共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
Ayo Harriet Akatugba 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(11):1473-1493
This study examines students’ use of proportional reasoning in high school physics problem‐solving in a West African school setting. An in‐depth, constructivist, and interpretive case study was carried out with six physics students from a co‐educational senior secondary school in Nigeria over a period of five months. The study aimed to elicit students’ meanings, claims, concerns, constructions, and interpretations of their difficulty with proportional reasoning as they worked on a series of 18 high school physics tasks. Multiple qualitative research techniques were employed to generate, analyse, and interpret data. Results indicated that several socio‐cultural, psychosocial, cognitive, and mathematical issues were associated with students’ use of proportional reasoning in physics. Students’ capacity to reason proportionally was not only linked to their difficulty with the concept, structure, and strategies of proportional reasoning as a learning and problem‐solving skill, but was also embedded in the social, cultural, cognitive, and contextual elements involved in the learning of physics. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications for teaching high school physics. 相似文献
2.
Christine Howe Terezinha Nunes Peter Bryant 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2011,9(2):391-417
Student mastery of rational number and proportional reasoning is a recognized challenge, yet supporting mastery is central
within mathematics and science. This paper focuses on a 4-lesson teaching programme which was designed to foster mastery in
the context of intensive quantities. Intensive quantities such as density, speed and temperature depend upon proportional
relations, require rational number for their representation and are relevant to science. Two versions of the teaching programme
were developed, one using ratio representation and the other using fractions. Implementation with 535 children aged 9–11 years
revealed that both versions promoted mastery of fractions, whilst the ratio version also supported proportional reasoning.
It is suggested that the ratio version provides useful foundations for teaching, even with children who, as with the present
sample, have no previous experience of ratios themselves. 相似文献
3.
How students view the general nature of their errors 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
John K. Lannin David D. Barker Brian E. Townsend 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2007,66(1):43-59
4.
This study investigated the proportional reasoning abilities of 35 college science students. Using a projection of shadows problem, proportional reasoning was assessed under one of two experimental conditions corresponding to the type of information presented: (a) relevant only, or (b) relevant and irrelevant. Subjects were also measured on the cognitive style of field independence. Results showed that subjects in the relevant only condition performed significantly better than those in the relevant-irrelevant condition. Degree of field independence was related to performance only in the relevant-irrelevant condition. These results indicated an interaction between type of information presented in a task and cognitive style. 相似文献
5.
Previous research on the role of prior skills like proportional reasoning skills for the development of mathematical concepts offers conclusions such as “more (prior skills) is better (for later learning).” Insights, which prior skill level goes along with which level of learning outcomes, may advance the understanding of the development of mathematical concepts. An exploratory approach is presented based on level models to describe the relation between symbolic proportional reasoning skills and fraction outcomes beyond linearity. Analyses draw on samples of German fourth to sixth graders from a scaling (2017, N = 325, 54.8% female) and longitudinal study (2018/2019, N = 436, 42.7% female). Particularly mastering natural and internal rational ratios in proportional reasoning seems relevant for successful fraction learning. 相似文献
6.
This study examined parent-child emotion discourse, children's independent social information processing, and social skills outcomes in 146 families of 8-year-olds with and without developmental delays. Children's emergent social-cognitive understanding (internal state understanding, perspective taking, and causal reasoning and problem solving) was coded in the context of parent-child conversations about emotion, and children were interviewed separately to assess social problem solving. Mothers, fathers, and teachers reported on children's social skills. The proposed strengths-based model partially accounted for social skills differences between typically developing children and children with delays. A multigroup analysis of the model linking emotion discourse to social skills through children's prosocial problem solving suggested that processes operated similarly for the two groups. Implications for ecologically focused prevention and intervention are discussed. 相似文献
7.
One of the most important issues in the reorganisation of engineering education is to consider new pedagogical techniques to help students develop skills and an adaptive expertise. This expertise consists of being able to recognise the nature of a problem intuitively, and also recognising recurring patterns in different types of problems. In the particular case of analogue electronics, an additional difficulty seems to be that understanding involves both analytic skills and an intuitive grasp of circuit characteristics. This paper presents a proposal to help senior students to think intuitively in order to identify the common issue involved in a group of problems of analogue electronics and build an abstract concept based on, for example, a theory or a mathematical model in order to use it to solve future problems. The preliminary results suggest that this proposal could be useful to promote intuitive reasoning in analogue electronics courses. The experience would later be useful to graduates in analytically solving new types of problems or in designing new electronic circuits. 相似文献
8.
A genetics problem practice program and tutor on microcomputer was used by 135 undergraduate education majors enrolled in an introductory biology course at Purdue University. The program presented four genetics problems, two monohybrid and two dihybrid, and required the users to predict the number and type of each class of offspring. Student responses were recorded on diskette and analyzed for evidence of misconceptions and difficulties in the genetics problem-solving process. Three main areas of difficulty were identified: difficulties with computational skills, difficulties in the determination of gametes, and inappropriate application of previous learning to new problem situations. 相似文献
9.
David Holman 《Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education》1995,20(3):261-272
This paper reports on the first year of a qualitative longitudinal study to examine the development of skills on undergraduate courses — specifically Manufacturing Management degrees. Over the last 10 years there has been considerable debate about skill development within higher education (HE). However, little research has been conducted in order to understand how skill development is experienced by students within the context of different teaching strategies. This article begins by looking at current research into personal skills and highlights problems with these studies. It goes on to interpret the results from three case studies currently under way. From this analysis two main types of account of skill development are described: tacit and negotiated development within joint activity, and rational individualistic development. The paper goes on to argue that while factors such as skill-based modules, learning contracts and assessment facilitate skill development they also promote an individualistic discourse which 'hides' much of the socially negotiated nature of development. Suggestions are then made as to how skill development can be facilitated within courses taking this dilemma into account. 相似文献
10.
As part of individual interviews incorporating whole number and rational number tasks, 323 grade 6 children in Victoria, Australia
were asked to nominate the larger of two fractions for eight pairs, giving reasons for their choice. All tasks were expected
to be undertaken mentally. The relative difficulty of the pairs was found to be close to that predicted, with the exception
of fractions with the same numerators and different denominators, which proved surprisingly difficult. Students who demonstrated
the greatest success were likely to use benchmark (transitive) and residual thinking. It is hypothesised that the methods
of these successful students could form the basis of instructional approaches which may yield the kind of connected understanding
promoted in various curriculum documents and required for the development of proportional reasoning in later years. 相似文献
11.
When reasoning about rational numbers, people sometimes incorrectly apply principles or rules for natural numbers. Many factors affect whether participants display this natural number bias, including their age and experience, the affordances and constraints of the given task, and even the specific numbers in the given problem. In this paper, we argue that this variability can be conceptualized in terms of dynamic choices among problem-solving strategies. People's strategy choices vary as a function of their repertoire of available strategies and as a function of the specifics of the tasks, problems, and context. Further, we argue that the specific profiles of variability in strategy use that are observed in different participant groups can be conceptualized in terms of the strength and precision of the representations of numbers and operations that people in those groups possess. In our view, the natural number bias arises when people's representations of rational number magnitudes or rational number operations are not sufficiently strongly activated or sufficiently precise to guide performance on a specific task in a specific context. In these cases, participants' more highly activated or more precise representations for natural numbers may underlie and guide their performance. This account suggests that contexts and experiences (including instructional experiences) that help build, strengthen, and activate rational number representations should lead to improvements in performance. 相似文献
12.
What strategies do high school students use when solving chemistry problems? The purpose for conducting this study was to determine the general problem-solving skills that students use in solving problems involving moles, stoichiometry, the gas laws, and molarity. The strategies were examined for success in problem solving for 266 students of varying proportional reasoning ability, using interviews incorporating the think-aloud technique. Data were coded using a scheme based on Polya's heuristics. Results indicated that successful students and those with high proportional reasoning ability tended to use algorithmic reasoning strategies more frequently than nonsuccessful and low proportional reasoning students. However, the majority of all students solved the chemistry problems using only algorithmic methods, and did not understand the chemical concepts on which the problems were based. 相似文献
13.
14.
This article examines the learning of different types of graphic information by subjects with different levels of education and knowledge of the content represented. Three levels of graphic information learning were distinguished (explicit, implicit, and conceptual information processing) and two experiments were conducted, looking at graph and geographical map learning. The graph study (Experiment 1) examined the influence of the variables' numerical relationship structure on adolescent students with different levels of education and knowledge of social sciences and also assessed their proportional reasoning skills. The map study (Experiment 2) looked at the learning of a geographical map studied spontaneously by secondary school and university students with different geographical knowledge (experts and novices) and also assessed their spatial skills. The results of both studies show that graph and map learning performance improves with the subjects' educational level. The groups' differential performance varied according to the type of information involved (explicit, implicit, or conceptual). The subjects' knowledge of the domain in question determined the level at which they processed the information. Verbal and superficial processing of graphic information were also found to predominate. This has important educational implications, suggesting the need for differential treatment in teaching different types of information. The results of the study also raise interesting issues regarding the type of expertise involved in learning graphic information: expertise related to the content represented, to knowledge of the syntax (graphicacy), and/or the system of knowledge graphically represented – spatial in the case of maps, numerical in the case of graphs. 相似文献
15.
Rebecca Bull Wendy Anne Davidson Emily Nordmann 《Learning and individual differences》2010,20(3):246-250
Lateralization of the brain is strongly influenced by prenatal androgens, with differential exposure thought to account for cognitive sex differences. This study investigated sex and individual differences and relationships between 2D:4D (the ratio of the 2nd to 4th digit [digit ratio] as a proxy indicator of prenatal testosterone exposure), visual-spatial memory, and numerical skills in 5-year-old children. No sex differences were found in any of the numerical or visual-spatial tasks. Visual-spatial memory was positively correlated with arithmetic score. Girls with a lower (more masculinised) 2D:4D had better number sense and visual-spatial skills, whilst boys with lower 2D:4D had better arithmetic skills. This suggests that prenatal testosterone exposure may have differential effects on the visual-spatial and numerical skills of girls and boys. 相似文献
16.
Rodrigo Enrique Elizondo‐Omaña Jesus Alberto Morales‐Gómez Orlando Morquecho‐Espinoza José Miguel Hinojosa‐Amaya Eliud Enrique Villarreal‐Silva Maria de los Angeles García‐Rodríguez Santos Guzmán‐López 《Anatomical sciences education》2010,3(5):267-271
Basic and superior reasoning skills are woven into the clinical reasoning process just as they are used to solve any problem. As clinical reasoning is the central competence of medical education, development of these reasoning skills should occur throughout the undergraduate medical curriculum. The authors describe here a method of teaching reasoning skills in a clinical context during a human anatomy course. Anat Sci Educ 3:267–271, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists. 相似文献
17.
数学教材中的习题在数学教学中发挥着重要的作用,习题的难度在一定程度上反映了教材的难度。文章在鲍建生教授建立的"探究、背景、运算、推理和知识含量"五个因素的基础上对中国、美国、新加坡三国初中数学教材中的"三角形的有关角"的习题难度进行模型比较,以期为中国的初中数学教材编写提供参考。 相似文献
18.
Rabih El Mouhayar 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2018,99(1):89-107
This study explored progression of students’ level of reasoning and generalization in numerical and figural reasoning approaches across grades and in different pattern generalization types. An instrument that included four figural patterns was administered to a sample of 1232 students from grades 4 to 11 from five private schools. The findings suggest that there was progressive development in the level of reasoning and generalization in each reasoning approach across clusters of grades. The level of reasoning and generalization in figural approach was higher than that for numerical approach in each grade. In addition, the level of reasoning and generalization for each approach and in each grade was not limited to one level but to several levels. The type of generalization influenced the progression of students’ level of reasoning and generalization in each approach. 相似文献
19.
This study was designed as a test for two neo-Piagetian theories. More specifically, this research examined the relationships between the development of proportional reasoning strategies and three cognitive variables from Pascual-Leone's and Case's neo-Piagetian theories. A priori hypotheses linked the number of problems students worked until they induced a proportional reasoning strategy to the variables of M-space, degree of field dependence, and short-term storage space. The subjects consisted of students enrolled in Physical Science I, a science course for nonscience majors at the University of Southern Mississippi. Of the 34 subjects in the study, 23 were classified as concrete operational on the basis of eight ratio tasks. Problems corresponding to five developmental levels of proportional reasoning (according to Piagetian and neo-Piagetian theory), were presented by a microcomputer to the 23 subjects who had been classified as concrete operational. After a maximum of 6 hours of treatment, 17 of the 23 subjects had induced ratio schemata at the upper formal level (IIIB), while the remaining subjects used lower formal level (IIIA) schemata. The data analyses showed that neither M-space and degree of field-dependence, either alone or in combination, nor short-term storage predicted the number of problems students need to do until they induce an appropriate problem-solving strategy. However, there were significant differences in the short-term storage space of those subjects who mastered ratio problems at the highest level and those who did not. Also, the subjects' degree of field-dependence was not a predictor of either the ability to transfer problem-solving strategies to a new setting or the reuse of inappropriate strategies. The results of this study also suggest that short-term storage space is a variable with high correlations to a number of aspects of learning such as transfer and choice of strategy after feedback. 相似文献
20.
Lamon (Teaching fractions and ratios for understanding. Essential content knowledge and instructional strategies for teachers,
2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, 2005) claimed that the development of proportional reasoning relies on various kinds of understanding and thinking processes. The
critical components suggested were individuals’ understanding of the rational number subconstructs, unitizing, quantities
and covariance, relative thinking, measurement and “reasoning up and down”. In this study, we empirically tested a theoretical
model based on the one suggested by Lamon (Teaching fractions and ratios for understanding. Essential content knowledge and
instructional strategies for teachers, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, 2005), as well as an extended model which included an additional component of solving missing value proportional problems. Data
were collected from 238 prospective kindergarten teachers. To a great extent, the data provided support for the extended model.
These findings allow us to make some first speculations regarding the knowledge that prospective kindergarten teachers possess
in regard to proportional reasoning and the types of processes that might be emphasized during their education. 相似文献