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1.
跳远起跳阶段摆动腿摆动的运动学特征及对起跳效果的影响 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
采用 JVC高速摄像系统对参加第 4届城市运动会 (1999,西安 )男子跳远比赛前 10名运动员起跳过程摆动腿动作运动学特征及对起跳效果的影响进行分析。研究表明 ,摆动腿摆动技术在跳远起跳过程中对增加身体重心垂直速度起着重要作用 ;我国男子跳远运动员在起跳过程中摆动腿摆动速度在蹬离地面至最大缓冲阶段角速度不断增加 ,蹬伸阶段角速度为零 ,其特征与运动生物力学有关原理相符 ;与国外优秀男子跳远运动员相比 ,我国男子跳远运动员起跳瞬间摆动腿摆动时机晚、速度慢、摆动幅度较小 ,从而影响了起跳效果 ,这是影响跳远成绩提高的原因之一。 相似文献
2.
《体育科技文献通报》1998,(11)
G832.014.6,6804.62 9804318前手翻直体前空翻及转体动作支撑环节变化的运动学特征[刊,中,I]/赵树耀//西安体育学院学报.-1998.-15(2).-52-57表7参12(XH)竞技体操//动作//前手翻//直体前空翻//运动学//生物力学//技术//分析运用生物力学研究方法,通过高速摄影对体操运动员肖俊峰完成的前手翻直体前空翻,转体540、转体900高难动作支撑环节变化特征作了运动学对比分析,揭示了支撑环节变化对水平速度的利用和垂直速度的转换特点.分析论证了前手翻屈臂推手技术的运动学特征,提出了在运动训练屈臂推手技术应予以重视。 相似文献
3.
运动生物力学学科发展的几个理论问题 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
提出并讨论了运动生物力学学科发展的几个基本理论问题:(1)运动生物力学的理论与方法,认为唯一基于牛顿分析数学的方法还不足以建立完整的运动生物力学理论体系;(2)生物力学与运动生物力学,认为生物力学和运动生物力学的发展应该而且可能回答人体运动不服从或不完全服从经典力学规律的过程存在;(3)运动生物力学的内容与任务,认为运动生物力学的基本任务是研究动作结构与运动功能的相互关系和动作技术的优化问题,即动作系的结构重建;(4)运动生物力学的学科体系与教材体系,认为“运动生物力学是研究人体机械运动规律的科学”。的定义是不准确的。 相似文献
4.
对10名一级左右男子短跑运动员途中跑支撑阶段重心水平速度进行运动生物力学分析,结果显示：（1）支撑阶段支撑腿膝关节最小角出现在垂直支撑以后;重心水平速度在着地后逐渐下降,在垂直阶段之前达到最小,而后逐渐增大;（2）髋关节的运动学指标在很大程度上反映运动员的短跑水平,髋关节的力量与柔韧性很大程度上决定运动员的竞技能力;（3）支撑腿支撑阶段踝关节的运动学参数应成为评定运动员短跑技术好坏的一项重要指标,过分追求小腿的回摆速度是不对的。 相似文献
5.
短跑运动员途中跑支撑期摆动腿作用的运动学相关分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研究短跑运动员途中跑支撑阶段摆动腿对跑速的影响 ,采用高速摄影及影片解析、数理统计等方法 ,对我国短跑运动员途中跑支撑期摆动腿运动学特征等指标与身体重心速度、专项成绩之间的关系进行分析。结果表明 :途中跑中摆动腿最大摆动速度和平均摆动速度与支撑腿支撑时间显著相关 ,摆动腿的平均摆动速度与后蹬时间之间明显相关 ;摆动腿的摆动角速度与身体重心水平速度及垂直速度密切相关 ;支撑腿和摆动腿的角速度变化量与离地瞬间身体重心水平速度密切相关。提示 :加快摆动腿的摆动速度能有效提高缓冲和蹬伸速度 ,缩短支撑时间 ,提高途中跑的步频 ;摆动腿的摆动速度对加快身体重心水平速度有显著影响 ;加强和提高途中跑摆动腿的运动效果 ,提高短跑运动员下肢摆动工作肌群的力量。 相似文献
6.
以我国女子铁饼运动员马雪君为研究对象,主要运用专家访谈法、生物力学测试法和数理统计法对她的运动技术特征进行分析,结果发现双支撑起转时间短于前3名优秀运动员,铁饼速度变化大,右脚离地时刻拉引角和肩髋角都大于前3名优秀运动员;单支撑旋转阶段时间长于前3名优秀运动员,旋转速度和速度提高小于前3名优秀运动员,拉引角和肩髋角大;腾空阶段时间长于前3名优秀运动员,平均速度和右脚着地速度小,铁饼行程大;转换时间短于世界优秀运动员,速度损失大;最后用力阶段时间短,两脚距离和铁饼行程短,旋转半径不足;躯干右侧速度都大于前3名运动员,左侧运动速度小于前3名运动员,左侧相对由侧运动不足.研究结论为,马雪君双支撑起转阶段时间短,用力早,上肢伸展幅度大,运动速度快,旋转半径小,躯干扭紧状态好,起转速度低;单支撑旋转阶段时间长,旋转速度慢,动作幅度大,左臂打开早;腾空阶段时间长,向前速度慢,做功距离大,速度损失大,着地身体重心姿势低,保持身体姿势的能力强;转换时间短、转换快,速度损失大,运动速度慢,上肢伸展幅度大,躯干扭紧不足;最后用力阶段时间短,动作速度快,工作距离短,出手角度小,出手高度低. 相似文献
7.
曾立火 《哈尔滨体育学院学报》2012,30(2):109-111
采用IVC高速射像系统对参加第七届全国城市运动会男子跳远比赛前10名运动员起跳过程摆动腿动作运动学特征及对起跳效果的影响进行分析。研究表明,摆动腿摆动技术在跳远起跳过程中对增加身体重心垂直速度起着重要作用;我国男子跳远运动员在起跳过程中摆动腿摆动速度在蹬离地面至最大缓冲阶段角速度不断增加,蹬伸阶段角速度为零,其特征与运动生物力学有关原理相符：与国外优秀男子跳远运动员相比,我国男子跳远运动员起跳瞬间摆动腿摆动时机晚、速度慢、摆动幅度较小,从而影响了起跳效果,这是影响跳远成绩提高的原因之一。 相似文献
8.
鞭腿动作是散打腿法技术的核心,将散打鞭腿动作简化为一个二环节运动链模型,对散打鞭腿动作的髋、膝关节和大腿、小腿环节在三维平面内进行位置矢量的确定,以此确定在鞭腿动作中,各关节和环节的运动学参数,然后确定目标函数(末端速度V),建立了人体鞭腿动作的三维运动学方程,将鞭腿动作各环节要领数学化描述,结论认为:(1)鞭腿动作中大腿的角速度由腰部角速度和髋关节角速度决定,小腿的角速度由大腿和膝关节的角速度决定,三者密切配合共同决定着鞭腿末端的速度;(2)在T1阶,大小腿下潜完曲度不易超过450,在进攻腿离地瞬间,小腿环节的角速度大于大腿环节的角速度时最有利于膝关节速度的增加,进攻退离地时膝关节的角速度主要由小腿蹬地时的地面反作用力决定;(3)在T2阶段,大小腿充分折叠有利于膝关节角速度的加大;(4)人体的鞭腿环节链模型中,鞭打原理遵从动量由近端环节向远端环节传递的原理,通过髋关节及时有效的制动可使膝关节动量增加,通过膝关节的制动可使动量传递到末端,引起末端加速。(5)在散打鞭腿环节链模型中只有多环节和关节依次协调配合才能使末端发挥最佳击打效果。 相似文献
9.
优秀女子铅球运动员双脚支撑阶段速度节奏的特征与模式研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
背向滑步推铅球双脚支撑技术阶段是获得铅球出手初速度的重要环节，以生物力学方法，对我国优秀女子铅球运动员双脚支撑阶段相关运动环节及铅球的速度节奏进行了研究，研究发现，右膝与左踝速度是影响铅球运行速度的最重要因素，建立了有关运动环节速度节奏与铅球速度之间的数学模式。在一定范围内，可以进行铅球速度的评价和预测。建议优秀女子铅球运动员应加强双脚支撑阶段，各有关运动环节速度及其运作结构改进方面的训练，并特别重视双脚支撑阶段运动员铅球速度的提高。 相似文献
10.
赵树耀 《西安体育学院学报》1998,(2)
运用生物力学研究方法,通过高速摄影对体操运动员肖俊峰完成的前手翻接直体前空翻、转体５４０（°）、转体９００（°）高难动作支撑环节变化特征作了运动学对比分析,揭示了支撑环节变化对水平速度的利用和垂直速度的转换特点。分析论证了前手翻屈臂推手技术的运动学特征,提出了在运动训练屈臂推手技术应予以重视。 相似文献
11.
采用测力、高速录像及特殊的数据平滑处理方法研究短跑运动员途中跑技术的运动学和动力学特征,进行田径技术原理的探索。结果表明,支撑时期可以分为着地阶段和蹬伸阶段,蹬伸阶段可分前蹬,后蹬前段,后蹬后段。途中跑前蹬段是人体重心垂直方向向上加速的重要时刻,前蹬时下肢一定程度的垂直加速用力虽影响水平速度,但对提高垂直速度有积极意义,前蹬和后蹬前段是身体重心垂直向上加速运动的阶段。着地缓冲后的前蹬用力也是实现良好成绩的技术之一。途中跑着地和前蹬阶段失去的水平速度损失完全可以从后蹬中得到补充。着地点过近对前支撑阶段获得重要的垂直速度不利,支撑阶段离地前的20ms身体重心速度已经开始下降。 相似文献
12.
短跑途中跑支撑摆动技术生物力学机制研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
研究目的:深入认识短跑途中跑支撑摆动动作系统中各环节协同的关系,完善短跑技术和专项力量训练理论。研究方法:采用生物力学测试、系统分析和数理统计等方法。结论:优秀运动员支撑摆动技术的主要运动学趋势,是支撑腿和摆动腿的髋角、膝角和踝角在支撑过程中均较小,两大腿的剪绞速度更快、幅度更大;短跑技术的本质特征是两大腿以髋为轴的剪绞—制动;积极着地是合理的短跑技术的基础;途中跑中前支撑段的技术效果是提高和保持最高跑速的主要影响因素;跑的主要动力是体后支撑阶段与人体运动方向相同的支撑反作用力的水平分力;两大腿的剪绞—制动力量和支撑腿膝、踝关节的低位趋等长力量,是短跑专项力量的核心。 相似文献
13.
Abstract We examined mechanisms of coordination that enable skilled recreational baseball players to make fast overarm throws with their skilled arm and which are absent or rudimentary in their unskilled arm. Arm segment angular kinematics in three dimensions at 1000 Hz were recorded with the search-coil technique from the arms of eight individuals who on one occasion threw with their skilled right arm and on another with their unskilled left arm. Compared with their unskilled arm, the skilled arm had: a larger angular deceleration of the upper arm in space in the forward horizontal direction; a larger shoulder internal rotation velocity at ball release (unskilled arms had a negative velocity); a period of elbow extension deceleration before ball release; and an increase in wrist velocity with an increase in ball speed. It is suggested that some of these differences in arm kinematics occur because of differences between the skilled and unskilled arms in their ability to control interaction torques (the passive torque at one joint due to motion at adjacent joints). It is proposed that one reason unskilled individuals cannot throw fast is that, unlike their skilled counterparts, they have not developed the coordination mechanisms to effectively exploit interaction torques. 相似文献
14.
Alison Sheets 《Sports Engineering》2007,10(4):209-219
A gymnast can balance after an uneven parallel bar dismount by contacting the ground with an appropriate body position and
angular velocity. Balanceable gymnastics landings were predicted by dividing landing into two parts: a short duration impact
phase when foot-mat contact forces are high, and a subsequent longer balancing phase during which the gymnast exerts active
control at the joints to attenuate the resulting post-impact velocities and achieve a desired motionless terminal configuration.
This paper identifies controllable sets of pre-impact landing positions and velocities for a typical female collegiate gymnast
that are feasible targets for the end of flight following a single- and double-backward somersault uneven bar dismount with
forward mass centre (CM) velocity. Simple algebraic impulse-momentum models for the impact phase determine impulses necessary
to stop the feet and slow angular velocity. After impact, a dynamic analysis is needed to determine stability because non-negligible
post-impact angular and linear velocities are possible. For almost all successfully balanced landings, ground contact occurs
with the CM positioned above the feet and between the toe and heel, because the linear impact impulses that stop the feet
also contribute to an angular impulse that slows angular momentum. Only at the largest pre-impact angular velocities following
a double-somersault dismount can contact occur with the CM in front of the toe. The gymnast is in balanceable preimpact orientations
longer when rotating more slowly and with a smaller angular momentum; therefore balance may be more likely after performing
a single-somersault dismount with a large moment of inertia. 相似文献
15.
Komsak Sinsurin Sarun Srisangboriboon Jim Richards 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2020,19(5):652-664
ABSTRACT Knee joint coordination during jump landing in different directions is an important consideration for injury prevention. The aim of the current study was to investigate knee and hip kinematics on the non-dominant and dominant limbs during landing. A total of 19 female volleyball athletes performed single-leg jump-landing tests in four directions; forward (0°), diagonal (30° and 60°) and lateral (90°) directions. Kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected using a 10-camera Vicon system and an AMTI force plate. Knee and hip joint angles, and knee angular velocities were calculated using a lower extremity model in Visual3D. A two factor repeated measures ANOVA was performed to explore limb dominance and jump direction. Significant differences were seen between the jump directions for; angular velocity at initial contact (p < 0.001), angular velocity at peak vertical ground reaction force (p < 0.001), and knee flexion excursion (p = 0.016). Knee coordination was observed to be poorer in the early phase of velocity-angle plot during landing in lateral direction compared to forward and diagonal directions. The non-dominant limb seemed to have better coordination than the dominant limb during multi-direction jump landing. Therefore, dominant limbs appear to be at a higher injury risk than non-dominant limbs. 相似文献
16.
Yoshiaki Takei J. Hubert Dunn Erik Blucker 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(2):141-162
The 16 highest‐scored Roche vaults (G1) performed during the 2000 Olympic Games were compared with those receiving the 16 lowest‐scores (G2). A 16‐mm motion picture camera operating at 100 Hz recorded the vaults during the competition. The results of t tests (p < .05) indicated G1, compared to G2, had (a) shorter time of board support, greater normalised average upward vertical force and backward horizontal force exerted by the board, greater change in the vertical velocity while on the board, and greater vertical velocity at board take‐off, (b) comparable linear and angular motions in pre‐flight, (c) smaller backward horizontal impulse exerted by the horse, smaller loss of the horizontal velocity while on the horse, and greater horizontal and vertical velocities at horse take‐off, (d) greater height and larger horizontal distance of post‐flight, (e) higher body mass centre at knee release, and (f) higher mass centre, greater normalised moment of inertia, and smaller vertical velocity at mat touchdown. Therefore, gymnasts and coaches should focus on sprinting the approach; blocking and pushing‐off the take‐off board rapidly and vigorously; departing the board with a large vertical velocity; exerting large downward vertical force and small forward horizontal force from the handstand position while on the horse; departing the horse with large horizontal and vertical velocities; and completing the majority of the double salto forward near the peak of trajectory and releasing the knees above the top of the horse to prepare for a controlled landing. 相似文献
17.
We examined mechanisms of coordination that enable skilled recreational baseball players to make fast overarm throws with their skilled arm and which are absent or rudimentary in their unskilled arm. Arm segment angular kinematics in three dimensions at 1000 Hz were recorded with the search-coil technique from the arms of eight individuals who on one occasion threw with their skilled right arm and on another with their unskilled left arm. Compared with their unskilled arm, the skilled arm had: a larger angular deceleration of the upper arm in space in the forward horizontal direction; a larger shoulder internal rotation velocity at ball release (unskilled arms had a negative velocity); a period of elbow extension deceleration before ball release; and an increase in wrist velocity with an increase in ball speed. It is suggested that some of these differences in arm kinematics occur because of differences between the skilled and unskilled arms in their ability to control interaction torques (the passive torque at one joint due to motion at adjacent joints). It is proposed that one reason unskilled individuals cannot throw fast is that, unlike their skilled counterparts, they have not developed the coordination mechanisms to effectively exploit interaction torques. 相似文献
18.
Takei Y Dunn JH Blucker E 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2003,2(2):141-162
The 16 highest-scored Roche vaults (G1) performed during the 2000 Olympic Games were compared with those receiving the 16 lowest-scores (G2). A 16-mm motion picture camera operating at 100 Hz recorded the vaults during the competition. The results of t tests (p < .05) indicated G1, compared to G2, had (a) shorter time of board support, greater normalised average upward vertical force and backward horizontal force exerted by the board, greater change in the vertical velocity while on the board, and greater vertical velocity at board take-off, (b) comparable linear and angular motions in pre-flight, (c) smaller backward horizontal impulse exerted by the horse, smaller loss of the horizontal velocity while on the horse, and greater horizontal and vertical velocities at horse take-off, (d) greater height and larger horizontal distance of post-flight, (e) higher body mass centre at knee release, and (f) higher mass centre, greater normalised moment of inertia, and smaller vertical velocity at mat touchdown. Therefore, gymnasts and coaches should focus on sprinting the approach; blocking and pushing-off the take-off board rapidly and vigorously; departing the board with a large vertical velocity; exerting large downward vertical force and small forward horizontal force from the hand-stand position while on the horse; departing the horse with large horizontal and vertical velocities; and completing the majority of the double salto forward near the peak of trajectory and releasing the knees above the top of the horse to prepare for a controlled landing. 相似文献
19.
男子跳远运动员不同起跳级次及其起跳技术的运动学分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用现场定点高速摄像、录像分析以及数理统计等方法,通过对A、B两组起跳阶段不同时相身体重心水平速度和垂直速度的变化与着板角、起跳缓冲和蹬伸阶段膝角变化的比较分析。结果表明:成绩较好,缓冲阶段身体重心水平速度的减小值会略大,垂直速度的增加值则更大;而且,离板瞬间身体重心水平速度和垂直速度都呈现出相对较大的趋势。 相似文献
20.
女子竞走运动员朱晓兰在训练状态下,用3种不同走速(低、中、高)分别走完400米,用高速摄影机以200Hg拍摄其运动过程。用JTK影片解析系统进行数值化并作平滑处理。研究表明,随着走速的提高,支撑时间明显缩短,而其中前蹬时间缩短相对量要大于后蹬时间,步频明显加大,而步长变化不大;小腿的折迭加深,大小腿摆速加大;躯干的前倾角变大;而腾空与走速没有明显的关系。本论文进一步指出,只要动作结构合理,腾空高度与腾空时间是能够控制的。 相似文献