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1.
This paper examines international standard-setting in the toxicology of pharmaceuticals during the 1990s, which has involved both the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies in an organization known as the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). The analysis shows that the relationships between innovation, regulatory science and 'progress' may be more complex and controversial than is often assumed. An assessment of the ICH's claims about the implications of 'technical' harmonization of drug-testing standards for the maintenance of drug safety, via toxicological testing, and the delivery of therapeutic progress, via innovation, is presented. By demonstrating that there is not a technoscientific validity for these claims, it is argued that, within the ICH, a discourse of technological innovation and scientific progress has been used by regulatory agencies and prominent parts of the transnational pharmaceutical industry to legitimize the lowering and loosening of toxicological standards for drug testing. The mobilization and acceptance of this discourse are shown to be pivotal to the ICH's transformation of reductions in safety standards, which are apparently against the interests of patients and public health, into supposed therapeutic benefits derived from promises of greater access to more innovative drug products. The evidence suggests that it is highly implausible that these reductions in the standards of regulatory toxicology are consistent with therapeutic progress for patients, and highlights a worrying aspect embedded in the 'technical trajectories' of regulatory science. 相似文献
2.
专家信任是现代社会的基石,它对于公众生活、科学发展、产业发展和国家治理都具有重要意义。然而,我国当前存在一定程度上的专家信任危机。这不仅会动摇社会信任的根基,而且会威胁社会的健康发展。调查结果表明:专家的利益关联、公众与专家的风险观差异、科学传播的效果不理想,是导致当前我国专家信任危机的主要因素。面对专家信任危机,必须重塑专家信任,警惕反智主义和民粹主义绑架社会和专家。为此,应努力切断专家的利益关联,打造价值中立的专家;促进公众理解和参与科学,改善公众与专家的沟通;加强科学传媒治理,提高科学传播效果。 相似文献
3.
政府建筑安全监管博弈分析及策略选择 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建筑安全事故的频繁发生已严重制约着和谐社会的构建和建筑业的健康发展。基于博弈论原理,从政府监管机构、承包商、监理三个安全责任主体利益考虑,构建了监管机构与承包商、监管机构与监理的博弈模型,分析了建筑安全事故产生的本质原因,并提出了安全监管的应对措施,以降低建筑安全事故的发生。 相似文献
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5.
干细胞研究涉及伦理问题,在将相关研究成果转化为临床应用的过程中,还会使患者面临一系列的风险。为规范干细胞研究和应用,世界各国的相应机构推出了一系列的伦理审查规范和监管法规,对相关行为进行严格的控制,从而在不影响干细胞研究和应用发展的前提下,最大限度地保护各方权益。本文旨在为规范和完善我国干细胞研究和临床应用的伦理审查和监管体系提供参考。在对主要国家的干细胞的伦理审查和监管情况进行调研的基础上,重点选取美国和英国的干细胞监管体系进行深入剖析,总结这两个国家在干细胞监管体系中的做法,并对我国干细胞研究和应用的监管情况进行分析,针对存在的问题提出建议。 相似文献
6.
推进医药科技成果的有效转移转化,需要科学准确地评估医药科技成果价值,选择合适的评估方法尤为重要。以创新价值链为视角探索医药产出全环节,总结传统评估方法在面对医药科技成果的独特性中存在的弊端,有针对性地提出优化现有医药科技成果价值评估的3条思路：（1）充分考虑医药产出周期长、高风险的特点;（2）衡量好医药创新活动中决策的变动作用;（3）多结果综合分析医药产出价值 。最后,总结3种新评估手段在医药科技成果价值评估上的适用性：（1）风险修正型现值收益法将医药产出的研发和上市风险拆解,科学地修正了医药科技成果转化的风险因素;（2）实物期权法把医药创新活动中各阶段决策的影响纳入价值衡量中,更关注于医药科技成果的期权价值;（3）情景分析法分别评估不同转化结果下医药科技成果的价值及其发生概率,多情景综合判断医药科技成果总价值。 相似文献
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黑龙江省科技中介机构发展正处在十分关键的时期，针对此建立了评价黑龙江省科技中介机构发展水平的模型，应用层次分析法和模糊评价法，定量评价了黑龙江省科技中介机构的发展水平，并分析了黑龙江省科技中介服务机构发展存在的问题且提出了对策建议。 相似文献
8.
供应链中制造商与云服务商合作创新是应对当今激烈市场竞争的必然选择。基于演化博弈的视角,本文分析了影响制造商和云服务商选择信任策略的关键因素。研究表明,增值收益与双方采取信任策略正相关;风险系数、合作成本、投机收益与双方采取信任策略负相关;存在一个最优收益分配系数使得双方采取相互信任策略的可能性最大;进一步得到,能力水平越高,其获得的增值收益越多。在此基础上,提出了有效提高双方合作创新信任度的策略建议。 相似文献
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人工智能伦理风险感知信任与公众参与 《科学学研究》2022,40(7):1153-1162
随着人工智能的井喷式发展,其涉及的伦理风险,也从科幻作品中走进现实,成为众多主体热议的话题。本文以技术接受模型及风险感知理论为基础,以信任为中介,构建了公众对于人工智能伦理风险的感知与其参与风险治理意愿的研究框架,并通过实证检验了相关假设。结果显示:人工智能伦理风险感知对公众参与意向具有显著的负向影响,其中公众对科研机构和政府的信任在人工智能伦理风险感知与公众参与之间起部分中介作用。该结论为构建“政府主导、专家引领、公众参与、社会监督”的治理新格局提供了科学依据,对于新兴技术实现科技向善具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
10.
美国对科研不端嫌疑人的隐私权保护较为重视,隐私权保护制度较为完备,它以成熟完善的法律体系为基础,对惩戒机构及人员的隐私保护职责,对调查程序中嫌疑人隐私权保护,对查实和结案后的嫌疑人隐私权保护等都有详细而具体的规定,操作性强。相比较,我国对隐私权的保护重视不够,科研不端嫌疑人隐私权保护制度的法律依据层次较低,没有对隐私权完整保护的法律基础,有关惩戒机构隐私权保护职责的规定较为原则、模糊,缺乏明确、具体的保护措施。我们需要借鉴美国相关规定,完善我国相应制度,切实保护科研不端嫌疑人的隐私权。 相似文献
11.
信任视角下研发外包知识转移策略 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对研发外包契约的不完全性及由此产生的信息泄漏风险,从信任的角度探讨了研发外包中的知识转移问题。借鉴Nguyen有关信任的研究成果,将研发外包中信任的发展划分为了解和认同两个阶段,并分别构建厂商和研发机构之间的知识转移博弈模型,探讨信任发展不同阶段研发外包知识转移的策略。结果表明:信任能够有效提升研发外包知识转移水平,并能增加厂商和研发机构的共同收益。 相似文献
12.
Philip J. Nickel 《Ethics and Information Technology》2011,13(4):355-363
In this paper, I examine the ethics of e-trust and e-trustworthiness in the context of health care, looking at direct computer-patient interfaces (DCPIs), information systems that provide medical
information, diagnosis, advice, consenting and/or treatment directly to patients without clinicians as intermediaries. Designers,
manufacturers and deployers of such systems have an ethical obligation to provide evidence of their trustworthiness to users.
My argument for this claim is based on evidentialism about trust and trustworthiness: the idea that trust should be based on sound evidence of trustworthiness. Evidence of trustworthiness
is a broader notion than one might suppose, including not just information about the risks and performance of the system,
but also interactional and context-based information. I suggest some sources of evidence in this broader sense that make it
plausible that designers, manufacturers and deployers of DCPIs can provide evidence to users that is cognitively simple, easy
to communicate, yet rationally connected with actual trustworthiness. 相似文献
13.
Wei-Wen Wu Lawrence W. Lan Yu-Ting LeeAuthor vitae 《International Journal of Information Management》2011,31(6):556-563
Software as a Service (SaaS) is regarded as a favorable solution to enhance a modern organization's IT performance and competitiveness; however, many organizations may still be reluctant to introduce SaaS solutions mainly because of the trust concern—they may perceive more risks than benefits. This paper presumes that an organization will augment the trust of adopting SaaS solutions when perceived risks decrease and/or perceived benefits increase. To gain insights into this issue, a solution framework using a modified Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach is proposed. The core logic is to treat perceived benefits and perceived risks as two distinct themes so that a visible cause–effect diagram can be developed to facilitate the decision makers. A case study is conducted on a Taiwanese company—one of the world's leading manufacturers in the niche and specialized resistor markets. The findings suggest that the case company concern more about strategic-oriented benefits than economic-oriented benefits and more about subjective risks than technical risks. Some implications are addressed accordingly. 相似文献
14.
选取美国能源部、航空航天局(NASA)、国防部下属19家国家实验室,从论文总量、资助机构、作者来源、国内外合作研究、科学设施与装置的利用情况及论文影响力几个方面分析美国典型国家实验室的科研特征.研究发现,美国典型国家实验室的科研活动以政府主管部门为其主要资助机构,国防相关部门为重要资助来源,以灵活多样的人才聘用形式(双聘人员)聚集相关领域的优势科研人员展开研究,科研合作具有较显著的开放性和国际化特征,注重科学设施与装置的开放和共享利用,且科研产出成果的影响力高. 相似文献
15.
信任机制是模块化生产网络顺利运作的保障。研究了信任在模块化生产网络中的重要作用,分析了模块化生产网络的3种主要角色。构建了模块集成商与供应商之间的信任博弈模型,并建立了基于声誉的动态激励模型。结果表明：模块化生产网络的信任机制实质上是一种利益博弈问题,信任博弈具有帕累托改进性质的分配规则;声誉成为成员合作的一个有效激励,而动态激励机制注意到了模块供应商基于长期合作的声誉维护,起到了增强激励效应的作用。 相似文献
16.
资源法律规制、规划规制、标准规制和指标规制构成资源规制的基本体系,其中资源法律规制是最高层次的规制,规制效力最强。本文在对资源法律规制的规制主体、规制内容和规制强度的演进历程进行梳理的基础上,将建国以来中国资源法律规制分为四个阶段：起源阶段（1949年-1966年）、停滞阶段（1967年-1976年）、起步阶段（1977年-2000年）和拓展提升阶段（2000年-）。研究认为,目前中国的资源法律规制存在诸多问题：资源法律规制体系尚未建立,缺乏系统性的自然资源基本法;规制主体繁多,但是缺乏独立的规制主体;惩罚性手段多,奖励性手段少;规制内容不全面、不协调,存在规制交叉、重叠和冲突的情况;规制结果考核有效性不足,缺乏对规制者的规制。未来,中国应从完善资源法律体系、明确资源法律规制主体及其责任、提高资源法律规制的强度、实现资源规制手段的多元化等方面建立健全中国资源法律规制体系。 相似文献
17.
构建多阶段动态博弈模型,研究竞争市场中,政府的战略性创新激励政策、价格管制政策和医保支付政策对制药企业创新激励和创新药市场绩效的综合作用机制。研究表明:价格管制并非总是降低制药企业的创新激励,在一定条件下,价格管制能够引导企业的创新投入实现社会最优配置;价格管制政策和医保支付政策合理匹配,可实现制药企业、医疗机构、患者、医保机构和政府的"多赢";政府的战略性创新激励政策能够对制药企业的创新投入进行双向调节,引导其实现社会最优配置,进而提高制药企业的利润和社会总福利;当管制价格高于社会最优的管制价格时,提高医保福利水平和降低管制价格均会削弱战略性创新激励政策的实施效果。 相似文献
18.
This paper analyzes the effect of university research centers on the productivity and collaboration patterns of university faculty. University research centers are an important subject for policy analysis insofar that they have become the predominant policy response to scientific and technical demands that have not been met by extant institutions, including academic departments, private firms, and government laboratories. Specifically, these centers aim to organize researchers from across the disciplines and sectors which, collectively as a research unit, possess the scientific and technical capacity relevant to scientific and technical goals of the sponsoring agencies. In this paper, we measure the productivity and collaboration patterns of university researchers affiliated with a relatively large-scale and “mature” university research center to discern the effects, if any, of the center mechanism on individual scientists and engineers. Based on an analysis of longitudinal bibliometric data, the results from this case study demonstrate affiliation with the center to be effective at enhancing overall productivity as well as at facilitating cross-discipline, cross-sector, and inter-institutional productivity and collaborations. 相似文献
19.
Barry Boezman 《Research Policy》1978,7(4):384-405
Despite widespread dissatisfaction with the quality of scientific information employed in planning and policy-making in public agencies, relatively little is known about the scientific information acquisition behaviors of public managers. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate research on scientific information acquisition in public agencies by suggesting that: (1) planning and policy-making are ‘policy technologies’ and share certain attributes with more traditional technologies; (2) many propositions developed in the literature on information flows in R&D labs are, therefore, helpful in structuring thinking about information flows in public agencies; and (3) it may be possible self-consciously to design social and organizational structures so as to enhance informal flows of scientific information. After gleaning some of the propositions concerning scientific information flows from the R&D management literature, an ‘ideal design’ approach is employed to develop a model in which the social and organizational structures of a public agency optimize scientific information flow. 相似文献
20.
科技伦理与安全审查的内在理路与二元结构———以《生物安全法》为中心展开 《科学学研究》2022,40(7):1163-1171
科技研发应当遵循“科技向善”的理念,科技伦理与安全审查机制的建立十分重要。科技伦理与安全审查机制是生物安全风险防控和治理体系建设的重要组成部分,科技伦理与安全审查从“形式要件”到“实质要件”,均应当体现实体伦理正义和程序伦理正义的科技善治。我国应当构建科技伦理与安全审查二元体系结构:在内部审查结构中,制定具有统一性的科技伦理与安全审查实体性规则、程序性规则,从审查方式、审查标准、审查类型、主体法律责任四个方面对科技研发行为和科技产出成果予以规范。在外部审查结构中,建立信用机制及负面清单制度,形塑公众参与式审查模式,以期从源头有效规避科技伦理与安全风险。 相似文献