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1.
This essay demonstrates that certain fears in North America and Western Europe over steroid and other banned substance use in sport can be tied to three post-WWII events: reports that the Nazis had abused steroids to increase troop aggressiveness during WWII; claims during the cold war that Communist countries' athletes were utilizing steroids for purposes of totalitarian regime building similar to the manner in which the Nazis had allegedly used them; and allegations that east bloc female athletes were being used to further the cause of Communist regimes by being forced to accept the androgenizing effects of anabolic steroids and other hormone treatments. It is only with a full understanding of the repressed anxieties engendered by these events that the status of current banned substance policies can be fully and accurately evaluated. 相似文献
2.
Thevis M Sauer M Geyer H Sigmund G Mareck U Schänzer W 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(10):1059-1065
Drug abuse by adolescents has been investigated in various surveys that reported correlations between age, gender, and activity. However, none of these studies included chemical analyses to help substantiate the statements of participants. In the present study, the urine specimens of 964 students (439 females, 525 males; mean age 22.1 years, s = 1.7), who applied to study sports sciences at university, were assessed for anabolic steroids, stimulants, and selected drugs prohibited in sports. In total, 11.2% of the urine specimens provided contained drugs covered by doping controls. The most frequently detected compound was the major metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (9.8%) followed by various stimulants related to amphetamine and cocaine (1.0%). Indications of anabolic steroid use were found in 0.4% of urine samples but originated from contraceptives containing norethisterone. The present study provided unambiguous data on the status quo of drug (ab)use by adolescents hoping for a career related to elite sport or sports sciences. No use of anabolic steroids was detected. However, evidence for stimulants and tetrahydrocannabinol administration was obtained, although not reported by any participant, which highlights the issue of under-reporting in surveys based solely on questionnaires. 相似文献
3.
AbstractThis paper traces the history of two important policies in sport: rules against drugs and ‘ambiguous’ athletes in women’s events. We identify three phases in the work of the International Olympic Committee’s and International Amateur Athletic Federation’s medical committees: (1) from the mid-1960s to the 1970s, the medical grounding of the committees and the members’ worldviews encouraged the groups to enlist scientific techniques to solve drug use and sex ambiguity issues; (2) from the 1970s to the 1980s, administrative confusion underscored both committees, but scientific personnel gained legitimacy and furthered their own agendas; and (3) from the 1980s to the mid-1980s, the seeds of diversion in sex and drug tests were sown. The central finding of this study is that the stakeholders who shaped anti-doping and sex testing policies took for granted concerns regarding ethics and instead increasingly relied upon medical, scientific, and technical practices to define and control fairness in sport. 相似文献
4.
Kaloyan Stanev 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(15):1674-1694
AbstractBulgaria was one of the leading sport nations of the second half of the twentieth century; however, the Bulgarian national anthem has not been played at Olympic Games since 2008. In the current article, historical records on planning are compared to the results of athletes to determine the factors behind the remarkable rise and decline of Bulgarian sport during the last six decades. Historical geographical information systems (GISs) are used to analyze the spatial distribution of Olympic medals in each of the successfully developed sports. The data reveal that often the central Bulgarian planners failed to achieve the goals set in the ambitious programme of the totalitarian communist state. In spite of the efforts for diversification, Bulgaria’s success came from only seven sports mainly: less than any other of the leading sport nations during the 1970s and the 1980s. At the same time, the victories of Bulgarian athletes had little impact on the sport activity of the common Bulgarian. 相似文献
5.
Maughan RJ 《Journal of sports sciences》2005,23(9):883-889
The use of dietary supplements is widespread in sport and most athletes competing at the highest level of competition use some form of dietary supplementation. Many of these supplements confer no performance or health benefit, and some may actually be detrimental to both performance and health when taken in high doses for prolonged periods. Some supplements contain excessive doses of potentially toxic ingredients, while others do not contain significant amounts of the ingredients listed on the label. There is also now evidence that some of the apparently legitimate dietary supplements on sale contain ingredients that are not declared on the label but that are prohibited by the doping regulations of the International Olympic Committee and of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Contaminants that have been identified include a variety of anabolic androgenic steroids (including testosterone and nandrolone as well as the pro-hormones of these compounds), ephedrine and caffeine. This contamination may in most cases be the result of poor manufacturing practice, but there is some evidence of deliberate adulteration of products. The principle of strict liability that applies in sport means that innocent ingestion of prohibited substances is not an acceptable excuse, and athletes testing positive are liable to penalties. Although it is undoubtedly the case that some athletes are guilty of deliberate cheating, some positive tests are likely to be the result of inadvertent ingestion of prohibited substances present in otherwise innocuous dietary supplements. 相似文献
6.
RJ Maughan 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):883-889
The use of dietary supplements is widespread in sport and most athletes competing at the highest level of competition use some form of dietary supplementation. Many of these supplements confer no performance or health benefit, and some may actually be detrimental to both performance and health when taken in high doses for prolonged periods. Some supplements contain excessive doses of potentially toxic ingredients, while others do not contain significant amounts of the ingredients listed on the label. There is also now evidence that some of the apparently legitimate dietary supplements on sale contain ingredients that are not declared on the label but that are prohibited by the doping regulations of the International Olympic Committee and of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Contaminants that have been identified include a variety of anabolic androgenic steroids (including testosterone and nandrolone as well as the pro-hormones of these compounds), ephedrine and caffeine. This contamination may in most cases be the result of poor manufacturing practice, but there is some evidence of deliberate adulteration of products. The principle of strict liability that applies in sport means that innocent ingestion of prohibited substances is not an acceptable excuse, and athletes testing positive are liable to penalties. Although it is undoubtedly the case that some athletes are guilty of deliberate cheating, some positive tests are likely to be the result of inadvertent ingestion of prohibited substances present in otherwise innocuous dietary supplements. 相似文献
7.
Mario Thevis Michael Sauer Hans Geyer Gerd Sigmund Ute Mareck Wilhelm Schänzer 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):1059-1065
Abstract Drug abuse by adolescents has been investigated in various surveys that reported correlations between age, gender, and activity. However, none of these studies included chemical analyses to help substantiate the statements of participants. In the present study, the urine specimens of 964 students (439 females, 525 males; mean age 22.1 years, s = 1.7), who applied to study sports sciences at university, were assessed for anabolic steroids, stimulants, and selected drugs prohibited in sports. In total, 11.2% of the urine specimens provided contained drugs covered by doping controls. The most frequently detected compound was the major metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (9.8%) followed by various stimulants related to amphetamine and cocaine (1.0%). Indications of anabolic steroid use were found in 0.4% of urine samples but originated from contraceptives containing norethisterone. The present study provided unambiguous data on the status quo of drug (ab)use by adolescents hoping for a career related to elite sport or sports sciences. No use of anabolic steroids was detected. However, evidence for stimulants and tetrahydrocannabinol administration was obtained, although not reported by any participant, which highlights the issue of under-reporting in surveys based solely on questionnaires. 相似文献
8.
竞技体育与合成类固醇 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在竞技体育中,为提高运动能力和比赛成绩,使用合成类固醇日趋广泛和严重。笔者以文献综述的形式对合成类固醇的生化、生理机制、作用、功能、和对人机体的负面影响及未来可能影响趋势做一概括性介绍,使对此关注的人士对合成类固醇的真实全貌有一全方位的了解和认识。 相似文献
9.
Marije N. Boks Anton T. Tiebosch Laurens A. van der Waaij 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(22):2262-2264
The use of anabolic steroids is prevalent in recreational athletes. This case report describes a young amateur bodybuilder who was referred to our outpatient clinic with jaundice and loss of appetite due to cholestatic hepatitis. Additional tests including a liver biopsy made it likely that the hepatitis was caused by the injectable anabolic steroid trenbolone enanthate. Cholestatic hepatitis may not be limited to the use of oral anabolic–androgenic steroids, as is widely assumed. Therefore, and because of other side effects, the recreational use of all forms of anabolic steroids should be discouraged. 相似文献
10.
民族传统体育在近一个世纪以来,一直处于被西方竞技体育挤压的状态,失去了其主体地位,面临着发展的瓶颈期。文章利用文献分析的方法对中国民族传统体育瓶颈期社会价值与文化选择进行剖析,认为民族传统体育具有重要的社会价值与文化符号价值,因此需要在发展的过程中不断融合西方体育发展模式,从自身文化背景与内涵出发,树立民族传统体育是中国民族文化重要组成部分的坚定信念,充分发挥民族传统体育的社会价值与文化内涵作用,在新时期不断发展成为具有自身特色的体育运动项目。 相似文献
11.
Brianne Lawton 《Sport in Society》2019,22(11):1762-1768
AbstractSince the eighteenth century, the traditional Okinawan art of Shotokan karate has transformed into a global sport. The violent history of Okinawa in the late 1700s led to the art’s initial creation. In its early years, karate was banned by the government and all practice of it had to take place in secret. Karate was practiced just in Okinawa for over a century. The spread of karate into Japan in 1922 initiated its move towards a Western migration. Through a combination of mass media and the experience of spectators and practitioners, karate spread around the globe. In 1970, international karate competitions began to take place. This initiated the popularization of the sport of karate, introducing more changes to the sport based on the preferences of the spectators. The World Karate Federation (WKF) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) together took this art and created an Olympic sport. 相似文献
12.
Between the 1970s, during which several enthusiastic cyclists rode off-road, and the 1990s, during which the first Union Cycliste Internationale World Championship took place in Durango (Colorado), different steps contributed to the success of mountain bike in the US. Inventions took place throughout the period from Gary Fisher's mechanical improvements in 1975 to Joe Breeze's first specialized frames made in 1977. In the same fashion, the ‘Stumpjumper’ was sold on a large scale in 1982, making it the first industrially-produced mountain bike, which led to a new stage in terms of commercialization. The mountain bike opened a new market in the cycling industry and certainly became more financially accessible to a large number of people. This sport, which began in the US, became a worldwide outdoor sport in the last decade of the twentieth century when the Olympics welcomed it with open arms at the Atlanta Olympic Games. 相似文献
13.
论文采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、实证调查法,对吉林省太极拳竞赛表演产业与品牌赛事的融合发展进行研究,从国家政策导向的顶层设计、地方领导重视的中层推进、新型协会体系的基层实施三个维度进行分析、整理体育竞赛表演产业发展的理论支持与推进路径,研究目前吉林省太极拳竞赛表演产业中品牌赛事发展的科技化、链条化、服务化、产业化现状,总结和归纳出目前阶段品牌赛事体系构建过程中面临的问题,并给出未来发展的建议,力求为体育竞赛表演产业与品牌赛事的融合发展提供借鉴与参考。 相似文献
14.
15.
Alexander A. Mikheev 《中国体育科技》2009,45(1)
The article presents the most important results of metabolic (hormonal) study of dosed vibration training (DVT).The author presents vibrating training as an alternative to anabolic steroids on the basis of a comparison of the effectiveness of two types of stimulants - forbidden (doping) and non-medicinal non-invasive, relating to permitted physical means.The study shows that the level of androgens (testosterone),corticosteroids (cortisol), thyroid hormones (thyroxine,triiodothyronine),hormones of adenohypophysis (prolactin) increased under the effect of dosed vibration training.At the same time the level of hormones have no changes under traditional strength training with the use of a synthetic anabolic steroid (retabolil).For the duration of a limited period of time (1 microcycles) dosed vibrotraining causes a more powerful secretion of testosterone than the traditional strength training with the use of anabolic steroids. In this case,the overall time spent on the performance of the DVT training program comprises not more than 15% of the time spent on the traditional training exercises. 相似文献
16.
合成类固醇制剂的使用及其对人体机能能力的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
郑陆 《山东体育学院学报》1997,(1)
合成类固醇是一类拟雄性激素的人工合成药物。由于其对人体机能能力具有特殊的影响作用，一直是体育界最普遍使用的兴奋剂之一。本文对近年来运动员使用合成类固醇以及其对人体器官系统机能能力影响的有关研究进展加以综述讨论，指出合成类固醇对人体具有正反两方面的影响作用，应予以正确对待 相似文献
17.
张松林 《体育科技文献通报》2012,20(4):8-9,18
体育产业作为21世纪的朝阳产业,为各国的经济发展和社会进步产生了积极的作用。体育旅游作为体育产业的重要组成部分,已逐渐成为城市经济新的增长点。本文以温州市体育旅游为研究对象,运用SWOT分析法、文献资料法、访谈法、实地考察法等研究方法,对温州市体育旅游的总体现状进行全面系统的分析,从而把握温州体育旅游发展的总体状况,探讨今后温州市发展体育旅游的战略,为全面、健康发展本地区体育旅游提供参考。 相似文献
18.
Shunsuke Matsuo 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(4-5):321-339
This research reveals an unexplored aspect of Argentina’s sport policy-making process during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Contrary to the common assumption that little attention was paid to sport by early twentieth-century politicians, several bills proposing institutional support for the promotion and organization of national sport were presented in the Argentinean legislature. In order to support these proposals, many legislators resorted to medical and physiological discourse as the most important legitimizing force. Poverty, poor hygiene, and epidemic diseases, generated by rapid modernization and urbanization, urged some turn-of-the-century Argentine political elites to attempt a degree of social intervention within the general framework of the liberal-conservative order, as a way to counteract these evils and further advance the national progress enjoyed since the nineteenth century. In this context, sport was ardently advocated by some politicians as a means to raise scientifically the physical and moral constitution of the ‘Argentinean race’. 相似文献
19.
Claudia Pawlenka 《体育哲学杂志》2013,40(2):271-291
In Germany, philosophy of sport is still a young discipline which developed in the 20th century as a result of the growing significance of sport in society. Whereas the academic discussion in Germany which took place in the founding phase of the discipline in the early 1970s had much in common with that conducted in the Anglo-American academic community thanks to such integrative figures as Hans Lenk and Gunter Gebauer, who hosted the international conferences held in Germany by the Philosophic Society for the Study of Sport (PSSS)1 in the early 1980s and the 1990s, the transnational dialogue abated almost completely in the following years.2 As a consequence, philosophy of sport in Germany underwent a development of its own and acquired its own profile. The specific characteristics of German philosophy of sport are not rooted so much in any cultural particularities of sport practice, as is the case for bicycling in the Netherlands or hunting and cricket in England, for example, but rather in regional philosophical traditions established by such philosophers as Wittgenstein, Plessner, Nietzsche, Kant and Hegel.3 In order to give the reader an overview of the historical development and current status of research in philosophy of sport in Germany, relevant exemplary publications will be presented in the following and treated firstly in terms of their genesis, secondly in the context of current trends and tendencies, thirdly from the perspective of differences and commonalities between the German and the Anglo-American academic discussion, and fourthly concerning status and degree of institutionalization. Lastly an outlook on future developments will be given. 相似文献
20.
Leena Laine 《国际体育史杂志》2017,34(5-6):367-372
AbstractI am a historian, specialized in sport history and in women’s history, and started my research career in Finland in the mid-1970s. The main framework of my research has been popular movements and voluntary organizations in sport, from the nineteenth century to nowadays, with a social historical, grassroots and minority emphasis. Class, gender, language and ethnicity have been the main points of view in my work. In my paper, I discuss less my relation to sport history as science and its theories and methods. Instead, I approach the subject more as a personal process: how I, as a non-sporting woman, came into sport history and women’s history in sport, and which circumstances and contacts have been forming my research interests and life. At the end, I discuss sport historians’ contemporary relation to the understanding of (sport) history and its representations, asking how is the responsibility of the past affecting our ways to understand and interpret the past. 相似文献