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1.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(6):638-645
AbstractTwo distinctly separate training facilities (dry-land and aquatic) are routinely used in springboard diving and pose an interesting problem for learning, given the inherent differences in landing (head first vs. feet first) imposed by the different task constraints. Although divers may practise the same preparation phase, take-off and initial aerial rotation in both environments, there is no evidence to suggest that the tasks completed in the dry-land training environment are representative of those performed in the aquatic competition environment. The aim of this study was to compare the kinematics of the preparation phase of reverse dives routinely practised in each environment. Despite their high skill level, it was predicted that individual analyses of elite springboard divers would reveal differences in the joint coordination and board-work between take-offs. The two-dimensional kinematic characteristics were recorded during normal training sessions and used for intra-individual analysis. Kinematic characteristics of the preparatory take-off phase revealed differences in board-work (step lengths, jump height, board depression angles) for all participants at key events. However, the presence of scaled global topological characteristics suggested that all participants adopted similar joint coordination patterns in both environments. These findings suggest that the task constraints of wet and dry training environments are not similar, and highlight the need for coaches to consider representative learning designs in high performance diving programmes. 相似文献
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在跳远比赛中,起跳是关键技术,踏板的准确性决定着运动员试跳的成绩,影响起跳的因素很多,其中踏跳的准确性是一个很重要的因素。据有关青少年比赛资料统计,在比赛中试跳犯规或不上板的情况占试跳次数的60%左右,还有运动员前三轮试跳失败而被淘汰,这说明在青少年的训练中,对助跑速度与踏板衔接准确性与稳定性的技术重视不够;为了提高青少年跳远训练的实效性,本文通过对我省青少年跳远运动员的助跑速度准确性的研究,来探研跳远运动员助跑踏跳的准确性。 相似文献
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ABSTRACTThis study examined the relationships between daily cognitive appraisals of organizational events, affective responses, and coping. In addition, a 5-year longitudinal relationship between coping and performance outcomes at the senior professional level was assessed. Using an experience sampling method, professional academy rugby union players (N = 39, Mage = 17.23 years, SD = 0.87) completed daily diary measures of appraisals, affective responses, and coping over 5 weeks of training. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that daily cognitive appraisals were related to daily affective responses and coping functions enacted by behaviours, after accounting for a series of within (e.g., time, day, week) and between-person (e.g., personality, key decision-makers) differences. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression revealed that coping related to eliciting support was associated with minutes played at the senior professional level five years later. This study extends theoretical knowledge of the within- and between-person relationships that explain organizational stress experiences. The findings suggest that some coping functions enacted by behaviours may be early indicators of future performance outcomes in professional sport. 相似文献
4.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):224-232
AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine the impact of different instructional constraints on standing board jump (sbj) performance in children and understand the underlying changes in emergent movement patterns. Two groups of novice participants were provided with either externally or internally focused attentional instructions during an intervention phase. Pre- and post-test sessions were undertaken to determine changes to performance and movement patterns. Thirty-six primary fourth-grade male students were recruited for this study and randomly assigned to either an external, internal focus or control group. Different instructional constraints with either an external focus (image of the achievement) or an internal focus (image of the act) were provided to the participants. Performance scores (jump distances), and data from key kinematic (joint range of motion, ROM) and kinetic variables (jump impulses) were collected. Instructional constraints with an emphasis on an external focus of attention were generally more effective in assisting learners to improve jump distances. Intra-individual analyses highlighted how enhanced jump distances for successful participants may be concomitant with specific changes to kinematic and kinetic variables. Larger joint ROM and adjustment to a comparatively larger horizontal impulse to a vertical impulse were observed for more successful participants at post-test performance. From a constraints-led perspective, the inclusion of instructional constraints encouraging self-adjustments in the control of movements (i.e., image of achievement) had a beneficial effect on individuals performing the standing broad jump task. However, the advantage of using an external focus of attentional instructions could be task- and individual-specific. 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(4):322-331
AbstractPerceptual-cognitive skills training provides a potentially valuable method for training athletes on key skills, such as anticipation and decision-making. It can be used when athletes are unable to physically train or are unable to experience repeated key situations from their sport. In this article, we review research on perceptual-cognitive skills training and describe future research areas focusing on a number of key theories and principles. The main aim of any training intervention should be the efficacy of retention and transfer of learning from training to field situations, which should be the key consideration when designing the representative tasks used in perceptual-cognitive skills training. We review the principles that seek to create practice tasks that replicate those found in the field, so as to increase the amount of transfer that occurs. These principles are perception–action coupling, the contextual interference effect and contextual information, which suggest there should be a high level of similarity between training and real-life performance when designing perceptual-cognitive skills training. In the final section, we discuss the transfer of retained skill acquisition from perceptual-cognitive skills training to field performance, which we suggest to be the key area for future research in this area. 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):262-273
Abstract Disordered eating in athletes is an issue of concern given its prevalence and links with negative health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine female athletes’ perceived vulnerabilities to the development of disordered eating. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 female, competitive athletes from a variety of sports who self-reported disordered eating behaviours. The results confirm previous research that sport's emphasis on the body and appearance is a factor of vulnerability. Personal qualities of perfectionism, achievement-motivation, self-absorption, competitiveness and self-control, were also described as vulnerabilities to disordered eating behaviours. The participants’ abilities to tolerate pain and to enjoy hunger pains also reportedly increased their vulnerability to disordered eating. It is suggested that the qualities valued by competitive sport may also be potential factors of vulnerability to disordered eating. The findings are discussed in terms of recommendations for future research and practice. 相似文献
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Flora Panteli Athanasia Smirniotou Apostolos Theodorou 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(12):1116-1123
The purpose of the study was to investigate possible changes at step pattern and technical performance of the long jump approach run in seven young long jumpers by modifying the performance environment (long jump runway versus track lane) and the nested actions (run-through with take-off versus complete long jump). Our findings suggest that the step pattern and technical aspects of the approach run are affected by environmental context and nested task constraints. In terms of environmental context, it appears that practising the training routine of run-through followed by take-off on the long jump runway allows athletes to simulate competition conditions in terms of step regulation and technical efficacy. The task of run-through followed by take-off on the track lane failed to initiate visual perception, step regulation and technical efficiency at the steps preceding the instant of take-off. In terms of nested task constraints, when run-ups were followed by jump for distance instead of only a take-off, a higher level of consistency was achieved and step regulation was based on perception–action coupling. Practising long jump run-up accuracy at a setting not containing the informational elements of the performance environment fails to develop the key elements of the skill. 相似文献
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Katherine A. Tamminen Carolyn E. McEwen Gretchen Kerr Peter Donnelly 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(17):2035-2045
ABSTRACT Models of positive youth development suggest that athletes may be influenced by parent education programmes; however, there is little research examining the impact of such programmes on athlete outcomes. This study examined the impact of the Respect in Sport Parent Program on athlete outcomes among minor hockey players over three years. This study consisted of cross-sectional and longitudinal online surveys measuring athletes’ positive and negative developmental experiences, prosocial and antisocial behaviours, parental support and pressure, and sport enjoyment and commitment. Athletes completed at least one online survey during the study period (N = 366; 84.2% males; 14–19 years of age; M = 15.4 years), and 83 athletes completed multiple surveys for longitudinal analyses. Cross-sectional results comparing athletes in leagues adopting the programme at different time points indicated significant differences in prosocial behaviours towards teammates. Multilevel longitudinal analyses revealed improvements in athletes’ antisocial behaviours towards opponents, initiative, goal setting, and cognitive skills over time, regardless of whether they were in a league that implemented the programme. However, athletes in leagues that implemented the programme during the study reported greater improvements in antisocial behaviours towards opponents, and there were trends with respect to improved personal and social skills. These findings provide suggestions to improve the delivery and impact of parent education programmes in youth sport. 相似文献
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目的：建立蹦床运动员竞技能力结构评价指标体系,在此基础上构建基于人工神经网络的蹦床运动员竞技能力结构评价模型,为蹦床运动员竞技能力结构的个性化诊断及针对性训练提供参考。方法：以上海市体操运动中心16名蹦床运动员为研究对象,对受试者进行3次跨度6个月以上的初选指标测试。基于因子分析建立蹦床运动员竞技能力结构评价指标体系。在此基础上以竞技能力结构评价指标为自变量,运动员成绩为因变量,构建运动员竞技能力结构的人工神经网络评价模型,并开发运动员竞技能力结构评价系统。结果：蹦床运动员竞技能力结构指标体系由身体形态、身体素质、专项技术和心理素质4个维度构成,包括腿长、腿长/身高比、纵跳高度、原地立臂角度、60 s悬垂举腿、立卧撑、网上腾空高度、空跳高度/原地纵跳高度比、着网瞬间立臂角度、30次空跳高度下降率、状态焦虑水平和特质焦虑水平共12个指标。所构建的Elman人工神经网络模型由12个输入节点、9个隐含层节点和1个输出层节点组成,模型预测精度在95.87%~99.37%,平均预测精度高达97.66%。结论：构建了基于人工神经网络的蹦床运动员竞技能力结构评价模型,模型具有较好的预测精度。在训练中,可应用人工神经网络对竞技能力结构进行评价,动态获知竞技能力结构改变对总体运动成绩的影响作用。该研究对于蹦床运动员竞技能力结构的综合评价和针对性训练可提供科学性指导意见。 相似文献
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通过对2010年8月在沈阳举行的辽宁省第11届运动会女子跳远决赛前七名运动员起跳技术录像的解析,将运动员起跳缓冲和蹬伸阶段的时间、重心速度及个别关节的角度变化进行深入分析,得出制约辽宁省优秀少年女子跳远运动员成绩提高的关键因素是力量素质的薄弱。由于力量薄弱造成起跳腿着地瞬间膝角偏小、最大缓冲时膝角偏小、蹬伸时间加长等一系列的连锁反应;技术上,缓冲时间和蹬伸时间的合理分配,摆动腿的有效摆动都对起跳产生一定的影响。就如何提高素质、改进技术给出建议,为少年跳远运动员的训练提供有益的参考,并为2013年全运会辽宁女子跳远项目后备运动员提供训练依据。 相似文献
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吴冀 《体育科技文献通报》2014,(6):48-49,58
小肌群训练作为三级跳远运动员最重要的体能训练手段之一,对运动员专项竞技能力的提高具有重要意义。传统三级跳远运动员小肌群训练在安排上具有相对集中的特点。随着对三级跳远运动员专项竞技需要认识的加深,其小肌群训练计划安排的密度、与其它训练因素的组合方式等方面都发生了明显的变化。目前我国高水平三级跳远教练员已经将全新的分散安排模式应用于小肌群训练实践,并取得了较好的训练效果。为分散安排模式小肌群训练的成功应用找到相关理论依据是当前三级跳远理论研究领域中亟待解决的问题。 相似文献
13.
吕青 《武汉体育学院学报》2009,43(1):91
运用文献资料法、比较分析法、现场测试等研究方法,对第29届奥运会男女跳远和三级跳远决赛运动员的基本情况、前后三跳成绩、成功率、速度变化特征等内容进行研究.结果表明:男女跳远和三级跳远运动员的最佳竞技能力具有相对稳定的成熟期,男女跳远运动员的竞技能力达到个人最好成绩的97.59%和97.92%,其中第一、二跳是成功率最高的两个跳次,男子的最好成绩出现在第四和第六跳次,女子的最好成绩则出现在第二和第三跳次;男女三级跳远运动员的竞技能力高达个人最好成绩的98.78%和99.80%,最好成绩出现在第二和第三跳次;女子跳远和男女三级跳远运动员前三跳的助跑速度和最佳成绩均比后三跳要快、要好,而男子跳远运动员的情况则相反. 相似文献
14.
Gabriel J. Sanders Brian Boos Jessica Rhodes Roger O. Kollock Corey A. Peacock Cory M. Scheadler 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(19):2236-2242
ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to assess factors that contribute to countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in women’s basketball athletes. Thirteen female athletes participated and were tested for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and heart rate (HRmax). Athletes were monitored, daily for a total of 21 weeks with heart rate-based wearable devices and CMJ performance and body weight were tested weekly after one day of recovery. 3-jump average height (CMJavg), maximum height jump (CMJmax), and CMJ power (Watts) were calculated and recorded. Playing intensities >85% HRmax, HRavg, HRmax and training load were averaged for three consecutive days prior to the recovery day. After the season, data was grouped as changes in CMJ power from week one: Large (≤ ?4.39% change), Moderate (?4.4% to ?0.62% change), and Minimal (≥ ?0.61% change) changes. Fixed-effects models revealed a main effect of group (p ≤ 0.05) for CMJavg, CMJmax, VO2max, weekly percent changes in body weight and for 3-day training load, HRavg, and playing time at >85% HRmax. When athletes experienced minimal changes in CMJ performance, relative to large changes, they produced greater power, jumped higher, avoided negative changes in weekly body weight, had a greater preseason VO2max and 3-day average workloads appeared to have an impact on CMJ performance 相似文献
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Kahlee Adams Adam Kiefer Derek Panchuk Adam Hunter Ryan MacPherson Wayne Spratford 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(5):486-493
ABSTRACTBiomechanical analysis has typically been confined to a laboratory setting. While attempts have been made to take laboratory testing into the field, this study was designed to assess whether augmented reality (AR) could be used to bring the field into the laboratory. This study aimed to measure knee load in volleyball players through a jump task incorporating AR while maintaining the perception-action couplings by replicating the visual features of a volleyball court. Twelve male volleyball athletes completed four tasks: drop landing, hop jump, spike jump, and spike jump while wearing AR smart glasses. Biomechanical variables included patellar tendon force, knee moment and kinematics of the ankle, knee, hip, pelvis and thorax. The drop landing showed differences in patellar tendon force and knee moment when compared to the other conditions. The hop jump did not present differences in kinetics when compared to the spike conditions, instead of displaying the greatest kinematic differences. As a measure of patellar tendon loading the AR condition showed a close approximation to the spike jump, with no differences present when comparing landing forces and mechanics. Thus, AR may be used in a clinical assessment to better replicate information from the competitive environment. 相似文献
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对第11届全国运动会田径比赛女子三级跳远决赛运动员的基本情况、6次试跳成绩、成功率、助跑速度变化特征等进行研究。结果表明:20～25岁是我国优秀女子三级跳远运动员表现最佳竞技能力的成熟期;及格赛成绩达到个人最佳成绩的97.03%;决赛成绩达到个人最好成绩的98.23%。前3跳是决赛阶段出现最佳成绩的关键,其中第2跳尤为突出。第2、6跳的成功率最高,达到了100%;其次是第3、5跳的成功率为87.5%。前3名运动员的助跑速度达到8.8m/s以上,助跑速度与节奏的变化影响着运动员的试跳成功率,也影响着运动员竞技能力的发挥与释放。 相似文献
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竞技状态是训练学的核心研究概念之一，其会极大地影响运动员竞技表现。竞技表现反映了竞技状态好坏，以往对此内容的研究多集中于优秀运动员个体。为了探讨集体项目中的竞技表现及其影响因素，选择中超联赛作为研究对象。中超联赛是亚洲最好的职业足球联赛之一，代表了中国职业足球的最高水平，受到广泛的关注。通过时间序列分析中的自相关函数和互相关函数对足球比赛表现分析进行实证研究，以2017赛季中国足球超级联赛的240场比赛为样本，探明影响球队竞技状态的表现指标稳定性，并确定对球队战绩影响较大的关键指标。研究结果显示：（1）对联赛排名上游的球队而言，传球成功率、拦截和抢断是较为重要的指标；（2）进球和进攻类指标是强队制胜的关键；（3）联赛排名上游和中游球队比赛表现的整体稳定性要高于下游球队。 相似文献
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竞技状态是训练学的核心研究概念之一,其会极大地影响运动员竞技表现。竞技表现反映了竞技状态好坏,以往对此内容的研究多集中于优秀运动员个体。为了探讨集体项目中的竞技表现及其影响因素,选择中超联赛作为研究对象。中超联赛是亚洲最好的职业足球联赛之一,代表了中国职业足球的最高水平,受到广泛的关注。通过时间序列分析中的自相关函数和互相关函数对足球比赛表现分析进行实证研究,以2017赛季中国足球超级联赛的240场比赛为样本,探明影响球队竞技状态的表现指标稳定性,并确定对球队战绩影响较大的关键指标。研究结果显示：（1）对联赛排名上游的球队而言,传球成功率、拦截和抢断是较为重要的指标;（2）进球和进攻类指标是强队制胜的关键;（3）联赛排名上游和中游球队比赛表现的整体稳定性要高于下游球队。 相似文献
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Boyi Dai Ross F. Cook Elizabeth A. Meyer Yvonne Sciascia Taylour J. Hinshaw Chaoyi Wang 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2018,17(2):192-205
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries commonly occur during jump-landing tasks when individuals’ attention is simultaneously allocated to other objects and tasks. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of allocation of attention imposed by a secondary cognitive task on landing mechanics and jump performance. Thirty-eight recreational athletes performed a jump-landing task in three conditions: no counting, counting backward by 1 s from a randomly given number, and counting backward by 7 s from a randomly given number. Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected and analysed. Participants demonstrated decreased knee flexion angles at initial contact (p = 0.001) for the counting by 1 s condition compared with the no counting condition. Participants also showed increased peak posterior and vertical ground reaction forces during the first 100 ms of landing (p ≤ 0.023) and decreased jump height (p < 0.001) for the counting by 1 s and counting by 7 s conditions compared with the no counting condition. Imposition of a simultaneous cognitive challenge resulted in landing mechanics associated with increased ACL loading and decreased jump performance. ACL injury risk screening protocols and injury prevention programmes may incorporate cognitive tasks into jump-landing tasks to better simulate sports environments. 相似文献