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1.
井兰香  刘宇 《体育学刊》2012,(5):140-144
为测试超等长阻力训练前后原地垂直纵跳动作下肢各关节角速度及角加速度,计算下肢各关节角刚度,观察超等长阻力训练对下肢各关节角动力学的影响。将16名青年男子篮球运动员随机分成超等长阻力训练组和常规训练对照组。采用VICON和三维测力台采集每个动作的运动学和动力学数据,计算下肢各关节角速度及角加速度,并经逆动力学方法计算下肢净关节力矩。结果可见,超等长阻力训练组髋、踝关节角速度和角刚度明显高于对照组,膝关节角速度及角刚度两组没有明显差异;超等长阻力训练组髋、膝、踝关节角加速度均显著高于对照组。结果说明超等长阻力训练可降低拉长-缩短周期支撑时间、缩短摊还期、增强肌肉-肌腱复合体能量转换能力、提高下肢肌肉爆发力。适于需要关节角速度、角加速度及爆发力的项目。  相似文献   

2.
不同负重超等长练习下肢各关节作用分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
目的:研究不同负重超等长练习髋、膝、踝关节平均净关节力矩,比较下肢各关节的贡献度,探讨不同负重超等长练习对下肢各关节肌肉力量和爆发力的影响;方法:对16名篮球运动员进行不同负重的下肢超等长练习,采用VICON和三维测力台采集不同负重超等长练习动作的运动学和动力学数据,并经标准逆向动力学计算下肢净关节力矩;结果:无负重超等长练习膝关节贡献度最大,加裁不同负重后的超等长练习髋关节贡献度明显增加.关节贡献度的升高与负重的增加并无线性关系;结论:无负重超等长练习优先发展膝关节肌快速力量;低负重超等长练习主要发展髋关节肌肉绝对力量和爆发力;较大负重超等长练习主要发展髋关节肌肉绝对力量.  相似文献   

3.
目的:采集不同高度跳深训练动作动力学数据,测量自不同高度平台下落着地前下肢肌肉活性,比较不同高度对下肢肌肉预激活调节的影响.方法:对未经系统跳深训练的16名健康男性受试者进行低、最佳、高三种平台高度的跳深练习,记录每次跳深动作着地前150 ms内腓肠肌内侧头、股直肌、股外侧肌、胫骨前肌、股二头肌的表面肌电信号,计算积分肌电和最大振幅.记录跳深动作过程腾空时间和着地支撑时间,计算平均输出功率.结果:最佳高度条件下腾空时间最长,低平台条件下跳深输出功率最高.除腓肠肌内侧头以外,其他肌肉预激活均随着跳深平台高度增加而增加.多数肌肉预激活显著性差异出现在低-高之间,低-最佳、最佳.高之间肌肉预激活差异性不显著.结论:高于最佳高度时下肢肌肉预激活与地面反作用力不协调.跳深输出功率是较恰当的下肢超等长训练参数.实践中采用跳深法对下肢肌肉进行爆发力训练时,宜以最佳高度或低于最佳高度的形式.  相似文献   

4.
目的:测试不同负重超等长训练髋、膝、踝关节角冲量及做功,分析负重对下肢各关节角冲量及关节做功贡献度的影响。方法:对16名健康男性篮球运动员进行不同负重下肢超等长训练,采用VICON和三维测力台采集每个动作的运动学和动力学数据,经逆向动力学方法计算下肢净关节力矩,并由此推导下肢各关节角冲量及做功。结果:离心阶段下肢各关节角冲量与负重均呈正相关;向心阶段髋关节角冲量与负重正相关,膝、踝关节角冲量与负重不相关。无负重及小强度负重超等长训练动作膝关节贡献度最大;大强度负重时髋关节贡献度最大。结论:下肢三个关节中髋关节肌受负重影响最大,是大强度超等长训练的主要目标肌。膝关节肌是无负重及小强度超等长训练的主要目标肌。实践中应根据下肢各关节贡献度确定目标肌,采取相应强度的超等长训练。  相似文献   

5.
交变负荷训练法对肌肉力量训练效果影响的实验研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
目的:采用自制振动台为干预手段,对下肢肌肉进行力量交变负荷力量训练,研究交变负荷力量训练对肌肉力量增长效果的影响。方法:将上海体育学院体育教育专业男子跳远运动员10名,随机分为“交变负荷训练组”和“传统力量训练组”,两组共接受8周训练,每周3次,实验前后一周内利用测力台和B iodex对原地纵跳能力和下肢三大关节屈伸肌肌群的一般、快速力量和缓冲力等指标进行测定。结果:振动刺激训练能够有效地提高受试者的原地纵跳能力,下肢三大关节屈伸肌肌群的一般、快速力量和缓冲能力,组间比较具有显著性差异。结论:交变负荷力量训练法能有效地提高肌肉力量训练的效果。  相似文献   

6.
我国部分优秀男子跳远运动员起跳环节肌肉用力特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
通过表面肌电遥测和高速摄影同步测试,揭示优秀跳远运动员起跳环节肌肉用力特征.结果显示:在起跳环节中,股外侧肌、股内侧肌、股二头肌、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌是起跳腿的主要用力肌肉;在起跳腿即将着地前,所测肌肉均有较明显的预激活现象;着地后,肌肉用力的激活顺序依次为胫骨前肌、股二头肌与股内侧肌、股外侧肌、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌内侧头、股直肌、臀大肌;肌肉用力的失活顺序依次为胫骨前肌、股直肌、股内侧肌、股外侧肌、臀大肌、腓肠肌、股二头肌、比目鱼肌;肌肉用力持续时间长短依次为股二头肌、比目鱼肌、股外侧肌、腓肠肌内侧头和股内侧肌、臀大肌、股直肌、胫骨前肌.起跳腿拮抗肌共同收缩的特征为:缓冲阶段踝关节拮抗肌共同收缩最强烈,而在蹬伸阶段膝关节拮抗肌共同收缩最强烈.  相似文献   

7.
目的：通过新型的肌肉无创诊断技术--肌肉功能状态分析仪（TMG）,分析振动训练后下肢肌肉的机械收缩状态,评估振动训练的效果和慢性踝关节不稳（CAI）患者恢复过程中下肢肌肉功能状态的变化。方法：招募并筛选出慢性踝关节不稳患者13例,随机分为实验组（振动训练组,7人）和对照组（非振动训练组,6人）。振动训练组下肢功能训练在Power Plate振动台上进行,而对照组的训练在非振动台上进行。训练负荷及时间：持续时间30 min,刺激频率为45 Hz,一周两次,共8周。两组受试者者在病情、症状、体征、纳入标准上均无差异。测试指标：采用肌肉状态分析仪（TMG）测试肌肉的机械收缩指标,主要指标有肌肉收缩时间（Tc）、放松时间（Tr）、径向位移（Dm）。测试肌肉包括腓肠肌内、外侧（GM、GL）和胫骨前肌（TA）。结果：8周的训练后与实验前相比,振动训练组和对照组较实验前Tc都有所增加,但对照组增加的更多,两组较实验前都没有显著性差异。振动训练组GM的Tr时间缩短了12.3%,对照组增加了45.7%,较实验前有显著性差异,P＜0.05。对照组变化的比率较振动训练组也有显著性差异,P＜0.05, 而TA和GL虽有变化,但无显著差异。振动训练组TA的Dm增长13.52%,对照组却缩短了0.25%,但都没有显著性差异。振动训练组GL、GM的Dm分别增长了42.7%、38.4%,较对照组有显著性差异。实验组受试者睁眼单腿站立时间较实验前提高61.2%,差异显著,P＜0.05。对照组睁眼单腿站立时间较实验前提高44.9%,无显著性差异。结论：CAI患者在康复训练过程中,TA、GM和GL的收缩时间和径向位移均增加,而放松时间没有明显的一致性变化,这提示振动训练可以提高CAI患者的肌肉收缩能力。振动训练和常规训练均可以提高CAI患者的平衡能力,但振动训练的效果更显著。TMG可以作为CAI患者康复过程中肌肉功能状态的评估手段。  相似文献   

8.
目的探讨加压力量训练对排球运动员下肢肌肉力量的影响,为进一步优化增强下肢肌力方案、探索新的有效的训练方法提供依据。方法通过实验法,筛选身体健康,无下肢运动损伤及其它限制上下肢运动的疾病的专项排球运动员1人,对其下肢进行加压力量训练。使用Biodex System3.0等速测试系统测量他训练前后的伸髋肌群,屈髋肌群,伸膝肌群和屈膝肌群的最大肌力,比较训练前后肌力的变化,从而确定加压训练对排球运动员的下肢肌力的影响。结果经4周加压力量训练后,受试者下肢肌肉力量均明显增强。结论 4周加压力量训练对排球运动员下肢肌力有促进作用。  相似文献   

9.
肌肉力量和肥大是阻力训练的两个主要目标,这两个目标是通过控制各种各样的变量来实现的.动作节奏是一个经常被忽视的训练变量,同时也是提高机体力量和肥大效益不可缺少的变量.尽管在现有的研究中已经广泛调查了不同强度、负荷和间歇时间对肌肉力量和肥大的影响,但许多肌肉的相关文献中少有考虑动作节奏的影响.在离心和向心阶段改变动作节奏...  相似文献   

10.
袁艳  吴贻刚  苏彦炬  李玉章 《体育科学》2012,32(10):64-68,97
附加振动刺激的负重半蹲运动成为一种新兴的下肢力量训练手段,但是,负重半蹲运动中附加不同频率的振动刺激对下肢肌肉的激活特征研究较少。以10名健康男性大学生在不附加振动、分别附加频率为30、40、50Hz共计4种振动刺激条件以及无负重和负重30%最大力量两种负荷条件下完成10次半蹲起的大腿表面肌电活动特征进行研究。实验结果经双因素方差分析,振动刺激对所有被检肌肉肌电均方根值(EMGrms)有显著影响(P<0.05),负重对股直肌、股内侧肌和股外侧肌EMGrms有极显著性影响(P<0.01),对股二头肌和半腱肌无显著影响;振动刺激和负重对各被检测肌肉肌电交互作用不显著。多重比较表明,50Hz的振动频率可以显著提高被检肌群的EMGrms。结论:30%1RM负重可以提高股直肌、股内侧肌和股外侧肌的肌肉激活,但不能增加股二头肌和半腱肌的肌肉激活。无论是否负重,半蹲起练习时附加振动频率为50 Hz的振动刺激可以显著增加大腿肌肉激活(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

11.
采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等探究硬地面与非硬地(水中、沙地)界面上进行“plyometric”训练对运动表现与肌肉损伤的影响,并提出运动训练实践建议。研究发现:硬地与水中plyometric训练均可以提高运动表现,且干预效果相似;硬地与沙地进行plyometric训练,均可以提高运动表现,不同的测试指标反向纵跳、蹲跳、垂直跳的干预效果存在异同。水中和沙地相对于硬地面进行plyometric训练可以明显较少训练后肌肉酸痛程度,降低运动损伤风险。硬地面适应机制:肌腱复合体和关节的训练适应机制;神经-肌肉对训练的适用机制等。水中和沙地的适应机制:“离心-向心”转化速度;神经冲动与适应机制等。对运动训练的建议:在水中进行plyometric训练时,水面一般在身体的腰部-胸部位置,水温的选择一般在27°C左右;水中、硬地plyometric训练的干预周期介于6-10周之间,每周干预频率介于2-3次之间;组合界面plyometric训练的相关研究文献较少,需进一步研究论证;当在硬界面时,中等负荷量可诱导出最佳的效果;在进行Plyometric训练时,强度比量更重要,且小强度优于大强度;不同年龄、性别进行Plyometric训练时,要选择适应的训练手段,水中和沙地面可以作为传统训练的替换手段。  相似文献   

12.
Concurrent plyometric and running training has the potential to improve running economy (RE) and performance through increasing muscle strength and power, but the possible effect on spatiotemporal parameters of running has not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of concurrent plyometric and running training on spatiotemporal parameters and physiological variables of novice runners. Twenty-five male participants were randomly assigned into two training groups; running group (RG) (n?=?11) and running + plyometric group (RPG) (n?=?14). Both groups performed 8 weeks of running training programme, and only the RPG performed a concurrent plyometric training programme (two sessions per week). Anthropometric, physiological (VO2max, heart rate and RE) and spatiotemporal variables (contact and flight times, step rate and length) were registered before and after the intervention. In comparison to RG, the RPG reduced step rate and increased flight times at the same running speeds (P?P?P?2max increased more in the RPG than in the RG. In conclusion, concurrent plyometric and running training entails a reduction in step rate, as well as increases in VT speed, RCT speed, peak speed and VO2max. Athletes could benefit from plyometric training in order to improve their strength, which would contribute to them attaining higher running speeds.  相似文献   

13.
In a randomised controlled trial design, effects of 6 weeks of plyometric training on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance performance were compared in male and female soccer players. Young (age 21.1 ± 2.7 years) players with similar training load and competitive background were assigned to training (women, n = 19; men, n = 21) and control (women, n = 19; men, n = 21) groups. Players were evaluated for lower- and upper-body maximal-intensity exercise, 30 m sprint, change of direction speed and endurance performance before and after 6 weeks of training. After intervention, the control groups did not change, whereas both training groups improved jumps (effect size (ES) = 0.35–1.76), throwing (ES = 0.62–0.78), sprint (ES = 0.86–1.44), change of direction speed (ES = 0.46–0.85) and endurance performance (ES = 0.42–0.62). There were no differences in performance improvements between the plyometric training groups. Both plyometric groups improved more in all performance tests than the controls. The results suggest that adaptations to plyometric training do not differ between men and women.  相似文献   

14.
ObjectiveIn this review, we critically evaluate studies directly comparing the effects of plyometric vs. resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy.MethodsWe conducted electronic searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science to find studies that explored the effects of plyometric vs. resistance training on muscle hypertrophy.ResultsEight relevant studies were included in the review. Six studies compared the effects of plyometric vs. resistance training on muscle hypertrophy, while 2 studies explored the effects of combining plyometric and resistance training vs. isolated resistance training on acute anabolic signaling or muscle hypertrophy. Based on the results of these studies, we conclude that plyometric and resistance training may produce similar effects on whole muscle hypertrophy for the muscle groups of the lower extremities. Therefore, it seems that plyometric training has a greater potential for inducing increases in muscle size than previously thought. Despite the findings observed at the whole muscle level, the evidence for the effects of plyometric training on hypertrophy on the muscle fiber level is currently limited for drawing inferences. Compared to isolated resistance training, combining plyometric and resistance exercise does not seem to produce additive effects on anabolic signaling or muscle growth; however, this area requires future study. The limitations of the current body of evidence are that the findings are specific to (a) musculature of the lower extremities, (b) short-term training interventions that lasted up to 12 weeks, and (c) previously untrained or recreationally active participants.ConclusionThis review highlights that plyometric and resistance training interventions may produce similar effects on whole muscle hypertrophy, at least for the muscle groups of the lower extremities, in untrained and recreationally trained individuals, and over short-term (i.e., ≤12 weeks) intervention periods.  相似文献   

15.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 10 week contrast training (CT) programme (isometric + plyometric) on jumping, sprinting abilities and agility performance in prepubertal basketball players. Fifty-eight children from a basketball academy (age: 8.72 ± 0.97 years; body mass index: 17.22 ± 2.48 kg/m2) successfully completed the study. Participants were randomly assigned to experimental groups (EG, n = 30) and control groups (CG, n = 28). The CT programme was included in the experimental group’s training sessions – twice a week – as part of their usual weekly training regime. This programme included 3 exercises: 1 isometric and 2 plyometric. Jumping, sprinting and agility performance were assessed before and after the training programme. Significant differences were found in posttest between EG and CG in sprint and T-test: EG showed better results than CG. Furthermore, there were significant differences in posttest-pretest between EG and CG in squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump, sprint and T-test with the EG showing better results than CG. The CT programme led to increases in vertical jump, sprint and agility levels, so that the authors suggest that prepubertal children exhibit high muscular strength trainability.  相似文献   

16.
李高华  李春艳 《体育科技》2011,32(2):30-33,54
目的：探讨摔跤运动员血清脂联素的水平及其与体成分的相关性,并分析一次急性抗阻训练对摔跤运动员血清脂联素水平的影响。方法：将研究对象分为运动员组（12人）和对照组（12人）,对安静时血清脂联素的水平及与体成分的关系进行分析。抗阻训练后,休息30min,再测定血清脂联素水平,对比研究摔跤运动员训练前后血清脂联素水平的变化。结果：1．安静时,摔跤运动员血清脂联素水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。2．急性抗阻训练后,血清脂联索水平下降,但没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。3．血清脂联素水平与俸脂％（P〈0．05）、甘油三酯（P〈0．05）有显著负相关;与肌肉（P〈0．05）有显著正相关。结论：1．长期抗阻训练可显著增加血清脂联素水平,急性抗阻训练对脂联素没有显著性影响。2．脂联素与肌肉瘦体、体脂相关。3．单纯用BMI来研究与脂联素的相关关系有一定的局限性,要考虑不同个体体成分差异。  相似文献   

17.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maturation on power and sprint performance adaptations following 6 weeks of plyometric training in youth soccer players during pre-season. Sixty male soccer players were categorized into 3 maturity groups (Pre, Mid and Post peak height velocity [PHV]) and then randomly assigned to plyometric group and control group. Vertical jump, standing long jump, and 20-m sprint (with and without ball) tests were collected before- and after-intervention. After the intervention, the Pre, Mid and Post-PHV groups showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) and small to moderate effect size (ES) improvement in vertical jump (ES = 0.48; 0.57; 0.73), peak power output (E = 0.60; 0.64; 0.76), standing long jump (ES = 0.62; 0.65; 0.7), 20-m sprint (ES = ?0.58; ?0.66), and 20-m sprint with ball (ES = ?0.44; ?0.8; ?0.55) performances. The Post-PHV soccer players indicated greater gains than Pre-PHV in vertical jump and sprint performance after training (P ≤ 0.05). Short-term plyometric training had positive effects on sprinting and jumping-power which are important determinants of match-winning actions in soccer. These results indicate that a sixty foot contact, twice per week program, seems effective in improving power and sprint performance in youth soccer players.  相似文献   

18.
杨时 《体育科研》2012,33(4):85-88
通过步态分析、等速力量、功能性动作（FMS）和十字韧带功能测试等综合手段,对运动员进行前交叉韧带（ACL）损伤后的评估,根据得到的结果分析并对进行相应的康复体能训练（包括本体感觉训练、柔韧性训练、平衡训练、核心力量训练和下肢离心力量训练和plyometric爆发力训练）。发现通过针对性的功能性训练,可有效降低运动员ACL损伤的再发生、缩短损伤后竞技能力与运动表现恢复周期,体现了其在康复体能训练方面的价值。  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

To determine the time course of performance responses after an acute bout of plyometric exercise combined with high and low intensity weight training, a 3-group (including a control group), repeated-measures design was employed. Changes in performance were monitored through jumping ability by measuring countermovement and squat jumping, and strength performance assessment through isometric and isokinetic testing of knee extensors (at two different velocities). Participants in both experimental groups performed a plyometric protocol consisting of 50 jumps over 50 cm hurdles and 50 drop jumps from a 50 cm plyometric box. Additionally, each group performed two basic weight exercises consisting of leg presses and leg extensions at 90–95% of maximum muscle strength for the high intensity group and 60% of maximum muscle strength for the low intensity group. The results of the study suggest that an acute bout of intense plyometric exercise combined with weight exercise induces time-dependent changes in performance, which are also dependent on the nature of exercise protocol and testing procedures. In conclusion, acute plyometric exercise with weight exercise may induce a substantial decline in jumping performance for as long as 72 hours but not in other forms of muscle strength.  相似文献   

20.
以大鼠力竭性运动为模型，观察了牛磺酸和／或递增负荷训练对大鼠力竭运动后即刻红、白肌线粒体Ca^2 -ATP酶活性的影响。结果显示：1)安静时白肌纤维线粒体Ca^2 -ATP酶活性较红肌的高；2)力竭运动使白肌纤维线粒体Ca^2 -ATP酶活性降低，红肌的则升高；3)5周递增负荷训练对白肌纤维线粒体Ca^2 -ATP酶活性影响较大，而对红肌的几乎没有什么影响；4)牛磺酸能使力竭运动后白肌和红肌张维线粒体Ca^2 -ATP酶活性升高，结合训练其作用更明显。结果提示：递增负荷训练中慢运动单位可能较少参与运动，所以该方法可能只对白肌起到积极的锻炼作用，牛磺酸和／或训练有保护白肌和红肌线粒体的功能和防止红肌线粒体功能损伤的作用。  相似文献   

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