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1.
This study uses logistic and multinomial logistic regression models to analyze neighborhood factors affecting EMO(Education Management Organization)-operated schools’ locational attributes (using census tracts) in 41 states for the 2014–2015 school year. Our research combines market-based school reform, institutional theory, and resource dependency to explore one important issue regarding EMO location: What are the factors associated with the presence of varied types and sizes of EMOs in neighborhoods? To our knowledge, this is the first multistate study of neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of EMO-operated schools. The results show that the locational patterns of EMO-operated schools are sensitive to high minority areas, as expected, but also to socioeconomic characteristics of the neighborhood. Our findings also suggest that larger EMOs tend to gravitate to areas where they can mobilize resources. For those concerned about spatial efficiency-equity trade-offs in EMO location policies, our results suggest a need for close monitoring of the distributive patterns of EMO expansion across neighborhoods, racial/ethnic and income groups, and the net effect of EMO location on neighborhood attributes. 相似文献
2.
Education Management Organisations (EMOs), for-profit and non-profit management companies engaged in take-over and operation of public education, are becoming big business in the USA and the UK. It is estimated that in the US, EMOs were projected to generate up to $123 billion dollars in revenue in 2000. In the smaller UK system it is estimated that about 5 billion of services in public education could be contracted out to private organisations per annum. This paper examines the policy frameworks that have enabled EMOs to take-over and progressively contribute to the privatisation of public education in two national settings, the USA and England and Wales. The British scene is distinctive because government policies that have sought to expand the role of the private sector, via public-private partnerships, in the provision of public sector services and its strong accountability system, have provided opportunities for EMOs to be engaged in, or take-over, schools and educational administrative services formerly provided by LEAs. In the US, in the mid-1990s, EMOs were invited to take over school districts and specific schools. However, this practice has been succeeded by a new focus on taking over the management of charter schools. A large capital market that is able to finance enterprises involved in educational services supports the development of EMOs in the US. Our research findings, however, point to halting progress by EMOs in public education in the US. There have been well-publicised failures to deliver the promised better education at a lower cost and also well-documented failure to raise student performance levels in school and school districts. The paper concludes with reflections on the extent to which EMOs have taken forward privatisation and its implications for the governance of education. 相似文献
3.
Joy Martin 《教育政策杂志》2013,28(5):726-741
AbstractTrends towards the marketisation of the schooling sector have led to suggestions that state-funded schools in England will soon be allowed to operate on a for-profit basis. This article has two aims: to contribute to understanding of the regulation and characterisation of existing for-profit schools in England; and to assess the claim that for-profit schools ‘significantly outperform’ all independent schools by exploring the use of large scale databases including the National Pupil Database (NPD). This study highlights the growth of the for-profit sector, and the scarcity of legislation detailing the financial governance, educational oversight and staffing requirements of schools in the for-profit schooling sector. The for-profit schooling sector is found to be underperforming in terms of school inspection ratings at a level of statistical significance in comparison to the state funded schooling sector. Furthermore, performance indicators relating to GCSE and A level results suggest that the for-profit sector is underperforming compared to the not-for-profit independent sector. As such, the findings of this research have implications in undermining the neoliberal argument that has driven significant change in the schooling landscape in recent times. 相似文献
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5.
Dante J. Salto 《Higher Education》2018,75(5):809-825
Brazil has by far the largest higher education system in Latin America, with a sizable share of students enrolled in private-sector institutions. Its recently established and fast-growing for-profit sector is one of the largest worldwide. The for-profit sector already surpasses the public sector in student enrollment, and its role is growing. Public policy has supported for-profit growth, ostensibly for tax revenue reasons, but the federal government has recently launched social initiatives that include tax exemption policies for the for-profit sector in exchange for need-based scholarships. Through exploratory data analysis, this study explores the role, function, and form of the for-profit sector compared with its nonprofit and public counterparts. The findings reveal that the for-profit sector shares some important characteristics with the nonprofit sector but contrasts sharply with the public sector. The study concludes that countries such as Brazil are moving toward public funding for private higher education to meet enrollment targets. These findings may be able to address issues in other countries by considering similar public policies toward private higher education. 相似文献
6.
Why governments run schools 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper discusses problems of uncertainty and imperfect information that bear on organizational choices for schools. A model of choice under uncertainty illustrates the optimality of the equal opportunity provision of schooling in terms of inputs. The model shows why schools offer similar, diverse curricula as a means of allowing students to shed risk about ability and future employment.Elements of transactions cost economics are used to evaluate organizational choice for providing schooling. Problems of opportunism and regulatory costs are discussed in the cases of for-profit, non-profit, and publicly provided schools. 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACT In this article, we introduce a special collection of research articles that consider the processes and consequences of school choice across different social and spatial contexts in order to better understand the relationship between school choice and stratification in educational opportunity. This special issue presents a wide range of studies that examine geographical configurations, locations, scales, and relationships, all of which shape and are shaped by school choice. We summarize the diverse theoretical perspectives and themes. We also highlight the articles’ key results and new contributions related to issues such as inter-district school choice, open enrollment school choice programs, diversification of curricular-related activities among EMO-operated schools, and geographic variation in achievement of the charter school sector 相似文献
8.
美国营利性私立中小学发展状况与环境分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
美国营利性私立中小学是私立学校中的一个较为特殊的群体。在对其进行调查的基础上,结合案例,探讨了营利性与非营利性学校划分的标准,并分析了营利性私立中小学的发展特点和环境因素。 相似文献
9.
非营利组织、营利组织和政府组织是三种主要的社会组织形式,每一种组织形式都按照其特定的机制运行。在教育领域,也有相对应的三种学校形式。允许营利教育机构存在的国家对于营利性教育机构和非营利性教育机构有着严格的区分。从数量上看,多数私立学校属于非营利组织。非营利组织有“无所有者”和“非分配约束”两个突出特性。非营利组织的外部治理和内部治理结构分别以社会对非营利组织的信任和管理者对于雇员的信任为基础。依靠这种信任机制,非营利组织可以从外部获得资源,在内部开展复杂的专业性工作。根据私立教育发展的国际经验,我国应该将民办学校区分为营利性和非营利性两类不同形式的学校,引导多数民办学校朝着非营利组织的方向发展,在非营利组织框架内,设计其外部和内部治理结构。 相似文献
10.
Michele S. Moses Amy N. Farley 《Educational Studies A Journal of the American Educational Studies Association》2013,49(3):260-279
The "information era" has brought up new literacies, although most of them are still not part of the K–12 curriculum or the teacher education curriculum. One of these new literacies is critical media literacy. The purpose of this article is to document the urgency for including this new literacy in school and teacher education curricula given the crucial role of media as they touch every issue impacting human life in society. Critical media literacy as understood here includes three dimensions: (1) develop a critical understanding of how corporate for-profit media work, driven by their political and economic vested interests; (2) search for and support alternative, nonprofit media; and (3) characterize the role of teachers in helping students and their parents to become media-literate users and supporters of alternative media. Critical media literacy is founded on the legitimate role of media to serve the public's right to be truly informed, and thereby serve democracy. However, currently we are witnessing an unprecedented concentration of for-profit media into conglomerates, in alliance with the government and especially with the federal regulating agency—Federal Communications Commission—and other powerful institutions and corporations. Starting with this big picture, we examine and document specific cases that illustrate how these conglomerates and their allies work to keep and to expand their power, by means of filtering information, manufacturing consent, and controlling what the public watch, listen to, read, think, believe, taste, dress, look like, speak, and how they perceive themselves. The propaganda behind the banning of bilingual education in California is a clear example in the educational arena of the role of media in helping powerful people to manufacture voters' consent through fabricated stories, misleading ballot question, biased polls, etc. The second dimension of critical media literacy refers to the active involvement of every person, including school children, to support and advocate for alternative, nonprofit, public service-driven media. Given the reasons and the evidence presented, the authors consider that there is an urgency for including critical media literacy in the K–12 school curricula, and therefore in the teacher education core curriculum. 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACTThere is a move in some countries, including England, towards less curriculum control by government. This stands in contrast to a national curriculum which may be universally applied in all schools within a state/country. National curricula tend to use either content-based (subject mastery) or process (skills)-based models. More localised curricula have the potential to be more issue- and problem-centred using local resources and people as part of their building blocks. However, marketisation and globalisation typified by Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) ‘effect’ on national policies have discouraged teachers' creativity and curriculum innovation and negated teacher agency. Unfortunately, schools and community partners can find it hard to work together because of logistical, communication and cultural impediments, which gives significance to the role of curriculum brokers who can bridge these divides. This paper offers a case study of two brokers in order to describe, understand and conceptualise their role in curriculum development. The wider implications for curriculum development are outlined. 相似文献
12.
Abstract Given that private schools are institutionally divided into the binary structure of for profit and nonprofit, the existing tax laws and policies aimed at private education feature obvious flaws. Reforms to the taxation system for private education should bring it in line with the state’s binary structure for the division of private schools, highlighting the charitable nature of private education, and instituting a more refined and scientific taxation system for private education. 相似文献
13.
从非营利组织视角透视民办学校法人治理结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Liu Jianyin 《民办教育研究》2008,(4)
我国民办学校组织的法律定位是非营利法人。作为非营利法人,在组织性质、利益相关人关系、组织绩效评估和公共责任使命等方面存在特殊性。完善民办学校治理结构具体制度细节应当考虑到这些法律定位和特殊属性。而要理顺民办学校治理机制,避免频繁激烈的控制权斗争,需要解决的深层次问题是清除法律法规的矛盾和冲突,将民办学校严格划分为营利性和非营利性两类。 相似文献
14.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess perceived environmental education (EE) curriculum needs in the United States (K-16). The Environmental Education Curriculum Needs Assessment Questionnaire (EECNAQ) was developed, validated, and direct-mailed to 169 randomly selected professional environmental educators (58.6% return rate). The EECNAQ elicited perceptions about the desired status and the current state of EE curricula, the need for curriculum development, the anticipated use of curricula teachers, and the need for inservice teacher education. These five major questions were posed relative to fifteen goals which reflected the Tbilisi objectives and four levels of environmental literacy. The findings reveal a consensus among the professional participants that the EE goals are important ones, that they are not being met to a large extent in existing curricula, that extensive needs exist for both goal-oriented curricula and teacher education, and that the goaloriented curricula would be used by teachers. 相似文献
15.
《Critical Studies in Education》2013,54(2):190-202
As nonprofit adult literacy programs are often the only options for low-income Latin American immigrants in North America, problems accompanying these programs affect the ability of immigrants to benefit from them. North American nonprofit adult literacy programs often struggle due to the difficulties inherent in using volunteer instructors (often from different cultural backgrounds than participants) who use curricula that often do not reflect students’ communities of origin. Hence, the outcomes of these programs can be problematic. One potential way to ameliorate these difficulties is found in the critical framework of Paulo Freire, wherein curricula are student-generated. The primary argument in this review essay is that trained community instructors (or Freirean-trained outsiders) – using Freire's model of instruction and curriculum development, working under a demand for true accountability for results from organizational administrators – could improve existent benign North American adult literacy programs into more empowering social resources for Latin American immigrant communities in the United States. The possibilities for such improvement are explored through analysis of positive and negative case studies within the larger literature on adult literacy. 相似文献
16.
美国社区大学的课程开发与管理特色体现在三个方面,即学校、专业和课程三个层面的学习目标保持一致;行业、企业和学校共同开发技能标准和课程;有严谨的课程开发程序和发展更新系统工程。我国高职院校应将职业技能标准开发与课程开发相结合,应产业需要及时调整专业和课程,加强职业课程和学术课程的整合,培养学生的职业核心能力和职业迁移能力。 相似文献
17.
Marcella L. Kysilka 《Curriculum Journal》2013,24(2):197-209
Abstract Integrated curriculum is currently being advocated in the United States to ‘solve’ many of the curriculum problems confronting education. Models of curriculum integration permeate the professional literature, yet there is little consensus as to exactly what is meant by integrated curriculum and how to establish such curricula in the publicly funded schools. The language of curriculum integration is confusing and leads to uncertainty and concern about the potential of integrated curriculum to impact positively on schools. Placing the models on a curriculum continuum will reveal that they range from traditional discipline‐based, objective‐driven, teacher‐controlled models to interest‐based, student exploration. Although historically research supports integrative curriculum, there is a paucity of current research which would support arguments for restructuring the American curriculum in this fashion. Additionally, there is a great deal of resistance to change both from within and outside the educational community to massive curriculum restructuring. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of research on educational effectiveness》2013,6(3):514-549
AbstractPublic preschool programs require the use of a research-based, whole-child curriculum, yet limited research examines whether curricula influence classroom experiences and children’s development. We use five samples of preschool children to examine differences in classroom processes and children’s school readiness by classroom curricular status (curriculum/no curriculum), and across classrooms using different curricular packages. When a teacher reports using a curriculum, their classroom processes are indistinguishable from classrooms where teachers report using no curriculum. Some differences in classroom activities emerged across classrooms using different curricula; however, substantial variability exists across classrooms using the same curriculum. Head Start program fixed effects models and meta-analytic regressions reveal few associations between curricula and children's skills. Findings question whether preschool curricular policy benefit child development. 相似文献
19.
Gunilla Svingby 《Curriculum Journal》2013,24(2):211-223
ABSTRACT The post‐war period in the Scandinavian countries has been characterized by successive school reforms administered by social democratic governments following a moderate form of progressivism. A central idea is of equality and of an equal right to quality education. The public schools dominate and the management is top‐down. For a long period of time there have been central national curricula. In recent years the System of public schools has been questioned, as has the ideological basis of the curriculum. Proponents of a new liberal ideology demand more private schools, decentralization and efficiency. New conservative ideas at the same time argue for the restoration of basic forms of knowledge, competition and moral qualities to be mirrored in the new national curricula. 相似文献