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1.
Junting Zhong Xiaoye Zhang Ke Gui Yaqiang Wang Huizheng Che Xiaojing Shen Lei Zhang Yangmei Zhang Junying Sun Wenjie Zhang 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(10)
Retrieving historical fine particulate matter (PM2.5) data is key for evaluating the long-term impacts of PM2.5 on the environment, human health and climate change. Satellite-based aerosol optical depth has been used to estimate PM2.5, but estimations have largely been undermined by massive missing values, low sampling frequency and weak predictive capability. Here, using a novel feature engineering approach to incorporate spatial effects from meteorological data, we developed a robust LightGBM model that predicts PM2.5 at an unprecedented predictive capacity on hourly (R2 = 0.75), daily (R2 = 0.84), monthly (R2 = 0.88) and annual (R2 = 0.87) timescales. By taking advantage of spatial features, our model can also construct hourly gridded networks of PM2.5. This capability would be further enhanced if meteorological observations from regional stations were incorporated. Our results show that this model has great potential in reconstructing historical PM2.5 datasets and real-time gridded networks at high spatial-temporal resolutions. The resulting datasets can be assimilated into models to produce long-term re-analysis that incorporates interactions between aerosols and physical processes. 相似文献
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“二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和”这一国家战略目标，不仅体现了我国作为世界大国的担当，也符合我国经济产业结构转型的需要。城市在我国人口、能源消耗、碳排放中均占据主导地位，是我国实现碳达峰、碳中和的主战场。文章首先指出城市能源系统在推进国家“双碳”目标中的重要角色及其面临的重要挑战。然后，以澳门为例分析城市能源消费、碳排放的基本特征。最后，提出“推广需求侧管理为主、利用分布式清洁能源为辅、主动外购绿电为补充、发展智能化技术为支撑”的城市实现碳中和的技术路径，为推动我国城市碳中和进程提供参考依据。 相似文献
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北京城市绿地对大气PM_(2.5)的削减作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
PM2.5导致的大气污染已经成为中国经济快速发展地区共同面临的问题。城市绿地对削减大气PM2.5具有一定的作用。本研究基于NDVI数据模拟北京城市绿地叶面积指数,再利用干沉降模型模拟区域绿地PM2.5削减量,最后根据大气PM2.5存量计算了绿地对大气PM2.5的去除效果。研究结果显示,2000年、2005年和2010年北京城市绿地PM2.5削减总量分别为1 861t、2 987t和3 852t,单位面积削减量分别为22.71kg/hm2、24.64kg/hm2和33.36kg/hm2,可分别将研究区内PM2.5削减0.07%、0.12%和0.19%。苗圃与果园、社区林和路旁林的PM2.5削减总量较高,而针阔混交林、灌木林和针叶林的单位面积削减量较高。五环以外绿地的PM2.5削减总量、单位面积削减量和大气PM2.5去除率都高于五环以内绿地。本研究可以为北京城市规划中更好发挥绿地缓解大气PM2.5作用提供决策依据。 相似文献
5.
Yonghong Wang Wenkang Gao Shuai Wang Tao Song Zhengyu Gong Dongsheng Ji Lili Wang Zirui Liu Guiqian Tang Yanfeng Huo Shili Tian Jiayun Li Mingge Li Yuan Yang Biwu Chu Tuukka Petj Veli-Matti Kerminen Hong He Jiming Hao Markku Kulmala Yuesi Wang Yuanhang Zhang 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(8):1331
Although much attention has been paid to investigating and controlling air pollution in China, the trends of air-pollutant concentrations on a national scale have remained unclear. Here, we quantitatively investigated the variation of air pollutants in China using long-term comprehensive data sets from 2013 to 2017, during which Chinese government made major efforts to reduce anthropogenic emission in polluted regions. Our results show a significant decreasing trend in the PM2.5 concentration in heavily polluted regions of eastern China, with an annual decrease of ∼7% compared with measurements in 2013. The measured decreased concentrations of SO2, NO2 and CO (a proxy for anthropogenic volatile organic compounds) could explain a large fraction of the decreased PM2.5 concentrations in different regions. As a consequence, the heavily polluted days decreased significantly in corresponding regions. Concentrations of organic aerosol, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium and chloride measured in urban Beijing revealed a remarkable reduction from 2013 to 2017, connecting the decreases in aerosol precursors with corresponding chemical components closely. However, surface-ozone concentrations showed increasing trends in most urban stations from 2013 to 2017, which indicates stronger photochemical pollution. The boundary-layer height in capital cities of eastern China showed no significant trends over the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions from 2013 to 2017, which confirmed the reduction in anthropogenic emissions. Our results demonstrated that the Chinese government was successful in the reduction of particulate matter in urban areas from 2013 to 2017, although the ozone concentration has increased significantly, suggesting a more complex mechanism of improving Chinese air quality in the future. 相似文献
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基于LMDI模型的中国主要大气污染物的空间差异及其影响因素分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为挖掘大气污染物排放量和污染治理效果的主要影响因素,本文运用LMDI分解模型,对全国和30个省份2000-2010年间的主要大气污染物排放量的变化进行因素分解,并通过构建四象限法评价地区差异。在此基础上,从技术效应、结构效应和规模效应三方面分析治理投资等因素对SO2去除量的贡献。研究结果显示:在影响大气污染物排放量变化的五个因素中,大气污染物末端治理措施、能源结构和能源强度对SO2、烟尘的排放量变化率呈现负向效应,尤其是末端治理措施负向效应最大,"十五"时期和"十一五"时期,其对SO2排放量变化的贡献度均值由-10.4%变为-49.9%、对烟尘的贡献度由-60.7%变为-73.7%,而经济规模和煤炭污染强度呈现正向效应,经济规模贡献度高达50%以上,但呈下降趋势。针对SO2去除量变化率的分解结果显示中国大气污染治理由规模和结构拉动型转为技术和规模拉动型,各省间技术效应和结构效应差别较大、规模效应差异小。 相似文献
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Applying metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in electrochemical systems is a currently emerging field owing to the rich metal nodes and highly specific surface area of MOFs. However, the problems for MOFs that need to be solved urgently are poor electrical conductivity and low ion transport. Here we present a facile in situ growth method for the rational synthesis of MOFs@hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCS) yolk–shell-structured hybrid material for the first time. The size of the encapsulated Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67) is well controlled to 100 nm due to the spatial confinement effect of HMCS, and the electrical conductivity of ZIF-67 is also increased significantly. The ZIF@HMCS-25% hybrid material obtained exhibits a highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction activity with 0.823 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) half-wave potential and an even higher kinetic current density (JK = 13.8 mA cm−2) than commercial Pt/C. ZIF@HMCS-25% also displays excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance and the overpotential of ZIF@HMCS-25% at 10 mA cm−2 is 407 mV. In addition, ZIF@HMCS-25% is further employed as an air electrode for a rechargeable Zn–air battery, exhibiting a high power density (120.2 mW cm−2 at 171.4 mA cm−2) and long-term charge/discharge stability (80 h at 5 mA cm−2). This MOFs@HMCS yolk–shell design provides a versatile method for the application of MOFs as electrocatalysts directly. 相似文献
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Honglin He Shaoqiang Wang Li Zhang Junbang Wang Xiaoli Ren Lei Zhou Shilong Piao Hao Yan Weimin Ju Fengxue Gu Shiyong Yu Yuanhe Yang Miaomiao Wang Zhongen Niu Rong Ge Huimin Yan Mei Huang Guoyi Zhou Yongfei Bai Zongqiang Xie Zhiyao Tang Bingfang Wu Leiming Zhang Nianpeng He Qiufeng Wang Guirui Yu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2019,6(3):505
The carbon budgets in terrestrial ecosystems in China are strongly coupled with climate changes. Over the past decade, China has experienced dramatic climate changes characterized by enhanced summer monsoon and decelerated warming. However, the changes in the trends of terrestrial net ecosystem production (NEP) in China under climate changes are not well documented. Here, we used three ecosystem models to simulate the spatiotemporal variations in China''s NEP during 1982–2010 and quantify the contribution of the strengthened summer monsoon and warming hiatus to the NEP variations in four distinct climatic regions of the country. Our results revealed a decadal-scale shift in NEP from a downtrend of –5.95 Tg C/yr2 (reduced sink) during 1982–2000 to an uptrend of 14.22 Tg C/yr2 (enhanced sink) during 2000–10. This shift was essentially induced by the strengthened summer monsoon, which stimulated carbon uptake, and the warming hiatus, which lessened the decrease in the NEP trend. Compared to the contribution of 56.3% by the climate effect, atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen deposition had relatively small contributions (8.6 and 11.3%, respectively) to the shift. In conclusion, within the context of the global-warming hiatus, the strengthening of the summer monsoon is a critical climate factor that enhances carbon uptake in China due to the asymmetric response of photosynthesis and respiration. Our study not only revealed the shift in ecosystem carbon sequestration in China in recent decades, but also provides some insight for understanding ecosystem carbon dynamics in other monsoonal areas. 相似文献
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在大气雾霾治理进程中,认为大气雾霾治理对中国经济发展带来负面影响是当前的一个主导想法,这导致政府对进一步改善大气质量产生为难情绪。文章采用2013—2018年的统计数据和实地调研数据,分析了潜在受影响部门的产量、盈利及新兴产业的发展。并以环保产业作为案例,说明大气雾霾治理对经济发展的作用。研究结果发现：和目前普遍认为的“大气雾霾治理对经济产生负面影响”的结论不一致,近年来大气雾霾治理的重点地区,特别是京津冀地区,在环境质量提升的同时,潜在受负面影响的行业经济也发展良好;此外,先行治理地区的相关环保产业发展良好,并引领全国。该结论对当前进一步深度大气治理仍存疑虑的地区有一定启发。地方政府可以充分利用大气雾霾治理的机会,将环境治理、大气雾霾治理,以及温室气体减排和本地产业发展结合起来,形成良性发展格局,促进本地经济发展。中国也应坚定不移地实现自身的环境根本性变革和CO2深度减排,这既是人类命运共同体在环境、气候变化领域的体现,也是为中国企业在全球的发展提供的巨大机遇。 相似文献
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在碳中和背景下,我国能源系统需要深度转型,而发展新能源是能源转型的核心。文章利用综合经济社会效益评价模型框架,比较了当前能源系统转型力度下和未来能源系统加速转型下的经济社会成本和收益。研究表明,以新能源为主体的能源系统深度转型是实现2060年碳中和目标和美丽中国的空气质量要求的必要条件;风光发电的大规模发展将促进自身成本和我国用能成本的进一步下降,带动我国光伏和风电设备出口及其他出口行业的发展,驱动经济的持续增长。加速能源转型还将带动就业岗位的净增长和环境健康效益,避免大量因碳排放造成的社会成本。 相似文献
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提升油品质量、降低机动车污染物排放,对改善我国空气质量至关重要。通过隧道试验测试了道路机动车污染物排放水平,从我国8大城市加油站收集的汽柴油样品实测了其硫含量和烃类组成等指标,用先进的烟雾箱系统模拟了汽油车和柴油车尾气直接排放和二次反应生成的颗粒物,并探讨了机动车尾气对细颗粒物(PM2.5)的综合贡献与油品之间的关系。在分析我国油品升级所需的脱硫、重整、加氢等技术需求的基础上,初步估算了我国汽柴油全面升级的直接投资需求。文章也揭示了突破柴油发动机和柴油深加工技术对我国机动车减排的重要意义。 相似文献
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《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(2)
Resolving regional carbon budgets is critical for informing land-based mitigation policy. For nine regions covering nearly the whole globe, we collected inventory estimates of carbon-stock changes complemented by satellite estimates of biomass changes where inventory data are missing. The net land–atmospheric carbon exchange (NEE) was calculated by taking the sum of the carbon-stock change and lateral carbon fluxes from crop and wood trade, and riverine-carbon export to the ocean. Summing up NEE from all regions, we obtained a global ‘bottom-up’ NEE for net land anthropogenic CO2 uptake of –2.2 ± 0.6 PgC yr−1 consistent with the independent top-down NEE from the global atmospheric carbon budget during 2000–2009. This estimate is so far the most comprehensive global bottom-up carbon budget accounting, which set up an important milestone for global carbon-cycle studies. By decomposing NEE into component fluxes, we found that global soil heterotrophic respiration amounts to a source of CO2 of 39 PgC yr−1 with an interquartile of 33–46 PgC yr−1—a much smaller portion of net primary productivity than previously reported. 相似文献
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Qingyang Hu Jin Liu Jiuhua Chen Bingmin Yan Yue Meng Vitali B Prakapenka Wendy L Mao Ho-Kwang Mao 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(4):16-23
Understanding the mineralogy of the Earth''s interior is a prerequisite for unravelling the evolution and dynamics of our planet. Here, we conducted high pressure-temperature experiments mimicking the conditions of the deep lower mantle (DLM, 1800–2890 km in depth) and observed surprising mineralogical transformations in the presence of water. Ferropericlase, (Mg, Fe)O, which is the most abundant oxide mineral in Earth, reacts with H2O to form a previously unknown (Mg, Fe)O2Hx (x ≤ 1) phase. The (Mg, Fe)O2Hx has a pyrite structure and it coexists with the dominant silicate phases, bridgmanite and post-perovskite. Depending on Mg content and geotherm temperatures, the transformation may occur at 1800 km for (Mg0.6Fe0.4)O or beyond 2300 km for (Mg0.7Fe0.3)O. The (Mg, Fe)O2Hx is an oxygen excess phase that stores an excessive amount of oxygen beyond the charge balance of maximum cation valences (Mg2+, Fe3+ and H+). This important phase has a number of far-reaching implications including extreme redox inhomogeneity, deep-oxygen reservoirs in the DLM and an internal source for modulating oxygen in the atmosphere. 相似文献
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Most metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hardly maintain their physical and chemical properties after exposure to alkaline aqueous solutions, thus precluding their use as potential electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. Here, we present the design and synthesis of a highly alkaline-stable metal oxide@MOF composite, Co3O4 nanocube@Co-MOF (Co3O4@Co-MOF), via a controllable and facile one-pot hydrothermal method under highly alkaline conditions. The obtained composite possesses exceptional alkaline stability, retaining its original structure in 3.0 M KOH for at least 15 days. Benefitting from the exceptional alkaline stability, unique structure, and larger surface area, the Co3O4@Co-MOF composite shows a specific capacitance as high as 1020 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and a high cycling stability with only 3.3% decay after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The as-constructed solid-state flexible device exhibits a maximum energy density of 21.6 mWh cm−3. 相似文献
15.
2030年前碳达峰、2060年前碳中和已被确定为中国经济社会发展的重要战略目标。当前,中国陆地生态系统碳汇能力约为每年10亿—13亿吨二氧化碳（CO2）。巩固和提升生态碳汇功能,需要与国土空间规划和生态保护等相结合,稳定现有森林、草原、湿地、滨海碳碳汇,进而实施生态保护与修复等重大增汇工程,同时还需要推动生态系统管理及新型生物/生态碳捕集、利用与封存技术（Bio-CCUS/Eco-CCUS）的开发应用。通过统筹陆地-河流-海洋国土空间规划和各种增汇技术,有望实现中国区域生态系统自然和人为碳汇功能倍增目标,即在2050—2060年实现每年20亿—25亿吨CO2的碳汇贡献。当前,亟待系统梳理生态系统碳汇提升关键技术,科学评估其增汇效应、经济可行性和时间可持续性,集成不同区域增汇技术并开展区域示范。 相似文献
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Yang Gao Feng Zhou Philippe Ciais Chiyuan Miao Tao Yang Yanlong Jia Xudong Zhou Butterbach-Bahl Klaus Tiantian Yang Guirui Yu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(2):430
In the past three decades, China has built more than 87 000 dams with a storage capacity of ≈6560 km3 and the total surface area of inland water has increased by 6672 km2. Leaching of N from fertilized soils to rivers is the main source of N pollution in China, but the exposure of a growing inland water area to direct atmospheric N deposition and N leaching caused by N deposition on the terrestrial ecosystem, together with increased N deposition and decreased N flow, also tends to raise N concentrations in most inland waters. The contribution of this previously ignored source of N deposition to freshwaters is estimated in this study, as well as mitigation strategies. The results show that the annual amounts of N depositions ranged from 4.9 to 16.6 kg · ha−1 · yr−1 in the 1990s to exceeding 20 kg · ha−1 · yr−1 in the 2010s over most of regions in China, so the total mass of ΔN (the net contribution of N deposition to the increase in N concentration) for lakes, rivers and reservoirs change from 122.26 Gg N · yr−1 in the 1990s to 237.75 Gg N · yr−1 in the 2010s. It is suggested that reducing the N deposition from various sources, shortening the water-retention time in dams and decreasing the degree of regulation for rivers are three main measures for preventing a continuous increase in the N-deposition pollution to inland water in China. 相似文献
17.
Siqi Lu Lin Xie Kang Lai Runkun Chen Lu Cao Kuojuei Hu Xuefeng Wang Jinsen Han Xiangang Wan Jianguo Wan Qing Dai Fengqi Song Jiaqing He Jiayu Dai Jianing Chen Zhenlin Wang Guanghou Wang 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(12)
The plasmonic response of gold clusters with atom number (N) = 100–70 000 was investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy. For decreasing N, the bulk plasmon remains unchanged above N = 887 but then disappears, while the surface plasmon firstly redshifts from 2.4 to 2.3 eV above N = 887 before blueshifting towards 2.6 eV down to N = 300, and finally splitting into three fine features. The surface plasmon''s excitation ratio is found to follow N0.669, which is essentially R2. An atomically precise evolution picture of plasmon physics is thus demonstrated according to three regimes: classical plasmon (N = 887–70 000), quantum confinement corrected plasmon (N = 300–887) and molecule related plasmon (N < 300). 相似文献
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我国作为碳排放大国,面临着碳达峰、碳中和（以下简称“双碳”）目标任务和国际碳减排压力。因此,准确的碳排放数据对于评估“双碳”目标和国际履约非常重要。联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）报告推荐将二氧化碳（CO2）观测与大气反演结合来“自上而下”地校验“自下而上”的碳排放清单,并指出加入大气14CO2观测可以更准确地校验碳排放清单。放射性碳同位素（ 14C）是化石源CO2最准确的示踪剂,已被国际社会广泛推荐用于碳排放评估。文章基于大气14CO2观测的国际发展趋势和国内的紧迫状况,建议加大支持力度,建立大气14CO2观测网络;开展培训,统一相关标准,积极参与国际交流;尽快开展14CO2观测与大气反演相结合的研究。以此使我国的碳排放研究水平与国际接轨,并提高碳排放数据的可靠性,进而服务国家的“双碳”目标和气候外交谈判。 相似文献
19.
Hydrothermal fluid is essential for transporting metals in the crust and mantle. To explore the potential of Cu isotopes as a tracer of hydrothermal-fluid activity, Cu-isotope fractionation factors between Cl-bearing aqueous fluids and silicate magmas (andesite, dacite, rhyolite dacite, rhyolite and haplogranite) were experimentally calibrated. Fluids containing 1.75–14 wt.% Cl were mixed together with rock powders in Au95Cu5 alloy capsules, which were equilibrated in cold-seal pressure vessels for 5–13 days at 800–850°C and 2 kbar. The elemental and Cu-isotopic compositions of the recovered aqueous fluid and solid phases were analyzed by (LA-) ICP–MS and multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. Our experimental results show that the fluid phases are consistently enriched in heavy Cu isotope (65Cu) relative to the coexisting silicates. The Cu-isotope fractionation factor (Δ65CuFLUID-MELT) ranges from 0.08 ± 0.01‰ to 0.69 ± 0.02‰. The experimental results show that the Cu-isotopic fractionation factors between aqueous fluids and silicates strongly depend on the Cu speciation in the fluids (e.g. CuCl(H2O), CuCl2– and CuCl32−) and silicate melts (CuO1/2), suggesting that the exsolved fluids may have higher δ65Cu than the residual magmas. Our results suggest the elevated δ65Cu values in Cu-enriched rocks could be produced by addition of aqueous fluids exsolved from magmas. Together with previous studies on Cu isotopes in the brine and vapor phases of porphyry deposits, our results are helpful for better understanding Cu-mineralization processes. 相似文献
20.
Shengli Tao Jingyun Fang Suhui Ma Qiong Cai Xinyu Xiong Di Tian Xia Zhao Leqi Fang Heng Zhang Jiangling Zhu Shuqing Zhao 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(1):132
Lakes have played a critical role in providing water and ecosystem services for people and other organisms in China for millennia. However, accelerating climate change and economic boom have resulted in unprecedented changes in these valuable lakes. Using Landsat images covering the entity of the country, we explored the changes in China’s lakes and the associated driving forces over the last 30 years (i.e. mid-1980s to 2015). We discovered that China’s lakes have changed with divergent regional trends: in the sparsely populated Tibetan Plateau, lakes are abundant and the lake area has increased dramatically from 38 596 to 46 831 km2 (i.e. increased by 8235 km2, or 21.3%), whereas, in the densely populated northern and eastern regions, lakes are relatively scarce and the lake area has decreased from 36 659 to 33 657 km2 (i.e. decreased by 3002 km2, or 8.2%). In particular, severe lake decreases occurred in the Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau and the Eastern Plain (−2151 km2). Statistical analyses indicated that climate was the most important factor controlling lake changes in the Tibetan Plateau, the Yun-Gui Plateau and the Northeast Plain. However, the strength of climatic control on lake changes was low in the Eastern Plain and the Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau, where human activities, e.g. impoldering, irrigation and mining, have caused serious impacts on lakes. Further lake changes will exacerbate regional imbalances between lake resources and population distribution, and thus may increase the risk of water-resource crises in China. 相似文献