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1.
Helge Godoe 《Research Policy》2000,29(9):657
By introducing the concept of innovation regimes, the aim of this article is to show how the rapid pace of technological development in the telecom sector may be explained by the close links between the sector's own R&D and the creation of numerous innovations, many of which are radical. In contemporary innovation theory, a theoretical antinomy exists: Whereas, the creation of incremental innovations is variously explained in terms of «rational» responses to markets, dynamics of technological regimes, dominant design, etc., radical innovations, in contrast, are explained in terms of serendipity, chance or haphazard scientific discoveries. Evidence from analysis of innovations in the telecom sector suggests that innovation regimes have provided a capability of coordination, direction and leadership in the creation of many of the radical technological innovations that have emerged in the sector. Thus, one may claim that the strong innovation regimes and high R&D intensity of the telecom sector, at least until recently, have provided a capability of creating innovations on purpose — for a purpose. The policy implications of this contradict some of the assumptions on which the prevailing market-oriented R&D governance models and policies are based — and which are supported by contemporary innovation theories. 相似文献
2.
On the relationship between environmental management, environmental innovation and patenting: Evidence from German manufacturing firms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper analyses empirically the relationship between environmental innovations, environmental management and patenting. In particular it tests a number of propositions on how environmental management systems and the interaction with environmentally more or less concerned stakeholders are associated with the probability of firms to pursue innovation in general (measured as patenting behaviour) and specifically environmental innovation (measured based on firm self-assessment and through patent data). In applying a negative binomial as well as binary discrete choice models the relationship is studied using data on German manufacturing firms. As a novel and important insight, the study finds that environmental innovation can be meaningfully identified using patent data and that environmental innovation defined this way is less ubiquitous than self-reported environmental innovation. It also reveals that the implementation level of environmental management systems has a positive effect exclusively on environmental process innovation, whereas it is negatively associated with the level of a firms’ general patenting activities. For environmental product innovation and patented environmental innovations a positive relationship with environmentally concerned and a negative link with environmentally neutral stakeholders is found. 相似文献
3.
作为智能时代的前沿通用技术,信息通用技术创新对我国高质量发展至关重要。现有通用技术理论研究将其技术创新的动力机制归纳为其创新互补性,但缺乏对该问题的微观动力机制的考察。本文采用纵向案例研究的方法,考察计算机技术阶段、互联网技术阶段和数据科学技术阶段等三个技术演进阶段中沃尔玛公司在信息技术的使用过程中促进信息技术创新的过程,基于通用技术与技术体系演进的双重理论视角,对信息通用技术体系实现结构与组织技术需求的功能结构之间的互构过程展开分析。研究发现,信息通用技术创新的微观动力机制存在“外部”和“内部”两种创新互补性：(1)外部创新互补性围绕着实现结构与功能结构之间的互构过程展开,形成局部或整体的反向促进创新的机制;(2)内部创新互补性围绕着技术体系内各子技术系统的技术实现结构的互构过程展开,形成前向通用技术的“启发式”反向促进创新的机制和后向通用技术的“回溯式”反向促进创新的机制。研究结论对于组织技术创新战略与产业政策制定等均具有启示意义。 相似文献
4.
Science is described as a social system of which interactive communication is the salient feature. Implications of this view of scientific communication are considered for the planning of innovations in the system, It is suggested that (a) innovation itself be seen as a process, (b) the dual role of the active research scientist (who is at once producer/disseminator and consumer/user of scientific information) be considered and (c) innovators take cognizance of the fact that alterations of the system may not always affect the desired changes in scientists' behavior unless the goals of the innovation are compatible with the individual and aggregate goals of the scientific community. Finally, a demonstration of the approach suggested is simulated, and its effect on the system of scientific communication is examined. Based on this simulation, a supplemental innovation is designed which overcomes faults in the major innovation while retaining the original goal. 相似文献
5.
This paper presents a taxonomy of entrepreneurial behaviour vis-à-vis technology, derived from empirical research on a specific sector, that of the chemicals industry in Venezuela. The research focuses heavily on the accumulation of minor innovations through which enterprises acquire their technical knowledge and know how, their technological learning. We have tried to give a precise empirical meaning to that notion in order to understand which are the most important variables that affect the technical learning process. Both the process of technological learning and the technical external linkages — in particular with foreign firms — of Venezuelan companies seem to be the fundamental factors in understanding the development of a new competitive industry which adopts a new products-oriented strategy. But not all firms do respond to such a scheme and it is thus necessary to develop a taxonomy of the industrial sector both for scholarly reasons as well as a policy guide. 相似文献
6.
Linda Schamber Michael B. Eisenberg Michael S. Nilan 《Information processing & management》1990,26(6)
Although relevance judgments are fundamental to the design and evaluation of all information retrieval systems, information scientists have not reached a consensus in defining the central concept of relevance. In this paper we ask two questions: What is the meaning of relevance? and What role does relevance play in information behavior? We attempt to address these questions by reviewing literature over the last 30 years that presents various views of relevance as topical, user-oriented, multidimensional, cognitive, and dynamic. We then discuss traditional assumptions on which most research in the field has been based and begin building a case for an approach to the problem of definition based on alternative assumptions. The dynamic, situational approach we suggest views the user — regardless of system — as the central and active determinant of the dimensions of relevance. We believe that relevance is a multidimensional concept; that it is dependent on both internal (cognitive) and external (situational) factors; that it is based on a dynamic human judgment process; and that it is a complex but systematic and measurable phenomenon. 相似文献
7.
网络环境下的情报教育体系与模式创新 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文在明确情报教育模式和情报教育体系的含义、评价相关研究成果、分析情报教育模式与教育体系创新依据的基础上，提出我国情报教育体系的创新应从网络化前的专业化情报教育体系向网络化的社会化情报教育体系转变，情报教育模式的创新应从以学科为中心的模式向以社会需求中心的模式转变。最后提出了我国情报教育体系与模式创新的7点策略。 相似文献
8.
How communities support innovative activities: an exploration of assistance and sharing among end-users 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
This study contributes to our understanding of the innovation process by bringing attention to and investigating the process by which innovators outside of firms obtain innovation-related resources and assistance. This study is the first to explicitly examine how user-innovators gather the information and assistance they need to develop their ideas and how they share and diffuse the resulting innovations. Specifically, this exploratory study analyzes the context within which individuals who belong to voluntary special-interest communities develop sports-related consumer product innovations. We find that these individuals often prototype novel sports-related products and that they receive assistance in developing their innovations from fellow community members. We find that innovation-related information and assistance, as well as the innovations themselves, are freely shared within these communities. The nature of these voluntary communities, and the “institutional” structure supporting innovation and free sharing of innovations is likely to be of interest to innovation researchers and managers both within and beyond this product arena. 相似文献
9.
A four-stage hypothesis of information systems development is presented. The stages derive from the application of Moore's Law—that the number of elements that can be integrated onto a chip is doubling roughly every year—the expression of the very rapid exponential rate of growth of information systems technology, and the application of Mooers' Law—that an information system will only be used when it is more trouble not to use it than it is to use it—the quintessential expression of the importance of human factors. It is argued that we are now roughly halfway along this developmental process, about to make the transition from Stage II to Stage 111, and that from that conclusion we can make some useful projections for and about the future. 相似文献
10.
本文以2007-2014年沪深A股上市公司为样本，采用泊松回归考察了内部控制对创新绩效的影响，并从产权性质、研发强度和规模等企业异质性特征进行分组检验，还进一步分析了内控五要素对创新绩效的影响。研究发现，内部控制质量越高企业创新绩效越好，尤其在非国有企业、低研发强度和大规模企业中的作用更加显著；从内部控制五要素来看，风险评估和信息与沟通要素对创新绩效起到了显著的促进作用。本文为内部控制的经营性目标、适用性原则提供了经验证据，这对我国当前全面推进内部控制体系建设和实施创新发展战略具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
11.
《Research Policy》2023,52(4):104728
Recent research has demonstrated that employees can develop novel solutions to work-process-related problems that they experience directly, but in order for organizations to benefit from this form of user innovation (“employee-user innovation”), employee-developed innovations need to diffuse within the innovator's organization. This paper challenges the prevalent assumption in studies of employee-user innovation that employee-users readily reveal and diffuse their innovations. Based on a grounded analysis of 117 innovations developed by rank-and-file workers that we identified during 32 months of ethnographic fieldwork in two police units and two military units in Denmark, we show that employee-users frequently invest considerable effort in actively hiding their innovations. We (i) identify four distinct hiding practices that employee-user innovators enact, (ii) demonstrate how decisions about whether and how to hide are based on interpretations of a range of material and organizational conditions, and (iii) show how these decisions negatively impact the employee-user innovation process by impeding not just use and diffusion, but also the development of innovations. Our findings carry implications for user innovation research, as well as for how we understand both covert innovation processes in organization and the relationship between bureaucratic organization and innovation. 相似文献
12.
The detailed study of crystals and the dynamics of the melting process in two and three dimensions is a fundamental and interesting research topic, which is important for increasing our knowledge of solid state physics. In natural crystals, structure information can be obtained principally by Bragg-scattering of neutrons, electrons or photons on the crystal, followed by an analysis in Fourier space. Dynamical aspects cannot be investigated in these systems. Recently, a new crystalline system was discovered whose properties are such that the melting transition can be investigated in great detail — the ‘plasma crystal’. This article presents the results of such an investigation and shows evidence for the existence of intermediate phases between the solid, liquid and gaseous phases. The observed ‘structured’ phase transition may be specific for plasma crystals but, alternatively, it may indicate the existence of intermediate stages in the melting transition more generally. 相似文献
13.
Information retrieval systems consist of many complicated components. Research and development of such systems is often hampered by the difficulty in evaluating how each particular component would behave across multiple systems. We present a novel integrated information retrieval system—the Query, Cluster, Summarize (QCS) system—which is portable, modular, and permits experimentation with different instantiations of each of the constituent text analysis components. Most importantly, the combination of the three types of methods in the QCS design improves retrievals by providing users more focused information organized by topic.We demonstrate the improved performance by a series of experiments using standard test sets from the Document Understanding Conferences (DUC) as measured by the best known automatic metric for summarization system evaluation, ROUGE. Although the DUC data and evaluations were originally designed to test multidocument summarization, we developed a framework to extend it to the task of evaluation for each of the three components: query, clustering, and summarization. Under this framework, we then demonstrate that the QCS system (end-to-end) achieves performance as good as or better than the best summarization engines.Given a query, QCS retrieves relevant documents, separates the retrieved documents into topic clusters, and creates a single summary for each cluster. In the current implementation, Latent Semantic Indexing is used for retrieval, generalized spherical k-means is used for the document clustering, and a method coupling sentence “trimming” and a hidden Markov model, followed by a pivoted QR decomposition, is used to create a single extract summary for each cluster. The user interface is designed to provide access to detailed information in a compact and useful format.Our system demonstrates the feasibility of assembling an effective IR system from existing software libraries, the usefulness of the modularity of the design, and the value of this particular combination of modules. 相似文献
14.
Profiting from voluntary information spillovers: how users benefit by freely revealing their innovations 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Empirical studies of innovation have found that end users frequently develop important product and process innovations. Defying conventional wisdom on the negative effects of uncompensated spillovers, innovative users also often openly reveal their innovations to competing users and to manufacturers. Rival users are thus in a position to reproduce the innovation in-house and benefit from using it, and manufacturers are in a position to refine the innovation and sell it to all users, including competitors of the user revealing its innovation. In this paper, we explore the incentives that users might have to freely reveal their proprietary innovations. We then develop a game-theoretic model to explore the effect of these incentives on users’ decisions to reveal or hide their proprietary information. We find that, under realistic parameter constellations, free revealing pays. We conclude by discussing some implications of our findings. 相似文献
15.
Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
David J. Teece 《Research Policy》1986,15(6)
This paper attempts to explain why innovating firms often fail to obtain significant economic returns from an innovation, while customers, imitators and other industry participants benefit Business strategy — particularly as it relates to the firm's decision to integrate and collaborate — is shown to be an important factor. The paper demonstrates that when imitation is easy, markets don't work well, and the profits from innovation may accrue to the owners of certain complementary assets, rather than to the developers of the intellectual property. This speaks to the need, in certain cases, for the innovating firm to establish a prior position in these complementary assets. The paper also indicates that innovators with new products and processes which provide value to consumers may sometimes be so ill positioned in the market that they necessarily will fail. The analysis provides a theoretical foundation for the proposition that manufacturing often matters, particularly to innovating nations. Innovating firms without the requisite manufacturing and related capacities may die, even though they are the best at innovation. Implications for trade policy and domestic economic policy are examined. 相似文献
16.
Early attempts to formulate information systems (IS) strategies concentrated on the analytical task of deriving IS strategies from business plans. The limitations of the static plans that often resulted from these formal studies were, however, soon discovered. The critics suggested informal and incremental planning to ensure flexibility, creativity and strategic thinking to comprise emergent strategies as well as planned strategies.In previous IS planning research, there appears to be a contradiction between the published planning methods and the generally held views about effective implementation of IS planning process. The explicit methods described in IS literature predominantly assume a comprehensive IS planning process. Despite the fact that many researchers consider incremental approaches to be more effective, methods that can be used to facilitate incremental IS planning are few, not detailed enough and not comprehensive.The four cycles method introduced in this paper attempts to combine the strengths of both the comprehensive and incremental planning to be able to recognise emerging trends and to make an e-business strategy. The method provides a basic schedule for organising planning activities. IS planning is seen as a continuous process that is periodically adjusted to the expectations of the participating managers. Practising managers can use the method to facilitate implementation of an incremental and continuous IS planning process. For e-business strategy research, the paper provides a theoretically based method that can be tested in future action research projects.The first results of conducted action research show that the method should not be used as a checklist but as a choice list. Each period had a constant focus on external developments and the fit with internal possibilities. The method provided a flexible and dynamic basis for actions. The emergent nature of the changes and the difficulty of formalising creativity and innovation placed restrictions on the planning process. We learned that a thematic approach where each cycle is given a creative subject helped to “open up” the users in the organisation. Future research should focus on the inter-organisational nature of e-business strategy. If it is difficult to get top management participation, it will be even more difficult with more organisations involved. 相似文献
17.
Existing economic theories show that continuing innovation, diffusion, and technical and managerial improvement are necessary for economic growth and international competitiveness in the industrially advanced countries. But knowledge of why, where and how governments should intervene in the processes of industrial innovations stems more from trial and error than from systematic empirical information of the nature and extent of the hindrances to economically and socially desirable innovations, and of the effectiveness of alternative government policies to remove them. Nonetheless, past empirical studies do offer some clues.Differences amongst industrial sectors. The sources of new technology vary widely amongst inustrial sectors: in the costs of innovation, in the relative importance of outside suppliers of equipment and materials, of large and small firms, and of full-time R & D departments as compared to part-time innovative activities (sect. 7, 8). Similarly, the conditions for successful innovation vary amongst sectors (sect.6). Thus, government policies designed to influence innovation are likely to act with different intensities in different industries.The management of innovation. Nonetheless, there are some features common to innovation in different industries. Considerable costs beyond R & D are often necessary before the innovations reach commercial use (sect.4). And the following managerial characteristics are in general associated with successful innovation: a deliberate policy of seeking innovations; close and careful attention to customer requirements; good personal communications both within the firm and with outside sources of relevant knowledge; a style of management that is ‘organic’ and ‘participatory’ rather than ‘hierarchical’ and ‘authoritarian’; strong project leadership; and a strong engineering capability (sect. 6).R & D managers are still unable to predict the outcome of R & D projects to a useful degree of accuracy and, in the literature on methods of project selection, very little attention is paid to market uncertainties. Furthermore, a greater use of conventional investment appraisal criteria in deciding on R & D projects may re-inforce the already observed tendency in industry towards short-term, low-risk projects, to the neglect of longer-term, high-risk projects (sect. 5).Governments should therefore examine whether the benefits of policies towards education and management advisory services for innovation might outweigh their costs. They may also have a significant role to play in financing longer-term research that is basic to the development of industrial technology (subsect. 12.5).The nature of market and production demands. The direction of industrial innovation is often very sensitive to market and production demands (sect. 3). This fact, together with the high degree of market uncertainty facing innovating firms (sect. 5), suggest that governments can potentially influence both the pace and the direction of industrial innovation through their influence on the scale of industrial, consumer and public service demands. However, this potential influence will become real only if users of innovations are able to specify the innovations that they need, or to evaluate those that they get. This is generally the case for industrial demand, but not in consumer and public service markets, where fashion, insensitivity to users' needs and lack of technical competence often prevail. Government-funded technological institutes and laboratories are ideally placed to provide such technical competence (sub-sect. 12.3).Economic incentives and rewards for innovation. A whole range of economic factors are said to influence the resources, the incentives and the rewards for innovation: for example, the degree of monopoly or the degree of competition, the patent system, the level of profits, the level of taxation, and the level of demand. The empirical evidence on the effects of most of these factors on industrial innovation is either inconclusive or non-existent. However, in the USA a close relationship has been observed between growth of industry sales and growth of industry-financed R & D activities (sect. 10). The rate of growth of demand is also one of the key factors influencing the rate of diffusion of innovations amongst their potential population of users (sects. 11, 12.2).The government-financed scientific and technological infrastructure. Scientific and technological knowledge from outside of innovating firms is often crucial to the completion of successful innovations, and three UK studies show that a significant proportion of this outside knowledge comes from government-financed technological institutes and laboratories, and from the universities (sect. 3). If the same is true in other countries, it should be an essential feature of any government policy towards industrial innovation to know how effectively government-funded laboratories and universities provide supportive knowledge to industry, and how government laboratories should be organised and financed (subsect. 12.4).Direct government-financing of innovative activities in industry. Governments specifically finance R & D activities in industrial firms, although these expenditures are less than those for general industrial development (sect. 13). These R & D activities in industry are relatively more important in France and UK, than in F.R. Germany and the Netherlands.In the four countries, more than 70% of all civilian government R & D activities related to industry are spent on aircraft, space, nuclear energy and electronics (subsect. 14.4). In all these high technologies, governments attempted in the 1960's to implement ‘policies for innovation’, involving government procurement, industrial mergers and attempts at European co-operation, in addition to the financing of R & D (subsect. 14.5). Government expenditures on civilian R & D related to other industrial sectors are very much smaller in all four countries (subsect 14.4).Where should governments intervene? A, number of attempts have been made to develop a formal framework of criteria to assist governments in deciding where they should intervene in industrial innovation. They all run into the following difficulties: dealing with multiple policy objectives; assessing national costs and benefits; comparing with alternative policies, choosing appropriate policy instruments (sect. 17).How should governments intervene? Very little information is available on the effectiveness of various policy instruments that have been used by governments in order to promote innovation in industry. Although it is often possible to measure the inputs into such policies, the measurement of their outputs (or results) is more difficult. Nonetheless, detailed studies would enable some such measurements to be made, and internationally comparable studies would increase the range of experiences and the number of cases that could be examined (sect. 18).Why should governments intervene? A full appreciation of the nature and scale of hindrances to industrial innovation, on which governments should act to remove, requires direct information on what innovations are (or are not) being introduced by industry, and why they are (or are not) being inyroduced. This information can best be obtained from analyses of the behaviour of industrial firms. They would differ from most existing innovation studies that concentrate on asking how firms must behave in order to make successful innovation, by asking what innovations are attempted, and why firms are stimulated to attempt them (sect. 19). 相似文献
18.
中国中小企业创新政策的分析——基于1997-2008年样本 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于中国创新政策组成的框架,对1997-2008年中国中小企业创新政策的研究表明：虽然涵盖了创新政策框架涉及的所有主题和重点内容,但总体上中小企业的创新政策力度较弱、针对性和体系独立性并不强,这在组织结构、立法、金融资源、商业创新支持体系和人力资源政策方面都有所体现。迫切需要建设满足创新型国家建设的国家创新体系框架内的中小企业创新政策独立体系,并满足技术政策目标演化调整的需要。 相似文献
19.
本文探讨了技术创新测度评估的若干问题。强调应分层次地进行技术创新测度评估,重视技术创新扩散的评估,关注技术创新转换成本、转换效益及技术创新微观效应测度评估,并对技术创新测度评估的实施提出了若干建议和意见。 相似文献
20.
研究环境税与研发补贴的政策组合对绿色生产技术的创新诱导效应,分析政策组合对于环境和经济双重福利的影响。我们发现环境税在一定条件下可发挥创新诱导效应,即企业治污成本在总边际成本中所占的比例小于边际收益对总产量的弹性。研发补贴在任何情况下都能发挥创新诱导效应,但其诱导效果随绿色生产技术的普及而降低。在专利授权制度和古诺寡头竞争市场的条件下,存在使社会福利最优的环境税和研发补贴组合,且最优的环境税率小于边际环境损失,最优的研发补贴为正值。环境税和研发补贴的政策组合不仅能够最大限度的提升技术创新企业研发投入,从而更好地发挥绿色技术创新诱导效应,还能促进环境与社会双重福利的增长。 相似文献