共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
以网球比赛相持阶段为背景,将43名被试分为专家组、二级组、新手组,运用时间阻断技术记录被试在不同时机判断击球线路的行为特征及事件相关电位.结果显示:专家网球运动员在对手击球前80 ms表现出明显的反应速度优势,在各时间点预判准确率均明显高于新手;在实验材料呈现早期,顶枕区诱发出明显的P1成分,且专家组波幅最小;专家和二级运动员的N1波幅小于新手;专家组N200潜伏期最长;新手组P300潜伏期最长;各组被试大脑左半球800～1 900ms的晚期慢波的平均波幅均高于右半球;在500～700ms,800～1000ms,1 400～3 000ms时窗内,专家组和新手组在各脑区诱发LNC和LPP的平均波幅均有显著差异;在对方触球前80 ms做出预判时,专家组诱发的N250成分峰值最大,新手组N250潜伏期最长.这一结果说明,专家网球运动员能在信息量呈现尚不完整时把握有利时机,决策反应既快又准;专家运动员在对刺激任务的感知阶段投入的脑资源少,而将更多的认知资源分配于对刺激材料的类比、加工阶段,使之能够快速提取、整合信息,及时调整策略,做出决策,表现出明显的认知优势. 相似文献
2.
音乐与动作节奏同步是决定体育舞蹈运动员运动技能水平的关键,是完善运动表现的重要因素。然而舞蹈运动经验促进节奏感知和动作同步优势的认知加工特征及大脑神经活动尚需进一步探索。基于此,本研究选取30名体育舞蹈运动员和30名普通大学生作为研究对象,利用400ms、500ms和800ms不同时间间隔的视听双通道节奏刺激,考察舞蹈运动员节奏同步过程中节奏感知编码、识记和动作节奏复述加工特征。结果发现,舞蹈组节奏同步三个阶段中神经振荡能量均显著大于对照组,复述准确性更高,在不同时间间隔复述过程中,节奏间隔越长,调用注意资源更多。因此,体育舞蹈运动员节奏同步优势主要表现在大脑神经振荡能量与外界节奏刺激的共振增强,且节奏频率是注意资源的影响因素之一。 相似文献
3.
《体育与科学》2016,(6):110-116
目的:研究不同时间中等强度体育锻炼对初中生执行功能与学业成绩的影响,并采用路径分析方法探讨执行功能在体育锻炼与学业成绩关系中所起的作用。方法:按照方便取样的原则选取扬州市某中学初二年级5个教学班共250名学生作为实验对象,采用随机抽样的方式分为4个实验班和1个对照班,进行不同时间中等强度体育锻炼的干预,实验干预持续8周。实验前后对所有被试的执行功能和学业成绩进行测量,执行功能测量采用E-prime系统在计算机上完成,学业成绩采用被试实验前后的两次期末考试的学业成绩。结果:(1)不同时间中等强度体育锻炼对初中生执行功能整体、抑制功能和转换功能具有显著影响,对刷新功能没有显著影响;(2)在45min体育锻炼中累积27±1.35min中等运动强度的初中生,语文、数学和英语的学业成绩均有提高且效果最好,但不同时间中等强度体育锻炼对初中生的语文、数学和英语学业成绩影响没有显著差异;(3)在45min体育锻炼中累积22.5±1.35min、27±1.35min中等运动强度的学生,执行功能的转换功能对学业成绩的间接效应具有显著性。结论:(1)中等强度体育锻炼的累积时间达到20min以上对初中生抑制功能和转换功能的效益最为显著;(2)持续8周、每周3次、每次累积持续25min左右的中等运动强度体育锻炼对初中生学业成绩具有积极影响;(3)体育锻炼主要通过执行功能的转换功能对学业成绩产生影响。 相似文献
4.
利用电刺激C2C12作为细胞模型,研究低强度激光对电刺激引起的C2C12线粒体功能自由基损伤的光生物调节作用.以45 V 20 ms 5 Hz电刺激C2C12细胞,采用固定照射时间、不同照射强度的LIL,以荧光探针标记法检测电刺激及LIL对ROS含量的影响,研究LIL对电刺激后肌管ROS的代谢变化的影响.结果:1)ES 75 min组与对照组比较ROS生成显著增加(P＜0.01),线粒体功能显著性下降(P＜0.05),电刺激引起的C1C12线粒体功能自由基损伤的细胞模型建立;2)0.33～8.22J/cm2激光对正常培养细胞线粒体功能无影响,但可以改善电刺激引起的线粒体功能低下的状态,此剂量段为PBM的作用剂量范围;3)0.33～2.646 J/cm2激光可以促进细胞内稳态的康复,其机制主要与通过光化学作用提高机体的抗氧化作用有关.结果说明:适当剂量的低强度激光对骨骼肌细胞有光生物调节作用,是一种无损伤的促进运动性疲劳或自由基损伤康复的新型手段. 相似文献
5.
目的:探讨短时太极(八法五步)对大学生抑制功能的影响及神经机制,为运动改善大学生抑制功能提供实践基础,为太极(八法五步)的推广提供理论和实践支持。方法:以12名大学生为研究对象,采用太极(八法五步)对被试进行短时运动干预。采用Flanker任务测试大学生干预前后的抑制功能,并同步采集ERP数据。结果:(1)对前后测Flanker任务反应时进行配对样本T检验发现,后测较前测一致条件任务反应时、不一致条件任务反应时均缩短,且差异具有边缘显著性,抑制冲突反应时(不一致条件任务反应时减去一致条件任务反应时)前后测差异不显著,但后测较前测抑制冲突反应时有缩短的趋势,表明短时太极八法五步对一致条件任务、不一致条件任务和抑制冲突均有一定的促进作用。(2)对前后测Flanker任务诱发的N2振幅、P3振幅进行配对样本T检验发现,后测较前测一致条件任务、不一致条件任务前额叶N2振幅均增大,且差异具有显著性,表明短时太极八法五步促进大脑在刺激出现后200 ms左右单位时间内募集神经元数目增加,产生电压值增高;后测较前测一致条件任务顶枕叶P3振幅差异不具有显著性,但有增大趋势;后测较前测不一致条件任务顶枕叶P3振幅增大,差异具有显著性,表明短时太极八法五步促进大脑在刺激出现后300 ms左右单位时间内募集神经元数目增加,产生电压值增高。结论:短时太极八法五步干预对大学生抑制功能具有改善作用,其神经机制是前额叶N2振幅显著增大,顶枕叶P3振幅显著增大。 相似文献
6.
遵循阿虚(S·E·Asch)实验的精神,在运动场上,以运动作为内容,进行运动从众行为的实验研究.结果:个人项目较集体项目,规则一致的动作较相背的动作,难度低的动作较难度高的容易诱发被试的运动从众行为. 相似文献
7.
目的:探讨足球运动游戏对5~6岁学龄前儿童执行功能及3个维度发展的影响。方法:选取学龄前儿童61人作为被试,随机分为对照组30人和实验组31人,实验组进行中等强度足球运动游戏,每次35min,每周2次,共8周,通过心率控制运动强度。实验前、后测定身体素质和执行功能,执行功能测查包括抑制控制(熊猫-狮子任务和雪地-绿草任务)、工作记忆(科斯积木和反科斯积木任务)和认知灵活性(项目灵活选择任务)。结果:实验组儿童执行功能总分和抑制控制得分显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而其余指标无显著性差异。时间和组别在执行功能总分及抑制控制和认知灵活性上有显著的交互作用。结论:8周足球运动游戏促进了学龄前儿童执行功能发展,提高抑制控制能力。 相似文献
8.
乒乓球运动员空间注意特征的事件相关电位(ERP)研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在对国内外关于视觉空间注意特征研究成果进行分析的基础上,采用具有高时间同步性特征的事件相关电位(ERP)方法,对一般大学生和二级乒乓球运动员视觉空间注意特征进行对比研究,探索乒乓球运动员视觉空间注意的特征.实验结果表明:1)所有提示条件下乒乓球运动员的反应时显著快于一般大学生,两组被试有效提示条件下的反应时快于无效提示和中性提示条件下的反应时,乒乓球运动员比一般大学生的大脑加工视觉信息的速度快;2)P1、N1都有对侧脑区效应,对侧脑区波幅更大,潜伏期更短,两组被试P1、N1成分波幅大小的显著区别表现在左侧视野;3)一般大学生更容易受提示线索的影响,P1波幅出现了线索的逆转效应,有效提示下的P1波幅小于无效提示下的P1波幅,N1成分则是有效提示条件下的N1波幅大于无效提示条件下的波幅,而乒乓球运动员没有表现出这种效应;4)P2成分体现出了显著的提示效应,两组被试在有效提示条件下的波幅小于无效提示条件下的波幅;5)从2D脑地形图可以看到,两组被试在大脑的正向激活范围和强度上有很大区别,乒乓球运动员对视觉刺激的反应更敏感,正向活化的波幅更大、范围更广,负向活化波幅更小、范围更窄.由此得出,乒乓球运动员对视觉刺激的加工比一般大学生迅速,并且,在早期阶段,大脑对视觉刺激的加工与普通大学生有一定区别. 相似文献
9.
目的：探究基于位移动作技能的体育游戏干预对3~4岁幼儿执行功能的影响。方法：以杭州市某幼儿园两个园区共4个自然教学小班的113名幼儿为研究对象,两个园区被随机分为实验组和控制组进行为期8周实验。实验组接受每周2次、每次20~30 min基于位移动作技能的体育游戏干预;对照组按照园区原有计划进行体育活动。干预前后完成执行功能和位移动作技能测试。结果：①2（实验处理）×2（时间）重复测量方差分析显示,执行功能中抑制控制交互效应显著（P＜0.05）,工作记忆、认知灵活性的变化不显著（P＞0.05）。②位移动作技能总分、立定跳、单脚连续跳、马步跳、跨步跳的交互效应显著（P＜0.05）,跑、侧滑步的变化不具有统计学意义。结论：基于位移动作技能的体育游戏干预可以有效提高幼儿的抑制控制,干预内容设置有效、干预部分有效。后续需优化实验设计、增加追踪测验,进一步检验干预的有效性和持续性。 相似文献
10.
1 引言 在训练过程中,运动员是通过听觉感知教练员的指令,用触觉、肌肉的本体感觉去感知肌肉的用力时间、程度和方法以及动作的时间和空间关系。特别是在感知运动强度、用力程度时,还要受到当时体力状况,情绪水准、实践经验等诸因素的影响。因此,对教练员来说,如何把握住运动员在执行相对运动强度时的各种反应,了解相对强度与运动成绩的关系,对提高训练效果,保证训练质量,防止伤病的发生有着重要的意义。 相似文献
11.
Tom R. Thomas Gil L. Etheridge Ben R. Londeree Wayne Shannon 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):709-714
Abstract The superiority of motor set reaction time over sensory set reaction time has been accepted since the 1880s. Recently, however, there has been work favoring the sensory set. This study attempted to reconcile the varied findings. Woodworth had suggested that set and stimulus intensity interact. To test that presumed interaction and related ideas, the study proposed to determine not only the effect of motor set and sensory set on reaction time (RT) and muscle electrical activity (MEA), but also, the relationship between motor set and sensory set RT and motor set and sensory set MEA. Twenty-four subjects were tested in sessions that included the placement of electrodes on the motor end point of the extensor digitorum muscle, set instructions, practice, and data collection. Data collection consisted of recording of RT and MEA for 96 trials, 12 recordings at each of four levels of auditory stimulus intensity for each of the two sets. An ANOVA for repeated measures produced a significant interaction between set and intensity for RT; thus the Woodworth prediction was upheld. The results seem best explained in terms of signal detection theory and the attention demands of movement. 相似文献
12.
分心作业对环境主导注意型运动员返回抑制的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
李军 《天津体育学院学报》2011,26(3):264-268
考察分心作业对环境主导注意型运动员返回抑制时程的影响。采用线索—靶子范式,试验1和试验2分别以普通大学生、新手型运动员和专家型运动员各16名作为被试,包括3种SOA水平(200 ms,400 ms,700 ms)。在试验1和试验2的中央注视点分别安排无分心作业和有分心作业,对3组被试之间的返回抑制时程进行比较。试验1结果表明:无分心作业时,普通大学生在SOA为400 ms和700 ms出现返回抑制,新手型运动员和专家型运动员在SOA为200 ms、400 ms和700 ms均出现返回抑制;试验2结果表明:有分心作业时,普通大学生与新手型运动员的返回抑制消失,专家型运动员在SOA为400 ms和700 ms仍然保留返回抑制。环境主导注意型运动员具有更强的返回抑制能力,专家型运动员能够采取更为有效的注意加工策略,表现出较好的认知控制能力或抗干扰能力。 相似文献
13.
Donald Siegel 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):128-131
The purpose of this study was to determine how the manipulation of movement duration affects components of fractionated reaction time and presumably motor programming. Twelve subjects, in a simple reaction time paradigm, responded to an auditory signal by executing an elbow flexion movement in the sagittal plane through a range of motion of 100° in 150, 300, 600 and 1200 ms. Results indicated no changes in motor time but small increments in premotor and reaction time through the 600 ms condition. At 1200 ms, reaction time increased faster than premotor time, and this appeared to be predominantly a consequence of an increment in motor time. These data were interpreted to be supportive of the notion that movement duration is related to response complexity and the time required for motor programming. 相似文献
14.
This study used a backward-masking paradigm to examine individual differences in rate of visual information processing among university basketball, ice hockey and Canadian football players. Displays containing four letters were presented for stimulus durations ranging from 25 to 300 ms. Following stimulus offset, a masking stimulus was presented for 200 ms. The subjects were instructed to write down as many letters as possible from the briefly presented stimulus display on a specially prepared response grid. The results indicated consistent individual differences in rate of visual information processing. More importantly, it was found that rate of visual information processing as indexed by the backward-masking technique, has promising validity for predicting general performance excellence in university ice hockey and basketball players. Individual differences in rate of visual information processing were interpreted as reflecting the operation of attentional factors. 相似文献
15.
Sport scientists have devoted relatively little attention to soccer penalty kicks, despite their decisive role in important competitions such as the World Cup. Two possible kicker strategies have been described: ignoring the goalkeeper action (open loop) or trying to react to the goalkeeper action (closed loop). We used a paradigm simulating a penalty kick in the laboratory to investigate the dynamics of the closed-loop strategy in these controlled conditions. The probability of correctly responding to the simulated goalkeeper motion as a function of time available followed a logistic curve. Kickers on average reached perfect performance only if the goalkeeper committed him or herself to one side about 400 ms before ball contact and showed chance performance if the goalkeeper motion occurred less than 150 ms before ball contact. Interestingly, coincidence judgement?-?another aspect of the laboratory responses?-?appeared to be affected for a much longer time (>500 ms) than was needed to correctly determine laterality. The present study is meant as groundwork for experiments in more ecological conditions applicable to kickers and goalkeepers. 相似文献
16.
Sport scientists have devoted relatively little attention to soccer penalty kicks, despite their decisive role in important competitions such as the World Cup. Two possible kicker strategies have been described: ignoring the goalkeeper action (open loop) or trying to react to the goalkeeper action (closed loop). We used a paradigm simulating a penalty kick in the laboratory to investigate the dynamics of the closed-loop strategy in these controlled conditions. The probability of correctly responding to the simulated goalkeeper motion as a function of time available followed a logistic curve. Kickers on average reached perfect performance only if the goalkeeper committed him or herself to one side about 400 ms before ball contact and showed chance performance if the goalkeeper motion occurred less than 150 ms before ball contact. Interestingly, coincidence judgement--another aspect of the laboratory responses--appeared to be affected for a much longer time (> 500 ms) than was needed to correctly determine laterality. The present study is meant as groundwork for experiments in more ecological conditions applicable to kickers and goalkeepers. 相似文献
17.
Sherwood DE 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2010,81(3):300-309
According to closed-loop accounts of motor control, movement errors are detected by comparing sensory feedback to an acquired reference state. Differences between the reference state and the movement-produced feedback results in an error signal that serves as a basis for a correction. The main question addressed in the current study was how distance, movement time, and velocity influence both spatial or temporal error detection. Forty college-aged participants (30 women and 10 men) performed rapid aiming movements over 30 degrees or 50 degrees in either 210 ms or 350 ms without vision. The participants verbally estimated the distance moved and the movement time during acquisition before knowledge of results was given and during an immediate retention test without knowledge of results. Spatial and temporal objective-subjective correlations were greater in the 210-ms condition compared to the 350-ms condition, but were not related to movement velocity. 相似文献
18.
Dragan M. Mirkov Olivera M. Knezevic Nicola A. Maffiuletti Marko Kadija Aleksandar Nedeljkovic Slobodan Jaric 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(5):435-440
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) on maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and explosive strength of both the involved limb and the uninvolved limb. Nineteen male athletes completed a standard isometric testing protocol 4 months post-ACLR, while 16 healthy participants served as a control group (CG). The explosive strength of the knee extensors and flexors was assessed as RFD obtained from the slope of the force–time curves over various time intervals. Both muscle groups of the involved limb had significantly lower MVC compared to the uninvolved. The involved limb also had significantly lower RFD in the late phase of contraction (140–250 ms) for both knee extensors and flexors (P < 0.05). There was no difference in MVC between the uninvolved limb and the CG. However, RFD of the uninvolved limb was lower compared to CG for both knee extensors (0–180 ms; P < 0.01) and flexors (0–150 ms; P < 0.05). ACLR leads to lower MVC and explosive strength of the involved limb. As a consequence of potential crossover (presumably neural-mediated) effects, explosive strength deficits could be bilateral, particularly in the early phase of the contraction (<100 ms). 相似文献
19.
This study investigated the time needed to change a motor program that specified the elbow flexor muscles to gradually increase the isometric force production from 15% to 75% of one's maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). A double-stimulation paradigm was used with the restriction that subjects (N = 12) be at 15% of their MVC before the presentation of the first stimulus. Subjects reacted to the first stimulus (randomly presented) by gradually increasing their isometric force from 15% to 75% of their MVC and then reacted to the second stimulus by altering the force production in one of four ways: (a) increasing the force to the 75% level rapidly instead of gradually, (b) discontinuing the increase and maintaining the level of force attained, (c) discontinuing all force production, or (d) reversing the direction of force so that it is produced by the elbow extensors. The data revealed that more time was needed to increase the force rapidly than to perform any of the other three conditions. 相似文献
20.
Marcos Gutiérrez-Davila Carmen Gutiérrez-Cruz Enrique Navarro 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(5):628-635
Applying the Go/No-Go paradigm to fencing, we investigated the relationship between the moment at which the No-Go signal appeared after a movement had been initiated and the time required by fencers to suppress the motor execution of a step-lunge. Secondarily, we determined a time threshold from which movement inhibition results in an error. The No-Go stimulus was represented by a real attack movement. 18 elite fencers and a fencing master were included in the study. Four force plates measured the horizontal components of the fencer's and master's reaction forces, which were used to calculate the time components of the attack and the response inhibition process. Also, the velocity and displacement of the master's and fencer's respective centres of mass were estimated using inverse dynamics. In all cases, cognitive inhibition processes were completed after the onset of movement. Movement time was calculated using four time components (muscle activation, muscle deactivation, transition and braking time). The results obtained revealed that cognitive processes were not significantly affected by the timing of the appearance of the No-Go signal. In contrast, movement time and its time components tended to decrease when the time delay between the No-Go stimulus and the onset of the fencer's movement increased. In conclusion, any attempt to withhold an attack movement when it has already started leads to an error that increases the risk of being hit by the opponent, especially when attack is inhibited within 150?ms after the movement has started. 相似文献