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1.
The degree to which rats and monkeys base their discriminations of complex auditory stimuli (“tunes”) on frequency contours rather than on local features was investigated. In Experiment 1, groups of rats and monkeys trained with tunes as S+ and S? acquired a simple operant discrimination no faster than groups that received the same notes of each tune but in a new random order on each trial; neither did the groups differ on two transfer tests devised to detect learning of frequency contour in the tune-trained animals. Acquisition in the tune-trained and random-notes groups seemed to be based on the overall frequency difference between S+ and S?, which was about 1.5 octaves. In Experiment 2, S+ and S? were similar to each other with regard to overall frequency and individual notes, the most salient differentiating characteristic of the tunes being their tonal pattern. The tune-trained groups were clearly superior to the random-notes animals in acquisition, and an initial transfer test suggested that the former might have learned the discrimination on the basis of frequency contour. However, the detailed transfer tests of Experiment 3 strongly suggested that the tune-trained rats and monkeys based their discriminations primarily on local cues rather than on frequency contour. Based on the results of Experiment 4, the data of an earlier study that suggested frequency contour learning in monkeys and rats were reinterpreted in terms of control by local cues. 相似文献
2.
以泰安东平县方言单字调为实验对象,运用实验语音学的方法,利用Praat语音分析软件和SPSS软件测算出泰安东平新派方言单字调的调型和调值,并将其与老派方言、泰安方言和普通话进行对比。研究发现,东平新派方言的声调调型和调值分别为:阴平低升调24,阳平高降调51,上声高平调44,去声降升调323,与老派方言相比,调型基本一致但调值变化较大,探其原因可能是受到普通话的影响;东平新派方言与泰安方言在调型和调值上均有差异,说明新派方言受泰安方言影响较小;不同性别的东平人方言的声调曲线有所差异:男女性别在阳平和上声上调型调值一致,在阴平和去声上差异较大。 相似文献
3.
Four of 8 monkeys were successfully trained on an identity matching-to-sample task employing two acoustic stimuli. In five subsequent tests with different pairs of auditory stimuli, their performances were at levels that provided strong evidence for concept-mediated transfer. Thus, despite past failures to demonstrate the matching concept in the auditory modality, the present results indicate that the matching concept is not limited in monkeys to the visual modality. On the other hand, the failure of 4 subjects to learn the initial matching task constitutes additional evidence of cognitive asymmetry in monkeys with regard to the visual and auditory modalities. 相似文献
4.
In a series of four experiments, starlings learned to classify pitch patterns according to pattern structure. In Experiments 1 and 2, the starlings learned to discriminate a series of pairs of 1ourtone patterns in which one of the patterns rose in pitch and the other pattern did not. The starlings in these initial two experiments did not attend to pattern structure at all. Rather, they discriminated patterns according to the relative pitch of the initial pattern tones. In Experiment 3, the same starlings discriminated the same patterns from Experiments 1 and 2 in a new context that tempered the salience of individual pattern tones. The starlings initially failed to discriminate in the new context, but eventually learned to do so. In Experiment 4, the starlings classified novel pitch patterns according to their pattern structure. These experiments identify a hierarchy of relative pitch strategies, as well as a sophisticated conceptual capacity for the perception and classification of pitch patterns by starlings. 相似文献
5.
刘俐李 《南京师范大学文学院学报》2005,(4):149-159
对北京话单字调和双字调的语音实验证明，折度打磨说提供了对声调曲拱特征量化研究的一种简捷易行的方法。折度打磨说的基础概念是调型折度、调式折度和折度打磨。调式衔接折度是折度打磨说的重要支柱，有隐性和显性两类。调型折度决定声调是否变调，调式衔接折度决定调式是否打磨折度以及如何打磨。 相似文献
6.
于志培 《辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2002,25(1):79-81
近体诗是以“切韵”音系为代表的中古声调系统来调平仄的,从普通话声调分析近体诗平仄的关键在于辨认古人声字,这里以古今声调的对应关系为依据,归纳了排除法,声母辨认法,方言声调与普通话声调对应法等3种方法,使古代诗歌爱好能以他们所熟练掌握的今声调准确分析近体诗的平仄。 相似文献
7.
一、引言天津话是北方方言,自20世纪80年代李行健、刘思训在《中国语文》上发表有关天津话连读变调的文章以来[1],天津话的连读变调现象一直是国内外语言学界讨论的热点。人们从语音实验、音系分析、社会调查等不同的角度,对天津话的连读变调现象进行分析、探讨,提出了各自的主 相似文献
8.
In Experiment 1, short-term memory for lists of visual stimuli was studied in four squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). A delayed-matching procedure was used in which a subject was presented with lists containing one, three, or six stimulus patterns, and memory for serial positions was probed by requiring the subject to choose between a list item and a nonlist item. The rate of item presentation was varied, as was the delay between the final item on a list and the retention test. In Experiment 2, the same procedures were used to compare recognition memory in four monkeys and four humans. Although differences in the levels and shapes of the serial-position curves appeared between species, both monkeys and humans showed primacy and recency effects. The presentation time of stimuli had a negligible effect on performance in both monkeys and humans, whereas delay significantly affected human retention but not monkey retention. 相似文献
9.
绩溪华阳话有六个单字调,采用传统方法描写的华阳话单字调调值存在分歧。通过实验语音学的方法确定了华阳话单字调的实际调值,并对其声调格局中存在的分歧做了解释。华阳话中六位发音人的阴平、阳平、阴去和入声的不同调值是声调格局中同一调类的调位变体。上声有完整的曲折调[212]和调头没有降下来的[12]、调尾没有升上去的[211]三种调位变体。阳去因为受普通话去声的影响由低平[22]放低声调曲拱走向变成缓降的[21]或[322],然后再提高调值、加大曲拱的跨度变成[31];而阴平为了保持声调格局的平衡就从原来的低降调[31]变成高降调[51]。 相似文献
10.
We trained two budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with operant techniques in a delayed matching-to-sample task using pairs of acoustic stimuli. These stimuli included simple pure tones, complex, species-specific vocalizations, and tone-vocalization combinations. The birds were then tested with different retention intervals. The budgerigars’ short-term memory was similar for complex, species-specific vocalizations and for simple pure tones. By contrast, they showed significantly better short-term memory when tested with two sounds drawn from different acoustic categories. 相似文献
11.
Delayed matching-to-sample was used to study the effects of sample presentation time and spaced repetition upon delayed matching accuracy in one stumptail monkey and three squirrel monkeys. It was found in Experiment 1 that presenting the sample stimulus for 0.5 sec led to lower matching accuracy than was the case with longer presentation times of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 sec. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the effects of temporally spacing the presentations of the sample stimulus. It was found that spaced repetition led to a deterioration of performance relative to massed repetition. These results are similar to the findings of experiments with pigeons and are contradictory to several previous experiments with monkeys or apes which found no effect of presentation time and a facilitative effect of spaced repetition. It is suggested that the use of monkeys inexperienced in short sample duration matching and tested in operant chambers using a limited set of noncomplex stimuli may be responsible for the discrepancies between these results and those of other experiments with primates. 相似文献
12.
Pigeons learned to respond at one spatial position when a pair of stimuli matched and at a different spatial position when they mismatched. All birds were then transferred to novel stimuli on an orthogonal dimension. For the positive-transfer group, the correct positions for matching and mismatching stimuli remained as they were during training. For the negative-transfer group, the correct positions were reversed. In Experiment 1, the birds were trained with shape stimuli and transferred to hue stimuli. Significant group differences were found, in spite of considerable stimulus-specific learning. In Experiment 2, when the same birds (counterbalanced for Experiment 1 transfer group) were transferred to steady-intermittent stimuli, even larger group differences were found. The data indicate that pigeons have some capacity for representing the concepts “same” and “different” with arbitrary stimuli (i.e., symbols). The data further suggest that distinctions that have been made between matching/oddity transfer tasks and same/different tasks may be procedural rather than conceptual. 相似文献
13.
童山东 《深圳信息职业技术学院学报》1999,(1)
唐代近体诗中的对偶形态有形式和内容两种,形式上的对偶是声律上的平仄相间、相对、相粘,它们构成三维对偶状态,体现出汉语文化的精妙;近体诗内容上独具特色的对偶只有偷春格、蜂腰格、扇对格、全首对格和俱不对格五种。 相似文献
14.
Short-term memory (STM) for haptic information was examined in a delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) task. Three rhesus monkeys were tested in DMTS with all possible combinations of different-size spheres and cubes as the sample and comparison stimuli. The results showed that the decrease in percentage correct as a function of the retention intervals was relatively independent of the size and shape of the sample and comparison stimuli. In general, at each retention interval, percentage correct was higher when the (1) comparison stimuli differed in both size and shape than when the comparison stimuli differed in only size or shape, (2) size differences between the comparison stimuli increased, and (3) samples were spheres rather than cubes. This pattern of results suggests that dimensions of the haptic stimuli influenced discrimination but had little effect on the animals’ STM. In Experiment 2, the same three monkeys responded to the sample and comparison stimuli with the same hand or responded to the sample with one hand and the comparison stimuli with the opposite hand. The decrease in percentage correct across retention intervals was comparable for all possible hand combinations. These results suggest that the loss of information from STM is comparable when the sample and comparison stimuli are both felt with the same hand or with opposite hands. 相似文献
15.
Performance during simultaneous matching-to-sample was assessed in pigeons presented with element and compound visual samples. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained with a symbolic matching procedure, in which different pairs of colored comparison cues presented on side keys were mapped onto a bright or dim houselight as one pair of sample stimuli and onto vertical and horizontal lines on the center key as a second pair of sample stimuli. They were then tested with houselight-line compound samples. It was found that matching accuracy for lines was significantly diminished with compound samples relative to element samples. Conversely, house-light intensities were matched as well with compound samples as with element samples. In Experiment 2, a similar effect was found with pigeons that had been trained to match only line samples. In Experiment 3, it was discovered that sample duration had no influence on the matching deficit found with lines following compound samples in birds either trained or not trained to match houselight intensities. These results, taken in combination with recent findings from experiments with auditory-visual compounds, suggest a restricted processing account of pigeon processing of simultaneously presented stimuli from different sources. 相似文献
16.
Donald M. Wilkie 《Learning & behavior》1986,14(3):257-266
In the delayed matching of key location procedure, pigeons must remember the location of the sample key in order to choose correctly between two comparison keys. The deleterious effect of short intertrial intervals on key location matching found in previous studies suggested that pigeons’ short-term spatial memory is affected by proactive interference. However, because a reward expectancy mechanism may account for the intertriai interval effect, additional research aimed at demonstrating proactive interference was warranted. In Experiment 1, matching accuracy did not decline from early to late trials within a session, a finding inconsistent with a proactive interference effect. In Experiment 2, evidence suggestive of proactive interference was found: Matching was more accurate when the locations that served as distractors and as samples were chosen from different sets. However, this effect could have been due to differences in task difficulty, and the results of the two subsequent experiments provided no evidence of proactive interference. In Experiment 3, the distractor on Trialn was either the location that had served as the sample on Trialn ? 1 or one that had been a sample on earlier trials. Matching accuracy was not inferior on the former type of trial. In Experiment 4, the stimuli that served as samples and distractors were taken from sets containing 2, 3, 5, or 9 locations. Matching accuracy was no worse, actually slightly better, with smaller memory set sizes. Overall, these findings suggested that pigeons’ memory for spatial location may be immune to proactive interference. However, when, in Experiment 5, an intratrial manipulation was used, clear evidence of proactive interference was found: Matching accuracy was considerably lower when the sample was preceded by the distractor for that trial than when it was preceded by the sample or by nothing. Possible reasons why interference was produced by intratrial but not intertrial manipulations are discussed, as are implications of these data for models of pigeons’ short-term spatial memory. 相似文献
17.
高洁 《新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006,27(1):174-178
文章分别对不同汉语水平的维吾尔族大学生和汉族大学生进行了汉语声调的听辨实验。实验结果发现维吾尔族学习者容易混淆二声与三声,因此二声和三声的听辨正确率较低,一声和四声的听辨较容易。由此推断维吾尔族学习者首先习得一声和四声然后是二声和三声,同时不同的语音环境时声调辨别正确率有一定的影响。 相似文献
18.
高玉娟 《内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2005,34(6):130-132
笔者运用语音实验的研究方法,考察了大连方言声调新、老两派的单字调和双字调在调长方面的声学特征。得出大连方言单字调调长与调型有关,上声曲折调的调长最长,两个降调阴平和去声的调长最短。并且阴平和去声的调长差别随着发音人的年轻化而越来越小。对于双字组调长的考察也显示出新老两派的不同特点,反映了声调的动态变化过程。 相似文献
19.
Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of omitting the comparison stimuli in a matching-to-sample task. In Experiment 1, birds were trained initially on both symbolic and identity matching to sample. Comparison stimuli were then omitted following the presentation of a particular sample stimulus, and this decreased the number of sample (observing) responses. The reintroduction of the comparison stimuli on subsequent probe trials revealed that the accuracy of symbolic matching was reduced to chance levels, while identity matching accuracy was significantly below chance. In Experiment 2, a similar procedure was employed; however, observing responses to the comparison-omitted samples were maintained by direct reinforcement (fixed ratio 20). Matching accuracy during probe trials was again at chance levels for symbolic matching but, contrary to Experiment 1, was significantly above chance for identity matching. The differential effects of omitting comparison stimuli on symbolic and identity matching trials in these two experiments were interpreted within a framework which assumes that instructional processes are altered by comparison-omission procedures. 相似文献
20.
Anthony A. Wright Peter J. Urcuioli Stephen F. Sands Hector C. Santiago 《Learning & behavior》1981,9(4):595-603
Delayed matching-to-sample performance by pigeons was interfered with by displaying a monochromatic annulus around the center (sample) pecking key. The wavelength of the annulus and its point of interpolation within a trial were varied to determine possible differential effects on matching accuracy. Experiment 1 showed that delayed matching was most disrupted when the interference stimulus (570 nm, 630 nm, or achromatic white) appeared during the delay interval of a trial. Little if any disruption occurred when the interference stimulus was present during the sample and choice periods. The spectral relationship between the chromatic interference stimuli (570 and 630 nm) and the sample stimuli (570 and 630 nm) did not consistently influence the degree to which matching accuracy was affected in any interpolation condition. Experiment 2 found a similar pattern of within-trial effects when the interference stimulus was simply a change from a white achromatic annulus to a chromatic one. This finding indicates that illumination changes, such as the popular houselight variation, are not necessary to produce interference in delayed matching to sample. Even with illumination held constant, however, performance was not differentially sensitive to the similarity between interference and sample stimulus wavelengths. It is suggested that other experiments showing similarity effects in interference of delayed matching to sample were conducted in such a way that subjects confused the interfering stimuli with the samples. 相似文献