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1.
采用文献资料分析、推理、归纳等方法对足球比赛中的战术意识、特点、影响因素及策略进行分析。结论:战术意识和战术素养的发挥决定着整场比赛中足球运动员的状态和比赛成绩,需要从不同的方面对运动员进行战术意识的培养和战术训练,保证运动员在最佳状态下完成每一场比赛。 相似文献
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文章运用文献资料法、专家访谈法,结合蹦床运动员体能需求、赛前体能训练的思路、赛前体能训练的实施与恢复进行了研究,结果表明:赛前体能训练是一项系统工程,其目的是提高运动能力、夺取比赛优胜。要处理好训练与恢复的关系,还应做好训练的系统性、全面性、专项性和区别性。蹦床运动员赛前体能训练负荷强度要相对平稳,动作设计要与运动员完成难度动作或成套动作相接近,训练安排要程序化。 相似文献
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最佳比赛心理状态是指运动员在比赛的外环境和身心综合状态的内环境下,竞技心理能力最大程度的发挥状态。"破釜沉舟""背水一战""置之死地而后生"……这些耳熟能详的成语和源于实践的经验都说明:优秀运动员参加重大比赛的最佳竞技心理状态是可以被挖掘的,即潜能是被"逼"出来的。那么,如何有效培养优秀运动员参加重大比赛的最佳心理状态呢?一、为何要"逼"出比赛最佳心理状态一般来讲,运动员参加奥运会等重大比赛的社会关注、重要他人期望及自我重视程度都非同寻常。赛前,运动员将 相似文献
4.
Reilly T 《Journal of sports sciences》2005,23(6):561-572
An ergonomics model of training is described in which the demands of the game and the fitness profiles of soccer players are placed in perspective. The demands of the game may be gauged by monitoring the work rate of players during matches and the concomitant physiological responses. These indices suggest an increased tempo in contemporary professional soccer compared with previous decades, a trend replicated in the fitness levels of players. The simulation of the exercise intensity corresponding to match-play has enabled sport scientists to study discrete aspects of play under laboratory conditions. Observations highlight the value of exercising with the ball where possible, notably using activity drills in small groups. Small-sided games have particular advantages for young players, both in providing a physiological training stimulus and a suitable medium for skills work. While complementary training may be necessary in specific cases, integrating fitness training into a holistic process is generally advisable. 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(4):215-223
Abstract There is a need for a collective variable that captures the dynamics of team sports like soccer at match level. The centroid positions and surface areas of two soccer teams potentially describe the coordinated flow of attacking and defending in small-sided soccer games at team level. The aim of the present study was to identify an overall game pattern by establishing whether the proposed variables were linearly related between teams over the course of the game. In addition, we tried to identify patterns in the build-up of goals. A positive linear relation and a negative linear relation were hypothesized for the centroid positions and surface areas respectively. Finally, we hypothesized that deviations from these patterns are present in the build-up of goals. Ten young male elite soccer players (mean age 17.3, s=0.7) played three small-sided soccer games (4-a-side) of 8 minutes as part of their regular training routine. An innovative player tracking system, local position measurement (LPM), was used for obtaining player positions at 45 Hz per player. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to investigate the proposed linear relation of the key variables. Correlation coefficients indicate a strong positive linear relation during a whole game for the centroid position in all three games, with the strongest relation for the forward-backward direction (r>0.94). For 10 out of 19 goals a crossing of the centroids in this direction can be seen. No negative linear relation was found for surface area (?0.01 < r<0.07). From this study, we concluded that over the course of a whole small-sided game, the forward-backward motion of the centroids is most strongly linearly related. Furthermore, goals show a specific pattern in the forward-backward motion of the centroid. Therefore, surface area and particularly centroid position may provide a sound basis for a collective variable that captures the dynamics of attacking and defending in soccer at team level. Future research should develop these ideas further. 相似文献
6.
Referees in German first-league soccer games do not award as many yellow cards in the beginning of a game as should be statistically expected. One explanation for this effect is the concept of game management (Mascarenhas, Collins, & Mortimer, 2002). Alternatively, the consistency model (Haubensak, 1992) explains the effect as a necessity of the judgment situation: Referees need to calibrate a judgment scale, and, to preserve degrees of freedom in that scale, they need to avoid extreme category judgments in the beginning (i.e., yellow cards). Experiment 1 shows that referees who judge scenes in the context of a game award fewer yellow cards than referees who see the same scenes in random order. Experiment 2 shows the combined influence of game management (by explicitly providing information about the game situation) and calibration (early vs. late scenes in the time course of a game). Theoretical implications for expert refereeing and referee training are discussed. 相似文献
7.
以第十九届南非世界杯足球比赛决赛阶段的64场比赛1816次射门为研究对象,通过文献资料法、录像观察统计法对比赛中场上队员的射门数、进球教、射门队员位置、进球队员位置、射门区域分布、射门部位的选择等数据进行分析。运用观察统计的方法找出他们的特点与规律,为足球训练工作和比赛提供一定的理论参考。结果表明：在64场比赛中射门区域主要分布在2区和5区,占了总体的64．2％。射门队员主要以前锋和前卫队员为主,前锋和前卫队员的射门次数占了总体队员射门次数的86．6％。正对球门的进攻已经成为各队进攻的主要手段。 相似文献
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Contemporary training for power sports involves diverse routines that place a wide array of physiological demands on the athlete. This requires a multi-faceted nutritional strategy to support both general training needs--tailored to specific training phases--as well as the acute demands of competition. Elite power sport athletes have high training intensities and volumes for most of the training season, so energy intake must be sufficient to support recovery and adaptation. Low pre-exercise muscle glycogen reduces high-intensity performance, so daily carbohydrate intake must be emphasized throughout training and competition phases. There is strong evidence to suggest that the timing, type, and amount of protein intake influence post-exercise recovery and adaptation. Most power sports feature demanding competition schedules, which require aggressive nutritional recovery strategies to optimize muscle glycogen resynthesis. Various power sports have different optimum body compositions and body weight requirements, but increasing the power-to-weight ratio during the championship season can lead to significant performance benefits for most athletes. Both intra- and extracellular buffering agents may enhance performance, but more research is needed to examine the potential long-term impact of buffering agents on training adaptation. Interactions between training, desired physiological adaptations, competition, and nutrition require an individual approach and should be continuously adjusted and adapted. 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(5):231-240
Abstract The two major sports indigenous to Ireland are Gaelic football and hurling. Both are 15-a-side field games played on a pitch 40% longer than a soccer field. They are firmly linked to a nationalist tradition and have by far the highest participation rates in sports in the country. Both games make multiple demands on participants due to their free-flowing nature and quick movement of play from end to end of the pitch. Hurling calls for hand–eye coordination and skilled use of the hurling stick in hitting and blocking the ball. Fitness characteristics mirror game demands. Participants at elite level in both games display high aerobic power, the footballers tending to be stronger in the upper body and better in vertical jumping. Gaelic footballers in particular match the fitness characteristics of professional soccer players, except for sprinting speed. Less attention has been paid to female participants, especially in camogie, the female version of hurling. Despite their amateur status, and due to the popularity of the sports and the training regimens adopted by players, the games have garnered sports science support systems for elite performers. Support personnel benefit from a generic knowledge base as well as a burgeoning research agenda targeted at the Gaelic games. 相似文献
10.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(1):55-62
Abstract In this article I defend my previously published system approach to game playing in sports (Lebed, 2006). Founded on the main argument of mine about insufficiency of performance analysis only for games study, it is based on an inter-disciplinary comprehension of sporting game events from four different angles: the logical-philosophical, the behavioural (performance), the anthropological, and complexity angles. The paper consists of four parts, corresponding to the four angles. The first three parts offer deconstructive and reconstructive analysis. The three provide criticism of McGarry and Frank's arguments against my view of complex dynamical systems in sports. The logical analysis negates my opponents’ general view of a match (a process) as a dynamical system. The behaviour analysis refutes their claim about couple oscillator dynamics as a universal dynamically interpreted model of game playing. The anthropological panoramic vision of sporting games leads me to conclude that my opponents’ analysis of two exclusively interacting sides in a squash or soccer contest is too narrow and insufficient to explain the broad diversity of games. According to the, classification suggested in Lebed (2004), I offer seven possible models that can systematically reflect different groups of games. In the fourth part, the complexity angle is analysed from a constructive point of view. Here I take one of the above seven models and try to outline a ‘‘soccer-like’’ game perspective modelling founded on the view of play process as a conflict of two four-level self-regulating complex systems, where each one is additionally involved in its own loop of cybernetic regulation. 相似文献
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Soccer players should achieve an energy intake that provides sufficient carbohydrate to fuel the training and competition programme, supplies all nutrient requirements, and allows manipulation of energy or nutrient balance to achieve changes in lean body mass, body fat or growth. Although the traditional culture of soccer has focused on carbohydrate intake for immediate match preparation, top players should adapt their carbohydrate intake on a daily basis to ensure adequate fuel for training and recovery between matches. For players with a mobile playing style, there is sound evidence that dietary programmes that restore and even super-compensate muscle glycogen levels can enhance activity patterns during matches. This will presumably also benefit intensive training, such as twice daily practices. As well as achieving a total intake of carbohydrate commensurate with fuel needs, the everyday diet should promote strategic intake of carbohydrate and protein before and after key training sessions to optimize the adaptations and enhance recovery. The achievement of the ideal physique for soccer is a long-term goal that should be undertaken over successive years, and particularly during the off-season and pre-season. An increase in lean body mass or a decrease in body fat is the product of a targeted training and eating programme. Consultation with a sports nutrition expert can assist soccer players to manipulate energy and nutrient intake to meet such goals. Players should be warned against the accidental or deliberate mismatch of energy intake and energy expenditure, such that energy availability (intake minus the cost of exercise) falls below 125 kJ (30 kcal) per kilogram of fat-free mass per day. Such low energy availability causes disturbances to hormonal, metabolic, and immune function. 相似文献
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中国女子冰壶队备战2010年冬奥会的优势与不足——2008年度世界女子冰壶锦标赛中国队表现评析 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
通过客观地分析中国女子冰壶队本次世锦赛备战期间及比赛中在队伍组建、管理、训练和准备工作中的成功经验,指出在深研项目规律、技战术、伤病预防及竞赛心理等方面存在的问题和不足,并提出改善训练环境,利用先进的科学训练手段来监控训练工作,加强国际间的交流与合作,多参加国际级高水平的冰壶比赛,聘请高水平外籍专家系统指导训练,快速提高竞技能力,规范国家队运动员的奖励与竞争机制,充分调动运动员的训练积极性等意见和建议,旨在对中国女子冰壶队奥运备战工作提供指导和借鉴。 相似文献
15.
Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
An important goal of the athlete's everyday diet is to provide the muscle with substrates to fuel the training programme that will achieve optimal adaptation for performance enhancements. In reviewing the scientific literature on post-exercise glycogen storage since 1991, the following guidelines for the training diet are proposed. Athletes should aim to achieve carbohydrate intakes to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme and to optimize restoration of muscle glycogen stores between workouts. General recommendations can be provided, preferably in terms of grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of the athlete's body mass, but should be fine-tuned with individual consideration of total energy needs, specific training needs and feedback from training performance. It is valuable to choose nutrient-rich carbohydrate foods and to add other foods to recovery meals and snacks to provide a good source of protein and other nutrients. These nutrients may assist in other recovery processes and, in the case of protein, may promote additional glycogen recovery when carbohydrate intake is suboptimal or when frequent snacking is not possible. When the period between exercise sessions is < 8 h, the athlete should begin carbohydrate intake as soon as practical after the first workout to maximize the effective recovery time between sessions. There may be some advantages in meeting carbohydrate intake targets as a series of snacks during the early recovery phase, but during longer recovery periods (24 h) the athlete should organize the pattern and timing of carbohydrate-rich meals and snacks according to what is practical and comfortable for their individual situation. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a moderate to high glycaemic index provide a readily available source of carbohydrate for muscle glycogen synthesis, and should be the major carbohydrate choices in recovery meals. Although there is new interest in the recovery of intramuscular triglyceride stores between training sessions, there is no evidence that diets which are high in fat and restricted in carbohydrate enhance training. 相似文献
16.
练华伟 《体育科技文献通报》2014,(5):56-58
以表象训练的方法作为理论基础,以山西中医学院参加民族传统体育项目的大学生集训队作为研究对象。通过文献研究、竞赛状态焦虑问卷调查和训练实验,对表象训练实验前后的问卷数据和比赛后的得分进行统计分析。结果表明,表象训练能够提高大学生中低等难度武术套路的比赛能力,有效降低大学生的认知躯体状态焦虑水平和躯体状态焦虑水平,并显著提高状态自信心,有助于大学生在武术套路比赛中较为稳定的发挥。表象训练是提升大学生武术套路训练和比赛能力的重要手段。 相似文献
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随着社会的不断进步和新课改的深入发展,无论是学校方面还是社会方面都越来越重视学生的德、智、体、美、劳全面发展,而小学体育这门课程作为一门培养小学生五育观念及能力的重要学科,改变以往传统、落后的教学模式已然已成为每个教师都应深思的重要问题。基于此,本文将从"趣味游戏,激发体育兴趣""探究游戏,培养体育意识""竞赛游戏,加强体育训练""3个方面进行分析,谈一谈游戏教学法在小学体育中的应用探究。 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to examine acute physiological responses and time-motion characteristics associated with three different small-sided soccer game formats in youth players. Sixteen male soccer players aged 16.3+/-0.6 years (mean+/-s) completed three variations of a small-sided game (i.e. 2 vs. 2, 4 vs. 4, and 6 vs. 6 players) in which heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate concentration, and time-motion characteristics were recorded. The pitch size was altered to keep the relative pitch area per player consistent for each game format. The 2 vs. 2 games exhibited greater blood lactate, heart rate, and RPE responses compared with 4 vs. 4 and 6 vs. 6 games (P<0.05). The players travelled less (P<0.05) distance at speeds of 0-7 km.h(-1) in the 4 vs. 4 compared with the 2 vs. 2 games (1128+/-10 m and 1176+/-8 m, respectively). Average maximal sprint distances above 18 km.h(-1) were lower (P<0.05) in 2 vs. 2 than in 4 vs. 4 and 6 vs. 6 games (11.5+/-3.9 m, 15.3+/-5.5 m, and 19.4+/-5.9 m, respectively), and in 4 vs. 4 compared with 6 vs. 6 games. The results show that as small-sided game formats decrease in size and relative pitch area remains constant, overall physiological and perceptual workload increases. 相似文献
19.
An important goal of the athlete's everyday diet is to provide the muscle with substrates to fuel the training programme that will achieve optimal adaptation for performance enhancements. In reviewing the scientific literature on post-exercise glycogen storage since 1991, the following guidelines for the training diet are proposed. Athletes should aim to achieve carbohydrate intakes to meet the fuel requirements of their training programme and to optimize restoration of muscle glycogen stores between workouts. General recommendations can be provided, preferably in terms of grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of the athlete's body mass, but should be fine-tuned with individual consideration of total energy needs, specific training needs and feedback from training performance. It is valuable to choose nutrient-rich carbohydrate foods and to add other foods to recovery meals and snacks to provide a good source of protein and other nutrients. These nutrients may assist in other recovery processes and, in the case of protein, may promote additional glycogen recovery when carbohydrate intake is suboptimal or when frequent snacking is not possible. When the period between exercise sessions is <8?h, the athlete should begin carbohydrate intake as soon as practical after the first workout to maximize the effective recovery time between sessions. There may be some advantages in meeting carbohydrate intake targets as a series of snacks during the early recovery phase, but during longer recovery periods (24?h) the athlete should organize the pattern and timing of carbohydrate-rich meals and snacks according to what is practical and comfortable for their individual situation. Carbohydrate-rich foods with a moderate to high glycaemic index provide a readily available source of carbohydrate for muscle glycogen synthesis, and should be the major carbohydrate choices in recovery meals. Although there is new interest in the recovery of intramuscular triglyceride stores between training sessions, there is no evidence that diets which are high in fat and restricted in carbohydrate enhance training. 相似文献
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李松 《体育科技文献通报》2014,(11):81-83
研究主要采用文献资料、访谈等方法,基于体育游戏的特点、体育游戏在体育教学中的作用与功能,以及当前体育游戏的应用现状,从理论层面上分析和阐述了体育游戏在体育教学中应用应遵循的3个原则：体育游戏的运用要凸现健康性和教育性、要有针对性和目的性、体现趣味性和竞争性;体育游戏应用于体育教学中要注意的3个问题：游戏前的准备工作、游戏过程中形式的把握、游戏过程中的安全性;最后提出了体育教学中运用体育游戏的改进建议：民族民间体育游戏资源的开发、教师应参与体育游戏活动、游戏在体育课中各个部分的灵活运用。 相似文献