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多重类别学习系统观点的提出和认知神经科学的研究进展使分类研究在过去十年中有了根本性的改变,文章运用多重类别学习系统的观点和认知神经科学的相关研究结果,从构造方式、理论解释和神经心理基础几个方面对类别学习研究中通常采用的四种类别学习任务——基于规则的任务、信息整合任务、原型变式任务和天气预报任务的差异进行了梳理和区分。基于规则的任务依赖于前扣带回,需要工作记忆和执行注意的参与;信息整合任务学习实质上是一种内隐程序学习;“A,非A”原型变式任务诱发视皮层的知觉学习;天气预报任务存在各种不同的接近最佳反应的学习策略。 相似文献
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在现实条件下,人们可以通过多种类别学习方式学习类别知识,而以往有关类别学习的实验室研究仅局限于对分类学习的研究上,这就导致研究结论并不完全适合其他类别学习方式,所以有必要拓展实验室关于类别学习的研究范围。分类学习与推理学习存在本质差异,二者由于对类别信息的关注点不同,所导致的类别表征也不同,即不同的类别学习方式会导致不同的类别表征。 相似文献
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内隐记忆、无觉察知觉与内隐学习关系综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
王军妮 《湖州师范学院学报》2007,29(1):91-94
内隐记忆、无觉察知觉与内隐学习是当今无意识领域研究的热点问题,这是因为它们都与“认知无意识”有关.当所完成任务不需要意识性提取过去经验时,表现出来的是内隐记忆;如果刺激呈现在意识觉察阈限以下,这种短暂、无觉察的呈现对后续的行为产生了影响,说明无觉察知觉在起作用;人们学习了复杂信息但又对所学知识完全不能用言语表达出来,体现了内隐学习的作用.内隐记忆与内隐学习之间存在相互关系:不同点表现为所涉及的加工阶段、研究范式、研究材料、所使用的加工分离程序及所涉及的脑区四个方面;相同点表现为无意识加工过程、研究范式阶段及加工水平影响三个方面.无觉察知觉与内隐学习之间也存在着不可忽视的联系:不同点表现在引起无意识的原因、认知加工过程及学习材料复杂程度三个方面;相同点体现在主试对学习材料的操纵、实验研究范式及意识与无意识的分离三个方面. 相似文献
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《华东师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2017,(4)
语音类别学习是人类重要的认知机制之一,其能降低认知负荷、加快学习速度,以使人更好适应环境。双系统模型是当前语音类别学习的主要理论模型,它假设语音类别学习存在着相互竞争的两个系统,即外显学习系统和内隐学习系统;语音类别学习的研究主要针对人工语音材料和自然性的普通话材料,采用延迟反馈和及时反馈、丰富反馈和简单反馈、组合式发音和随机混合式发音等方式来探讨语音类别学习外显和内隐系统的特点。已有研究主要探究语音类别学习中工作记忆的作用,普通话分类习得和不同人群的语音类别学习特点,未来研究应注意谨慎借鉴知觉类别学习的研究成果,并可在认知研究、老年人视听问题等方面进一步加强。 相似文献
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通过3个实验,考查了中度弱智儿童语义知识的发展.结果表明,与同龄的智力普通儿童相比,中度弱智儿童生物体和非生物体语义知识的发展均存在障碍,具体表现为类别语义、感/知觉语义和功能/联想语义等多种语义知识的发展水平较低.还有,中度弱智儿童非生物体的类别语义的发展障碍程度大于生物体,生物体的知觉和功能/联想语义的障碍程度大于非生物体;生物体的视觉和听觉语义知识发展水平相当,非生物体的视觉和听觉语义知识发展水平也相当.教学中凸显物体的关键特征和本质特征有助于丰富中度弱智儿童的物体表象,促进其语义知识的发展. 相似文献
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在线协作学习依靠学习者之间的交流和协作来维持和发展,因而对于学习效果的测量,不仅要重视实际学习效果,也应该重视学习者主观的学习感知.基于上述思路,本文以一门混合式教学的网络课程为例,分析学习者在参与在线协作学习过程中,个人和小组特征对学习满意度的影响.研究发现,社会临场感、学习者对协作学习的态度、学习者每天的在线时间、学习者对顺应型学习风格的偏爱,学习者在学习网络中的入度以及小组内部冲突会显著影响网络学习满意度.最后,研究者对分析结果进行了讨论并提出了后续研究计划. 相似文献
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随着信息技术的发展,多媒体与网络化教学成为现代教育的主流。多媒体教学中学习材料的情绪因素受到研究者越来越多的关注。国内外学者已开展了大量实验与准实验研究,探索在使用颜色、形状、拟人化等多种视觉元素设计的学习材料中,视觉情绪因素对学习者学习效果的影响,结论尚存争议。研究采用元分析方法,对二十年来国内外有关视觉情绪设计影响学习效果的31篇文献进行梳理与分析,并进一步从学习材料呈现步调、学习者学段和实验时长三个调节变量的影响维度进行深入探讨。研究发现:整体而言,视觉情绪设计能够促进反映学习者学习效果的保持成绩、理解成绩和迁移成绩的提高;不同呈现步调、学习者学段和实验时长对学习者学习效果的调节作用组间差异不显著。研究得到的启示:多媒体学习材料中使用饱和、高亮暖色、图片及拟人化设计,对于多媒体学习认知过程和学习效果有益。最后,在深入阅读文献的基础上,指出多媒体学习情绪设计研究中存在的问题及进一步研究的方向。 相似文献
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心理学认为,知觉是“感觉信息的组织和解释,也即获得感觉信息的意义的过程”眼1演。面对教师提供的媒体学习材料,学习者的大脑中会形成对材料整体特性、组成元素,以及各元素间连接关系的一个整体的反应,这就是学习者对媒体学习材料的知觉,也是学习者通过媒体进行学习的第一环节。所以教师在进行教学媒体设计时,除了要考虑教学信息的呈现与传递问题,还要考虑学习者知觉的特性,保证媒体信息能够顺利被学习者知觉和理解。本文从知觉规律出发探讨教学中的媒体设计问题,以期能引起教学媒体设计者对学习者知觉规律的重视。一、知觉的整体性规律现… 相似文献
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个性化学习推荐模型的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过分析个性化学习的特点,构造了个性化学习推荐模型.为保证学习效果,设计了基于ISM的学习序列生成方法,从整体上引导学习者的学习过程;在单个知识点学习时,采用关联规则挖掘,推荐符合学习者特征的学习材料. 相似文献
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Naomi Sweller 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2015,62(4):394-404
Individuals with autism have difficulty generalising information from one situation to another, a process that requires the learning of categories and concepts. Category information may be learned through: (1) classifying items into categories, or (2) predicting missing features of category items. Predicting missing features has to this point been little used in special education. Children with autism were taught novel category information through either classification or feature prediction tasks. Both methods resulted in successful category learning. Furthermore, feature prediction learning resulted in better performance when predicting missing features of items at test. These results suggest that while both tasks are valuable tools for teaching categories to children with autism, the feature prediction task provides more successful post-learning use of the information acquired. 相似文献
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3 experiments examined the modes of processing used by children and adults in learning family-resemblance categories. The materials were cartoon faces (Experiments 1 and 2) and bugs (Experiment 3) divided into categories that possessed no single defining attributes, but rather several characteristic attributes that were each partially predictive of category membership. The categories were structured so that a holistic mode of processing in which the individual did not selectively weight any given attributes could have led to success. Nevertheless, preschoolers (Experiments 2 and 3), first and third graders (Experiment 1), and adult college students (all experiments) all exhibited primarily analytic modes of learning that consisted of single- and dual-attribute approaches. Although the proportion of analytic learners among the preschoolers was lower than among the adults in Experiment 3, in no case were holistic modes of learning evident. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for young children's apparent relative success in learning natural categories. It is suggested that children's success in learning real-world categories may be based, in part, on an interaction between a basically analytic processing style and natural category structures that provide many partially informative attributes. 相似文献
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Under some conditions, learning is improved by using a dual mode presentation involving for example, visual diagrams and auditory,
rather than written text (modality effect). Under other conditions, learning is improved by asking learners to imagine rather
than study instructional material (imagination effect). Both effects have been explained using cognitive load theory. This
paper investigates interactions between the modality and imagination effects. It was hypothesized that the imagination effect
would be facilitated when accompanied by audio/visual instructions compared to visual only instructions. Experiment 1 provided
evidence to suggest that for the materials used, audio/visual instructions were required to obtain an imagination effect.
Experiment 2 through verbal protocols aimed to investigate the cognitive mechanisms required when studying and imagining and
found that learners who studied tended to engage in search while learners who imagined focused on entities and relations that
needed to be learned.
in final form: 8 December 2005 相似文献
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Andrew R. Delamater 《Learning & behavior》1995,23(1):31-39
The outcome-selective effects of presenting intertrial unconditioned stimuli (USs) in a rat appetitive conditioning paradigm were examined in two experiments. In both experiments, two stimuli were paired with different outcomes, while one of these outcomes was also presented in the intertrial interval (A+, B*, +). Two measures of learning, stimulus-elicited magazine approach and Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer, were used to examine these effects. The presence of freely occurring outcomes in the intertrial interval (ITI) was observed to interfere more with the learning of a new association (Experiment 1) and to degrade more an already established association (Experiment 2) when the conditioned stimulus had been paired with the same outcome as that occurring in the ITI. An outcome-selective effect of ITI USs distinguishes among accounts of contingency based on general performance, attentional, and motivational mechanisms from those based on more specific associative mechanisms. Overall, the data highlight the importance of specific encoding processes in the analysis of associative learning. 相似文献
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Despite a large body of research demonstrating the kinds of categories to which infants respond, few studies have directly assessed how infants' categorization unfolds over time. Four experiments used a visual familiarization task to evaluate 10-month-old infants' (N = 98) learning of exemplars characterized by commonalities in appearance or function. When learning exemplars with a common function, infants initially responded to the common feature, apparently forming a category, and only learned the individual features with more extensive familiarization. When learning exemplars with a common appearance, infants initially learned the individual features and apparently only formed a category with more extensive familiarization. The results are discussed in terms of models of category learning. 相似文献
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In English, positions of lexical stress in disyllabic words are associated with word categories; that is, nouns tend to be stressed more often on the first syllable, whereas verbs are more likely to be stressed on the second syllable (i.e. subject (noun) vs. subject (verb)). This phenomenon, which is called the stress typicality effect, has been shown to facilitate word recognition to native English speakers. However, there is little research on whether it also facilitates word recognition to non-native speakers of English, in particular, to English learners with a tonal first language. To fill this research gap, the present study investigated whether the stress typicality effect modulated word recognition in native speakers of Chinese who learned English as a second language. Both visual grammatical classification and lexical decision tasks were administered to ESL learners with intermediate and advanced English proficiency. The results revealed that Chinese intermediate ESL learners were not sensitive to stress typicality in English; however, the advanced learners were. The findings suggest that different performances in stress assignment among Chinese ESL learners were influenced by their English proficiency levels. 相似文献
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为考察普通话学习者是否具有自身声调范畴及具体的表现形式,对3名初级和3名中级普通话学习者进行发音实验及听辨实验,以被试听辨自己普通话声调的判定与实际声调是否一致作为标准。结果显示声调范畴感知没有阶段性差异。但有相对固定声调感知范畴者,一部分是因为本身发音和辨别音高变化的能力佳,其声调感知范畴与普通话声调范畴相似,另一部分采取了特定的感知策略,如通过音长、音强等声学特征辅助等。 相似文献
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Appreciation of problem structure is critical to successful learning. Two experiments investigated effective ways of communicating problem structure in a computer-based learning environment and tested whether verbal instruction is necessary to specify solution steps, when deep structure is already embellished by instructional examples. Participants learned to solve algebra-like problems and then solved transfer problems that required adjustment of learned procedures. Experiment 1 demonstrated that verbal instruction helped learning by reducing learners' floundering, but its positive effect disappeared in the transfer. More importantly, students transferred better when they studied with examples that emphasized problem structure rather than solution procedure. Experiment 2 showed that verbal instruction was not necessarily more effective than nonverbal scaffolding to convey problem structure. Final understanding was determined by transparency of problem structure regardless of presence of verbal instruction. However, verbal instruction had a positive impact on learners by having them persist through the task, and optimal instructional choices were likely to differ depending on populations of learners. 相似文献
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Three experiments examined the changes in category representation that take place when children use exemplars for tasks other than classification. In Experiments 1 and 2, 6- and 10-year-old children learned to classify exemplars of a novel category and then used the same exemplars in an inferential prediction task. In a subsequent classification task, features that were predictive for both classification and inference were classified more accurately than features that were predictive only of category membership. Experiment 3 showed that features with multiple uses were also more likely to be retrieved in feature listing. The findings show that children's category representations are affected by the way exemplars are used after they have been categorized. 相似文献
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In two experiments, eye tracking was used to investigate whether learners construct a mental representation during learning that integrates information from text and pictures. The experimental groups received inconsistent text-picture information on one or two pages of the learning materials. The control groups received only consistent text-picture information. It was expected that learners of the experimental groups should have difficulties in integrating text-picture information when faced with the inconsistencies. This should be reflected in their gaze behavior. Experiment 1 (N = 51) and Experiment 2 (N = 45) confirmed that assumption for several eye tracking variables. Regarding learning outcomes, only in Experiment 1 worse performance of the experimental group was observed. Furthermore, Experiment 2 revealed that the majority of learners did not remember the inconsistency between text and picture when asked for it after learning. In sum, the results add to our understanding about the cognitive processes underlying multimedia learning. 相似文献