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1.
随着信息技术的发展,个人信息保护已成为十分重要的话题。世界反兴奋剂组织为了保障运动员等反兴奋剂活动参与者的个人信息权制定了《保护隐私和个人信息国际标准》。该标准从信息主体权利赋予,反兴奋剂组织义务承担两个方面对反兴奋剂活动中的个人信息进行保护。对该规则的考察是运动员等信息主体在反兴奋剂活动中维护其个人信息权利的基础,也是保障反兴奋剂组织涉个人信息工作合规开展的前提条件。同时,该标准仍存在运动员个人信息处理过度、个人信息安全保障欠缺、个人信息权利行使困难和信息处理者责任后果缺失的问题,相关规定有向反兴奋剂组织过度倾斜之嫌。应当对该标准的不足之处进行完善,以期实现运动员与反兴奋剂组织间的利益平衡。  相似文献   

2.
现代生物科技广泛应用于体育赛事,使运动员生物识别信息更容易被收集、存储和共享,其遭遇的风险也呈现泛在化。生物识别信息有别于一般个人信息,其生成与信息主体的人身性息息相关,具有极强的人格属性,一旦被侵犯将难以补救并永久持续,急需法律予以特殊保护。为此,有必要综合法益维度和时间维度形塑运动员生物识别信息的双维保护模式:在法益维度上,明确运动员生物识别信息的法益属性,建构以体育法益为方向的保护格局;在时间维度上,以处理运动员生物识别信息的不同阶段为着力点,以教义学方法论贯通现有法律体系,从而实现各阶段的精准规制。通过法益维度和时间维度的纵横定位,构建运动员生物识别信息的全方位保护模式。  相似文献   

3.
运动员生物识别数据不仅具有敏感性,也具有很强的商业利用价值。综合运用文献资料、比较研究和案例分析等方法探讨商业化背景下运动员生物识别数据权益的保护。研究认为:运动员生物识别数据的商业价值应该归属运动员而非公共所有或者体育组织(俱乐部)所有。但是现有的隐私和个人数据保护制度立足于数据主体的人格尊严与自由,忽视了数据商业价值的实现,知识产权对运动员生物识别数据保护也存在较大局限性。在商业化背景下,运动员生物识别数据权益保护要在规范运动员人格利益的前提下充分释放数据的商业价值,因而可以考虑引入数据财产权理论,赋予运动员生物识别数据财产权,在具体实现形式上,可参考知识产权“使用许可”规则,并结合体育领域集体治理机制探索“数据信托”之模式。  相似文献   

4.
张鹏 《体育科学》2023,(11):32-39
根据国际奥委会和国际单项体育联合会的规定,未成年运动员有资格参加国际体育赛事,由此也被纳入反兴奋剂规则的调整范畴。2021年修订的《世界反兴奋剂条例》从概念厘定、适用范围、举证责任、披露豁免和处罚标准等5个方面强化了未成年运动员的保护。国际国内反兴奋剂规则仍存在条款设置难以达成设定目的、保护规则缺乏深度、个人信息保护缺漏等问题。以此为鉴,我国《反兴奋剂条例》中应增设未成年运动员保护条款,修订《反兴奋剂规则》的公开披露条款,补充《反兴奋剂规则》中未成年运动员的例外规定,强化未成年运动员的个人信息保护,从而促进国际规则与国内法、国内规则的有效衔接,积极参与国际反兴奋剂规则在未成年运动员保护方面的创新与完善。  相似文献   

5.
汗液是一种含有多种重要生物标志物的生物流体,通过可穿戴式汗液传感器的实时监测,可以获得代谢过程的实时信息,进而帮助教练员和体育科研人员分析运动员运动过程的机能变化、能量代谢等生理信息。本文意图通过综述可穿戴式汗液传感器的最新进展,说明其在体育领域的应用前景,为教练员、运动员、体育科研人员提供参考。  相似文献   

6.
欧盟《通用数据保护条例》对反兴奋剂领域的个人信息保护规则产生了很大的影响,迫使世界反兴奋剂机构做出法律改革,但依然存在许多争议。最引人注目的是反兴奋剂信息处理的合法性问题,是否要在反兴奋剂领域引入被遗忘权和数据可携带权问题,反兴奋剂信息的跨境传输问题。只有厘清反兴奋剂领域自治与法治的关系,才能找到解决上述问题的正确路径。在反兴奋剂领域,应当进一步提高个人信息的保护标准,以必要性原则对反兴奋剂机构的信息处理和跨境传输做出限制,同时引入被遗忘权和数据可携带权,加强对信息主体的法律保护。  相似文献   

7.
欧盟《通用数据保护条例》对反兴奋剂领域的个人信息保护规则产生了很大的影响,迫使世界反兴奋剂机构做出法律改革,但依然存在许多争议。最引人注目的是反兴奋剂信息处理的合法性问题,是否要在反兴奋剂领域引入被遗忘权和数据可携带权问题,反兴奋剂信息的跨境传输问题。只有厘清反兴奋剂领域自治与法治的关系,才能找到解决上述问题的正确路径。在反兴奋剂领域,应当进一步提高个人信息的保护标准,以必要性原则对反兴奋剂机构的信息处理和跨境传输做出限制,同时引入被遗忘权和数据可携带权,加强对信息主体的法律保护。  相似文献   

8.
有无正当理由终止合同是职业足球领域的常见问题,国际体育仲裁院(Court of Arbitration for Sport,CAS)通过解决这类争议,逐渐形成了职业足球正当理由终止合同的独特法理。对职业足球正当理由终止合同的CAS法理进行研究,指出:俱乐部欠薪、侵犯运动员人格权可构成球员终止合同的正当理由;球员重大违约或严重不当行为可构成俱乐部终止合同的正当理由;球员表现不佳或伤病难以构成俱乐部终止合同的正当理由。CAS已形成评判这些事由是否构成正当理由的相应标准。为维护合同稳定,CAS法理强调有约必守原则,突出诚信原则,保护运动员的人格权。分析涉及中国职业足球俱乐部的CAS判例,认为:CAS可能的中国当事方应加强规则意识、法律意识,充分学习和了解国际规则和CAS法理;中国足球治理的规范化、法治化不足,急需加强法治化建设。  相似文献   

9.
为更好地保护反兴奋剂活动中处理的个人信息,世界反兴奋剂机构参照欧盟《通用数据保护条例》等数据保护文件制定了《隐私与个人信息保护国际标准》(ISPPPI),明确了运动员等权利主体享有知情权、获取权、纠正权、限制处理权和删除权等权利,反兴奋剂组织则在信息处理的组织保障以及信息处理过程中负有义务,在个人信息保护方面具有积极意义。分析将于2021年1月1日正式生效的最新版ISPPPI的变化,认为2021年实施版ISPPPI作出了一定改进,但在格式方面存在序号错误的问题,表述方面存在不一致、遗漏和条款顺序不当的问题,在实质内容上存在第三方代理义务“隐身”、通知内容不全、通知对象不全的缺陷。  相似文献   

10.
算法社会下运动员面临过度商品化及其健康信息保护不平等、人体极限生物性特征暴露等问题。对3种个体赋权型保护路径的形成机理和治理效能进行反思,认为:运动员健康信息保护的隐私权、数据财产权、个人信息自决权路径均具有合理性,但算法危机弱化了个体赋权保护路径的实际效果;运动员健康信息保护应转向保护运动员数字人权的理念,结合技术批判与算法治理的视角,进一步构建运动员健康信息保护机制。面对算法社会,运动员健康信息保护应遵循基本原则,采取公法与私法并重的制度构建路径,通过公权力和算法权力联结形成监管合力实现运动员权利的共同体保障;通过强化算法控制者义务的履行实现其权责一致;通过结合运动员健康信息保护与算法治理理念实现技术规制。  相似文献   

11.
In this review, key components of perceptual skill in soccer are identified and implications for talent identification and development highlighted. Skilled soccer players can recall and recognize patterns of play more effectively than their less skilled counterparts. This ability to encode, retrieve and recognize sport-specific information is due to complex and discriminating long-term memory structures and is crucial to anticipation in soccer. Similarly, experts use their knowledge of situational probabilities (i.e. expectations) to anticipate future events. They have a better than average idea of what is likely to happen given a particular set of circumstances. Also, proficiency-related differences in visual search strategy are observed. Skilled players use their superior knowledge to control the eye movement patterns necessary for seeking and picking up important sources of information.The nature of the task plays an important role in constraining the type of search used. Skilled soccer players use different search strategies when viewing the whole field (i.e. 11 vs 11 situations) compared with micro-states of the game (i.e. 1 vs 1,3 vs 3 situations). Visual search behaviour also differs between defensive and offensive plays. These observations have implications for the development of perceptual training programmes and the identification of potential elite soccer players.  相似文献   

12.
In this review, key components of perceptual skill in soccer are identified and implications for talent identification and development highlighted. Skilled soccer players can recall and recognize patterns of play more effectively than their less skilled counterparts. This ability to encode, retrieve and recognize sport-specific information is due to complex and discriminating long-term memory structures and is crucial to anticipation in soccer. Similarly, experts use their knowledge of situational probabilities (i.e. expectations) to anticipate future events. They have a better than average idea of what is likely to happen given a particular set of circumstances. Also, proficiency-related differences in visual search strategy are observed. Skilled players use their superior knowledge to control the eye movement patterns necessary for seeking and picking up important sources of information. The nature of the task plays an important role in constraining the type of search used. Skilled soccer players use different search strategies when viewing the whole field (i.e. 11 vs 11 situations) compared with micro-states of the game (i.e. 1 vs 1, 3 vs 3 situations). Visual search behaviour also differs between defensive and offensive plays. These observations have implications for the development of perceptual training programmes and the identification of potential elite soccer players.  相似文献   

13.
二战以后,悲剧中的竞争精神开始从传统王室、国家、帮会转入高度理性化的工商业界,其中的一部分分流到了竞技体育领域,其中以足球为代表。欧洲文化中的悲剧精神得以以这样的形态延续。高水平的足球竞技充满了极端性张力,而悲剧通常由此境遇生发开来。足球的暴力燃点拓展到街头以后,其中的极端性事件已然深度触犯法制底线。在法律允许的范畴内,球迷生发出来的暴力行为仍不乏崇高美的元素。球场暴力貌似对社会的危害极大,其实它远低于车祸之类事情的威胁,形成如此反差类效果的动因在于媒体对足球暴力的报道。在媒体的悲剧性能量的促动下,足球暴力的负面作用被人为地夸大了。足球暴力性与社会生活中本然存在的阶级对立有关系,足球的社会悲剧性也体现在这里。许多球场暴力事件几乎构成了一种与黑帮电影相似的情节。足球在现代媒介的簇拥下开始与现代电影工业合流,两者共同缔造出一种全新的视觉效应。足球自身的暴力美学很难脱离球迷的身体元素,那里也蕴含着足球作为社会化悲剧的基本内涵。  相似文献   

14.
青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT

To prepare their teams for upcoming matches, analysts in professional soccer watch and manually annotate up to three matches a day. When annotating matches, domain experts try to identify and improve suboptimal movements based on intuition and professional experience. The high amount of matches needing to be analysed manually result in a tedious and time-consuming process, and results may be subjective. We propose an automatic approach for the realisation of effective region-based what-if analyses in soccer. Our system covers the automatic detection of region-based faulty movement behaviour, as well as the automatic suggestion of possible improved alternative movements. As we show, our approach effectively supports analysts and coaches investigating matches by speeding up previously time-consuming work. We enable domain experts to include their domain knowledge in the analysis process by allowing to interactively adjust suggested improved movement, as well as its implications on region control. We demonstrate the usefulness of our proposed approach via an expert study with three invited domain experts, one being head coach from the first Austrian soccer league. As our results show that experts most often agree with the suggested player movement (83%), our proposed approach enhances the analytical capabilities in soccer and supports a more efficient analysis.  相似文献   

16.
运用文献资料法、数理统计法,以2018—2021年上海市青少年校园足球精英赛运动员为研究对象,从历时性角度探究不同年龄组别和退出精英赛运动员的相对年龄效应特征及成因。发现除高中组女足运动员外,精英赛各组别均存在显著的相对年龄效应;在比赛位置上,男足前锋和守门员的效应尤为突出,且女足不同位置的出生季度分布同样差异显著;从退出情况看,相对年龄较大的U15和高中组男足运动员退出精英赛的可能性较高,而女足不受其影响。相对年龄效应引发的选材偏见普遍存在于上海市校园足球活动中,尤其是对不同性别和比赛位置均有显著影响,但相对年龄较大的男足运动员同样面临着较高的退出风险。为调控其影响,应对相关从业者开展充分的认知培训,更新现有知识和培养理念,在实践中优化选材成效。  相似文献   

17.
The ability to recognize patterns of play is fundamental to performance in team sports. While typically assumed to be domain-specific, pattern recognition skills may transfer from one sport to another if similarities exist in the perceptual features and their relations and/or the strategies used to encode and retrieve relevant information. A transfer paradigm was employed to compare skilled and less skilled soccer, field hockey and volleyball players' pattern recognition skills. Participants viewed structured and unstructured action sequences from each sport, half of which were randomly represented with clips not previously seen. The task was to identify previously viewed action sequences quickly and accurately. Transfer of pattern recognition skill was dependent on the participant's skill, sport practised, nature of the task and degree of structure. The skilled soccer and hockey players were quicker than the skilled volleyball players at recognizing structured soccer and hockey action sequences. Performance differences were not observed on the structured volleyball trials between the skilled soccer, field hockey and volleyball players. The skilled field hockey and soccer players were able to transfer perceptual information or strategies between their respective sports. The less skilled participants' results were less clear. Implications for domain-specific expertise, transfer and diversity across domains are discussed.  相似文献   

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