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1.
Tien-Chin Tan 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(8):1071-1084
For most countries with developed economies, the increasing prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle has led to a decline in adolescents' physical fitness and increased risk of chronic disease and obesity. A common solution to this problem has been to encourage greater youth participation in sports and physical activities. However, there is little evidence to suggest that this approach has been successful. Since the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, the development of elite sports in China has received increasing attention, reaching its climax during the Beijing Olympic Games, where China won the most gold medals. According to a study undertaken by Dong Xinguang, who designed the ‘Outline of the National Fitness Program,’ China's success in elite sports has, to some degree, been built at the expense of the country's national fitness. This study focuses on the sport-for-all policy change, especially the changes to the Peoples Republic of China's (PRC) national fitness policy after an official speech delivered after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games by the president of the PRC, Hu Jintao, who, for the first time, mentioned the idea of ‘changing from a major sports country to a world sports power.’ In an attempt to help assess the extent of change in China's national fitness policy, this study adopts the five policy change indicators (comprising organization, statutes, budget, personnel, and the media) developed by Hogwood and Peters and Juang. Furthermore, elite theory is adopted as our analytical framework to explain how the political elites have tackled the difficulties in promoting sports in China. Finally, our findings are presented in three parts: the driving forces behind the policy change, policy change reflected in the five dimensions, and the conclusion. 相似文献
2.
以近10届冬奥会(第14—23届冬奥会)东道国为研究对象,系统研究冬奥会主办国金牌数量、奖牌数量、奖牌榜排名、不同运动分项奖牌数量等东道国优势特征,从国家竞技体育发展政策与经费投入、主场观众因素、场地熟悉程度、运动员参赛人数等角度分析冬奥会东道国优势效应产生原因;建立逻辑回归模型,预测我国运动员2022年北京冬奥会奖牌数量将创冬奥会参赛史最好成绩。借鉴冬奥会东道国办赛经验,提出我国运动员备战2022年北京冬奥会、创造冬奥会最佳参赛成绩策略:1)妥善应对疫情,实现参赛出彩目标;2)突出优势项目,确保运动员争金夺牌;3)利用场地优势,实现运动成绩新突破;4)适应观众氛围,发挥运动员最佳竞技状态;5)补齐项目短板,赛出运动员风格与水平。 相似文献
3.
改革开放以来,我国综合实力不断增强。就体育而言,从19 8 4年洛衫矶奥运会夺取第一枚金牌到2008年北京奥运会获得金牌总数第一,中国竞技体育的崛起也已举世瞩目。中国的崛起不仅仅以发展速度来衡量,也包括意识形态、价值观念、社会制度等＂软实力＂。体育同样需要为了民族大众的体质健康水平来超越思想认识,提高其精与神,这是体育文化素养和内涵中＂软实力＂的具体表现。 相似文献
4.
Simona Petracovschi 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(7):774-788
While the Los Angeles Olympic Games in 1984 constituted Romania's best performance ever, 2012 London Olympic Games were characterised by the worst performance in its history. During the time between these two events, the country went from being a communist regime to a liberal government. This transition invites consideration of the transformation Romania's sports policy underwent and its repositioning with regard to the Olympic Movement, both before and after the 1989 turning point. Analysis suggests that, in failing to professionalise Romanian sport, the Romanian Olympic and Sports Committee (COSR) was tempted to readopt a model of state-financed sport, with the aim of reinstating the nation to its former position among the world's sporting elite. 相似文献
5.
Susan Brownell 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(1):128-143
After the Communist victory in 1949, the People's Republic of China was excluded from most world organisations. China withdrew from the International Olympic Committee in 1958 in protest over its continued recognition of Taiwan, and since it supported the US boycott of the Moscow 1980 Olympics, it did not return to the summer games until the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. While the diplomatic importance of those games is well known, their importance for China's economic reforms has not been discussed. The Los Angeles Games not only played an important role in the revitalisation of Chinese national identity, but also provided an eye-popping example of marketised sport and mega-events just as the economic reforms were launched. The Los Angeles Games were the first televised broadcast of the popular culture of the West to a wide Chinese audience. The deep impression they left on their Chinese viewers helped to launch China towards becoming the economic power that it became a quarter of a century later. This was symbolically represented at China's first Olympic Games in 2008, when the Olympic flame was lit by Li Ning, the gold medalist in Los Angeles who founded a sporting goods company that is considered as one of the hallmark cases of the reforms. 相似文献
6.
Matthew Llewellyn 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(1):53-71
Behind the shadows of an Olympiad replete with tales of Cold War acrimony and lavish commercial excess, emerges South Africa's bureaucratic attempt to achieve readmission to the Olympic Movement prior to the 1984 Los Angeles Games. In the backdrop of the Reagan administration's conciliatory policy of ‘constructive engagement’ towards Pretoria, the all-white South African National Olympic Committee aspired to cease its two-decade-long sporting isolation in the southern California metropolis. Drawing upon archival materials from the International Olympic Studies Center and public debates in the leading national and sporting newspapers and periodicals of the time, this paper will detail and analyse how International Olympic Committee president Juan Antonio Samaranch was forced to navigate a tight political tightrope over the South African issue. Any concession towards Pretoria would have likely agitated the African-bloc nations – a powerful constituency on the IOC with a proclivity for boycotting Olympic Games – as well as the global-nexus of anti-apartheid groups that vehemently opposed South Africa's participation in Los Angeles. 相似文献
7.
Propaganda and Censorship for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games: The Internal Politics of Ceausescu
Simona Petracovschi 《国际体育史杂志》2016,33(16):2046-2058
The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the USSR boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games and Nicolae Ceausescu’s decision to send the Romanian Olympic team to Los Angeles, from an internal politics perspective. All the existing analyses study the situation from the perspective of international relations but the aim of this paper is to analyze the ways that Ceausescu incorporates this decision into his own ideology and how the Romanian people were informed. The sports news was published in the newspaper Sportul and some in Scanteia (‘The Official Newspaper of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Parti’). We will analyze all the relevant material from January until the end of August 1984 and will focus on the characteristics of propaganda and censorship used to convince the population about Ceausescu’s reasons to participate at the Olympic Games despite the situation. Dominated by the idea of a ‘multilateral developed society’, Ceausescu incorporated sport as part of this ideology and in the case of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, he manipulated the population through the media in a particular manner, centred on his ‘cult of personality’. 相似文献
8.
The management of the Olympic Games has changed significantly since the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. The introduction of commercialisation probably saved the Olympic Games from a fateful crisis. It brought financial stability and attracted cities to bid for the Games. On the other hand, the impact of hosting the Olympic Games increased as more stakeholders became involved in its management. In addition, the global community became concerned about environmental issues. Global organisations including the International Olympic Committee (IOC) were required to take actions towards sustainable development. In this context, the debate regarding the Olympic legacy became of interest among stakeholders and researchers. The IOC introduced indicators to measure impact and legacy, which is now referred to as Olympic Games Impact (OGI). However, there are some issues in the current OGI study. This paper aims to suggest a theoretical approach which would contribute to solve the issues by focusing on sustainable sport legacy as an example. The proposed theoretical approach is focusing on event objective and analysing the relationship between sport policy and sport legacy development concentrated on the process and opportunity rather than the outcome. 相似文献
9.
慕尼黑奥林匹克公园是1972年奥运会的举办地,也是建筑史上的一大奇迹,它让体育场馆进入艺术的殿堂,也让奥运惠及普通百姓。慕尼黑奥林匹克公园在建造过程中秉承奥运为城市发展服务、为大众健身服务的理念,使慕尼黑奥林匹克公园场馆影响深远,也给予我们建造体育场馆和体育公园的启示和思考。 相似文献
10.
奥运会为中国体育政策的发展留下了宝贵遗产，特别是北京冬奥会的申办和筹备不仅加快了大众参与冰雪运动的相关政策制定及议程落实，也进一步丰富了奥运遗产的积淀。我国体育政策正在构建“多元的”“现实主义的”奥运话语体系，相比北京夏奥会，冬奥会的政策遗产更清晰，也更具可持续性。采用内容分析法和扎根理论，选取与2008年北京夏奥会和2022年北京冬奥会相关的国家层面体育政策（2001—2021年）进行分析，阐述北京夏冬奥运会影响我国国家体育政策的演进历程及时代特征的逻辑关系。研究认为，以北京夏冬奥运会为导向的国家体育政策演进呈现出3个特色鲜明的时代特征：北京夏奥会促进体育功能价值逐渐扩大（2001—2008年）；北京夏奥会助力体育强国战略的开启（2009—2014年）；北京冬奥会推动体育在国家经济社会发展的多元价值升级（2015—2021年）。 相似文献
11.
Sérgio Settani Giglio 《国际体育史杂志》2017,34(11):1128-1139
AbstractThe 1936 Olympic Games are considered to be the explicit union of sports and politics. Many studies have analysed the accomplishments of Jesse Owens at Hitler’s Olympics. However, football provides another collision between sports and politics at the same Olympic Games, which also impacts the debate regarding the relationship between sports and politics. That relationship is rarely studied. Football had been out of the Olympic programme of the 1932 Los Angeles Games and returned to the programme for the 1936 Berlin Games. However, on its return there was an incident in the match between Peru and Austria in the second round of the tournament. It all started when a spectator invaded the field and kicked an Austrian athlete. The match was restarted and Peru won the game in overtime. After the game the Austrians formalized a protest and FIFA set up a European committee to review the case. Through historical analysis, from official documents and newspapers of that time, this episode showed two points: that FIFA was a Eurocentric entity; and that sports and politics go together, after all, since in the rescheduled new game, Peru, as a protest and in a demand for dignity, withdrew its entire delegation from the Olympic Games. 相似文献
12.
Cesar R. Torres 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(1):108-127
The election of Raúl Alfonsín in October of 1983 represented the return of democracy to Argentina after more than seven years of a military dictatorship that left the country in a terribly distressed state. Since the dictatorship had joined the boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics led by the USA, for Argentina, the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics meant both coming back to the Olympic fold and the first such festival under the new democratic government. This paper explores Argentina's trajectory towards, and construction of, its participation in the country's first post-dictatorship Olympics. In doing so, this paper reveals why participation in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was not a priority for the incoming administration and why such participation was not conceived as a potential emissary capable of reaffirming on the global Olympic stage the hard fought, yet still emerging, democracy of Argentina. In addition, it reveals not only the determination of the Alfonsín administration to make his sport policy work but also its aspirations, complexity and ambiguities. 相似文献
13.
日本是亚洲传统冰雪运动强国,通过两次举办冬奥会,逐步形成了较为成熟的冰雪运动发展模式。日本通过政府、社会和市场等多主体的密切合作制定了层级分明的《体育基本法》及政策支持体系。日本体育经费投入增长较快、分配合理,场馆建设迅速、运营方式灵活多样,"一贯制"培养体系发展模式为我国实现冰雪运动跨越式发展提供了诸多启发。完善竞技体育治理体系,变革冰雪运动发展方式;从"战略驱动"到"科技驱动"全面提升备战水平,从"要素驱动"到"创新驱动"推动冰雪运动跨越式发展,打造夏冬奥一体化发展模式;统筹规划资金来源与分配,科学布局设施建设与运营;构建"教育普及－社会推广－竞技提高"多边融合的人才协同培养模式;培育冰雪文化,营造社会氛围,加强国际交流,全面提升我国冰雪运动国际影响力。 相似文献
14.
奥运会是最具典型的大型体育赛事,良好的公共关系是举办一届成功奥运会不可缺少的重要因素。本文通过查阅大量的文献资料和多媒体网络的支持,分析了大型体育赛事公共关系的对象、方式,并对洛杉矶奥运会、巴赛罗那奥运会、雅典奥运会、北京奥运会公共关系活动进行了评析,提出了开展大型体育赛事公共关系应注意的问题,以及所应采取的措施和行动。以期能对今后的大型体育赛事更好的筹办起到积极的作用。 相似文献
15.
Mark Dyreson 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(1):172-184
The 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles witnessed a transformation in the economic, political and cultural dynamics of the modern Olympic movement. By the 1980s many observers worried that the Olympics tottered on the verge of extinction. Plagued by boycotts, terrorism and intractable national rivalries and beset by financial shortfalls, cost overruns and the expenditure of vast sums for ‘white elephant’ facilities, the list of potential suitors for hosting the games dwindled until only Los Angeles remained. The world had seemingly abandoned the Olympics as too costly and too controversial. Indeed, some forecasters predicted that Los Angeles would signal the death-knell of the modern games. Instead, the organisers of the Los Angeles Olympics transformed the economic, political and cultural dynamics of the games. Fuelled by television broadcasting funds and the billions of viewers that the medium brought to the spectacle, the Olympics in 1984 became a fundamental element in the emergence in the second half of the twentieth century of ‘global television’ – a vast new consumer culture that incorporated the world's nations into an amalgamated audience that shared experiences through their viewing habits. ‘Global television’ transformed the modern Olympic movement – a process that came into clear view in 1984 in Los Angeles. 相似文献
16.
Jaime Schultz 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(1):72-88
The 1984 Los Angeles Games hosted, for the first time in Olympic history, a women's marathon race. It took the efforts of several important factions to accomplish the event. First, women runners demonstrated that they were capable of running great distances in increasingly faster times. Second, the popular media publicised those performances, often mitigating athletic commentary with observations about the runners' femininity, attractiveness and relationships with men. Finally, commercial sponsors joined the ranks in this marathon battle to finance important events, running circuits and advocacy groups while simultaneously promoting their own brands of commodity feminism. In the end, it took the coming together of the physical activists, media advocates and corporate champions to accomplish this milestone in sport history. 相似文献
17.
Stephen R. Wenn 《国际体育史杂志》2015,32(1):157-171
Interest in staging the Olympic Games waned in cities across the world in the 1970s, given the intrusion of world geo-politics on recent festivals and the exploding costs of staging them. In running the show in Los Angeles, Peter Ueberroth prioritised pre-existing facilities, a new and more profitable means of affiliating corporate sponsors with an organising committee, and maximising revenue from television rights negotiations. His success encouraged cities to re-enter the bidding for Olympic festivals, and when combined with initiatives launched by the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) President, Juan Antonio Samaranch, brighter days for the IOC lay ahead in the 1980s and 1990s. Yet, Ueberroth's legacy was not well managed ultimately by Samaranch, who permitted the enhanced competition among bid cities, and the behaviour of bid officials and some of his own members to endanger the IOC's reputation and autonomy, highlighted notably by the Salt Lake City scandal. Last, in light of the cost of the Olympic festivals in Beijing and Sochi, and its dampening effect on the current host city bidding environment, it seems wise for the IOC and future bid cities to re-visit the Ueberroth model for lessons in cost containment, and like Ueberroth, exhibit a willingness to explore novel, more cost-effective means for cities to host the Olympic Games. 相似文献
18.
洛杉矶作为世界知名的体育城市,其体育城市建设的方法和过程都具有极高的可借鉴价值。以洛杉矶的体育城市建设为主要研究对象,利用文献资料法、逻辑分析法对洛杉矶的体育城市建设的发展历程进行归纳总结,通过分析洛杉矶体育城市建设的经验,并结合我国的实际国情,对当下中国体育城市建设提出具有参考价值的建议。研究发现:洛杉矶城市体育建设有以下几点实践经验:发达的文化体育娱乐产业推动城市经济发展;政府对体育城市建设过程中的引导规划;多元化的运动形式促进城市的社会稳定。对我国体育城市发展提出了以下几点建议:政府在体育城市建设中的合理规划;制定长期、连贯的体育城市营销战略;明确体育城市的发展定位和策略。 相似文献
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20.
北京奥运会后如何加强优秀运动队队伍建设是从事竞技体育管理人员面临的最紧要的问题。以科学发展观为指导,探索后北京奥运会时期的队伍建设,必须把坚持运动员为本作为优秀运动队队伍建设的基础和关键一环,必须切实加强运动员、教练员等队伍建设,必须加强运动队文化建设和思想建设,建立立体的优秀运动队保障体系。 相似文献