新系统进行结构解析。收集2000—2013年我国大中型企业的相关数据,对我国高新技术产业创新系统协同度及子系统的有序度进行准确测度,并对实证结果进行分析。研究发现:(1)我国高新技术产业创新系统协同度的总体趋势是动态上升,但平均协同度不高;技术转移子系统是其协同发展的关键制约因素;(2)技术转移子系统的波动主要是由技术引进与消化吸收序变量的不协调导致。(3)在技术引进序变量的构成中,五大高新技术产业明显不协调。在此基础上,提出提升我国高新技术产业创新系统协同度的针对性建议。 相似文献
11.
严厉的环境政策是鼓励还是抑制企业的创新行为,对于我国能否通过技术创新来缓解环境污染问题来说至关重要。由于已有文献中,行业特征差异在环境政策对技术创新影响研究中的作用被忽视,为此文章从行业特征视角探究环境政策强度对工业行业技术创新的影响。在分别构建以R&D支出与R&D投入强度为被解释变量,以污染强度和不动性为自变量的理论模型基础上,基于2011—2016年15个省市自治区40个工业行业的面板数据进行了实证分析。分析结果显示：严厉的环境政策抑制了污染密集型企业对技术创新的投入;面对严厉的环境政策,不动性较低的行业有选择减少技术创新投入而搬迁到环境标准相对宽松地区的倾向。 相似文献
12.
Tarun Khanna 《Research Policy》1995,24(6)
In a thirty-year period, firms in the high-end computer industry compete for technological leadership with select subgroups of firms. A clustering technique is used to identify these subgroups of firms. In each of the three such ‘races’ that I identify, a firm's racing rivals influence the evolution of its own technology frontier. This approach complements life-cycle and other models of technological evolution. A central role is assigned to strategic interactions between firms. Different kinds of strategic interactions lead to intra-race and inter-race behavior. I demonstrate how such inter-firm interactions map into technological evolution at the industry level and suggest that the patterns seen here can help us understand technological evolution in a range of environments. 相似文献
13.
The intra-firm diffusion of complementary innovations: Evidence from the adoption of management practices by British establishments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper presents a simple profitability-based decision model to show how synergistic gains generated by the joint adoption of complementary innovations may influence the firm's adoption decision. For this purpose a weighted index of intra-firm diffusion is built to investigate empirically the drivers of the intensity of joint use of a set of complementary innovations. The findings indicate that establishment size, ownership structure and product market concentration are important determinants of the intensity of use. Interestingly, the factors that affect the extent of use of technological innovations do also affect that of clusters of management practices. However, they can explain only part of the heterogeneity of the benefits from joint use. 相似文献
14.
Andreas Reinstaller 《Research Policy》2005,34(9):1366-1384
This paper uses the concept of policy entrepreneurship to explain the social processes underlying sustainable technical change in the pulp and paper industry in the 1990s. It presents a detailed case study on the differences in the transition to and diffusion of totally chlorine free (TCF) pulp bleaching methods in Sweden and the USA. This change was sustained in the former, while it was almost absent in the latter. The paper studies the causes for this difference. It looks at the complex coevolution of technology, institutions, and consumer preferences that has taken place in both countries and draws conclusions on how transitions to sustainable paths in production and consumption may be supported by economic and social policy. 相似文献
15.
科技税收政策的国际经验及其对我国的启示 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
运用税收鼓励和税收优惠政策支持并促进高新技术以及高新技术产业发展 ,以提高本国经济的科技含量 ,增强本国经济的竞争力 ,是世界各国的通行做法。本文分析了值得我国借鉴的国外科技税收政策的基本经验 ,结合我国科技税收政策的现状 ,提出了我国科技税收政策应遵循的基本原则以及完善我国科技税收政策的对策建议。 相似文献
16.
17.
汽车产业是我国社会经济发展的支柱产业,政府出台多项政策支持产业技术创新。文章以技术创新政策作为研究对象,在国内外学者的研究基础上,运用因子分析、熵权法和灰色综合评价法,从整体效果、经济效益、技术投入、技术产出方面对中国汽车产业技术创新政策效果进行实证研究。通过研究发现,国家政策基本上支持了汽车产业创新发展,总体取得良好效果,经济效益具有跌宕起伏状态,技术投入呈波浪状上升态势,技术产出持续增长。但是,在某些年份政策效果并不理想,产业发展依赖财政资金,必须及时调整支持政策,建立适合新时期发展的产业技术创新体系。 相似文献
18.
科技和产业对接与集群企业竞争力——基于绍兴市的调查与分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
集群企业竞争力的提升,不仅与R&D的投入水平、产业集聚程度等因素有关,还取决于科技和产业的有效对接.基于浙江省绍兴市14 262份问卷的调查与分析,运用SPSS16.0统计软件,实证研究了科技和产业对接对集群企业竞争力的影响及其程度,并提出了若干政策建议. 相似文献
19.
Since the early 1990s, Brazilian IT policy has changed substantially from greenhouse protectionism in selected segments of the market to a more liberal regime. This article analyses the impact of liberalization on IT equipment production, diffusion, employment, and foreign trade. There were both benefits and setbacks, depending on the aspect analyzed. Users benefited from greater access to imported equipment, which could eventually contribute to productivity growth in the overall economy.On the negative side, there was a loss of local linkages with internal sources of components, technology, and employment. The article concludes that the future of the Brazilian IT industry does not seem to be in commodity hardware production. Rather, it lies in design- and engineering-intensive applications. Such "production close to use" can spur domestic use as well as create business opportunities for domestically owned companies in markets not dominated by foreign multinationals. 相似文献
20.
目前我国东部沿海地区处于产业转移的窗口时期,本文根据前期研究产业转移已有理论成果,对国家设立的六个承接产业转移示范区从总体经济指标入手,进行对比和分析,发现安徽皖江地区不仅总体优势明显并且与区域发展核心区重合,在六个产业承接地区中最有可能实现承接产业转移的目标,而其他承接产业转移示范区存在着各自的问题,产业承接效果还不明显。皖江地区由于靠近经济发展成熟长三角地区,技术和经济扩散效应使得皖江地区获得总体先发优势。 相似文献