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1.
《Sport in History》2013,33(3):434-451
The use of drugs to enhance performance has been a feature of athletic competition since ancient times. This review discusses the use of anabolic steroids and stimulants by athletes to improve performance during the later half of the nineteenth century and during most of the twentieth century. Included are discussions of the development and medical background of testosterone and anabolic steroids, how the use of steroids progressed from medical use to use in sport and, with the rapid expansion of testosterone and steroid use in sport during the 1960s and 1970s, the emergence of adverse health effects that lead to the initial banning of steroids in sports and the development of drug testing programmes. Links between stimulant use, war and sport during the 1930s and 1940s, the impact of stimulant use on post-war sport, and the prevalence of stimulant use in North American society and sport prior to 1970, including the deaths of several elite cyclists, are discussed in the second part of this review. 相似文献
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文章采用美国产Power plate pros5TM振动训练器,对武术套路专业学生进行振动训练,经过十周系统的训练测试振动训练对其柔韧性,下肢力量以及难度动作完成情况进行分析测试。结果显示：振动训练后武术套路运动员竖叉横叉水平均有不同程度的提高,下肢柔韧性得到了增强;振动训练对武术套路运动员立定跳远无显著性影响,对纵跳高度存在显著性影响;振动训练在一定程度上能提高武术套路运动员的难度动作完成质量,从而提高武术套路整体演练水平,优化了传统力量训练,是对传统力量训练的补充。 相似文献
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将振动训练运用在速滑运动员力量训练中,经过8周训练后观察训练效果,以探讨振动训练对速滑运动员下肢力量的改善效应。将16名吉林省速滑队女运动员分为两组,分别采用常规力量训练与常规训练和振动训练相结合的方式训练。实验结果表明:8周振动频率为30Hz,振幅为2mm的振动训练与常规力量训练相结合,能够有效地提高速滑运动员力量的训练效果。尽管8周振动力量训练对提高速滑运动员下肢肌群的最大力量无明显优势,但能显著性提高下肢肌群爆发力与耐力水平,同时能够有效提高速滑运动员的下蹲跳成绩。 相似文献
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Maximal strength and power, muscle mass, endurance and serum hormones in weightlifters and road cyclists 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Izquierdo M Ibáñez J Häkkinen K Kraemer WJ Ruesta M Gorostiaga EM 《Journal of sports sciences》2004,22(5):465-478
Maximal strength, power, muscle cross-sectional area, maximal and submaximal cycling endurance characteristics and serum hormone concentrations of testosterone, free testosterone and cortisol were examined in three groups of men: weightlifters (n = 11), amateur road cyclists (n = 18) and age-matched controls (n = 12). Weightlifters showed 45-55% higher power values than road cyclists and controls, whereas the differences in maximal strength and muscle mass were only 15% and 20%, respectively. These differences were maintained when average power output was expressed relative to body mass or relative to muscle cross-sectional area. Road cyclists recorded 44% higher maximal workloads, whereas submaximal blood lactate concentration was 50-55% lower with increasing workload than in controls and weightlifters. In road cyclists, workloads associated with blood lactate concentrations of 2 and 4 mmol.l-1 were 50-60% higher and occurred at a higher percentage of maximal workload than in weightlifters or controls. Basal serum total testosterone and free testosterone concentrations were lower in elite amateur cyclists than in age-matched weightlifters or untrained individuals. Significant negative correlations were noted between the individual values of maximal workload, workloads at 2 and 4 mmol.l-1 and the individual values of muscle power output (r = -0.37 to -0.49), as well as the individual basal values of serum total testosterone and free testosterone (r = -0.39 to -0.41). These results indicate that the specific status of the participants with respect to training, resistance or endurance is important for the magnitude of the neuromuscular, physiological and performance differences observed between weightlifters and road cyclists. The results suggest that, in cycling, long-term endurance training may interfere more with the development of muscle power than with the development of maximal strength, probably mediated by long-term cycling-related impairment in anabolic hormonal status. 相似文献
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右归饮对递增负荷运动大鼠睾酮和物质代谢的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的：探讨长期大运动量训练对血睾酮和物质代谢以及补肾中药复方右归饮对其影响。方法：30只雄性SD大鼠，随机平均分为3组，分别为对照组（C）、训练组（T）和服药组（M，补肾法），进行8周递增负荷游泳。采用放免法和分光光度法观察8周递增负荷游泳和补肾中药复方对睾酮及肌糖元、肝糖元、血红蛋白和尿素氮的影响。结果：与对照组相比。训练后肌糖元和肝糖元的含量增加（P〉0．05；P〈0．05），血红蛋白降低而尿素氮升高（P〈0．01；P〈0．05）；训练组血睾酮较对照组显著降低（P〈0．05）。而补肾中药复方组（M组）能显著提高血睾酮水平（P〈0．05）。并可提高肌糖元和肝糖元的含量（P如＜0．05；P〈0.05）。结果提示，长时间大运动量训练可引起下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴产生抑制，造成运动性低血睾酮。负反馈调节作用受到不同程度的抑制，导致机体运动能力下降，恢复过程延长；而采用补肾中药复方可改善运动性低血睾酮，减缓对HPG轴负反馈的抑制作用，可以改善HPG轴的功能，增加肌糖元和肝糖元的含量，有利于大运动量训练后机体的恢复。 相似文献
7.
该研究对40名自愿参与的男性大学生施加8周的功能性力量和传统力量训练,以期通过基于下肢运动生物力学、FMS和运动能力测试,探究功能性力量与传统力量的训练效果,进而为大学生进行功能性和传统力量训练提供理论依据与参考建议。研究分为实验组和对照组,对实验组进行了8周的功能性力量训练,对照组进行了8周的传统抗阻力量训练,并在训练前后分别进行了下肢内外翻力矩、FMS和运动能力测试。研究结论：（1）持续8周的功能性力量训练可以显著提高大学生的功能动作质量（FMS）,但与传统力量训练相比,并没有对功能动作质量的提高带来更显著的效果;然而对下肢运动生物力学的影响要显著优于传统力量训练。（2）持续8周的功能性力量训练与传统力量训练相比,更能提高大学生的速度能力、协调能力以及灵敏素质,然而其对下肢的弹跳能力的影响却远不如传统力量训练,弹跳能力仍需要进行大的抗阻力量训练才能得到显著提高。（3）功能性力量训练不能替代传统力量训练对于肌肉的力量、爆发力以及平衡能力的影响,因此,在力量训练时,应当考虑传统抗阻力量训练和功能性力量训练对运动能力的不同影响,有选择地进行训练。 相似文献
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P C Van Wieringen H H Emmen R J Bootsma M Hoogesteger H T Whiting 《Journal of sports sciences》1989,7(2):153-162
Effects of video-feedback on improvement of the tennis service were investigated in subjects having at least 2 years of playing experience in tennis. The experiment was carried out in an indoor tennis hall under normal training conditions. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups: a video-feedback training (VFT) group, a traditional training (TT) group and a control group, each consisting of 22 subjects. While the subjects of the control group received no training at all, subjects in both the VFT and TT groups were trained twice weekly during 5 consecutive weeks. Each training session lasted 40 min, of which 30 min was spent on actual practice in training of the service. The remaining 10 min was spent on watching, analysing and discussing video recordings of either their own service performed during the training session (VFT group), or ground strokes and volleys of top level players (TT group). Both the VFT and TT group showed significantly greater improvements in both achievement scores and form (technique) scores than did the control group. No differences, however, could be demonstrated between the VFT and TT group, indicating that the subjects of the former group did not benefit from the video-feedback they received. While form scores correlated significantly (P less than 0.001) with the velocity of the served ball, no such relation between form scores and spatial accuracy was apparent. 相似文献
9.
Marije N. Boks Anton T. Tiebosch Laurens A. van der Waaij 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(22):2262-2264
The use of anabolic steroids is prevalent in recreational athletes. This case report describes a young amateur bodybuilder who was referred to our outpatient clinic with jaundice and loss of appetite due to cholestatic hepatitis. Additional tests including a liver biopsy made it likely that the hepatitis was caused by the injectable anabolic steroid trenbolone enanthate. Cholestatic hepatitis may not be limited to the use of oral anabolic–androgenic steroids, as is widely assumed. Therefore, and because of other side effects, the recreational use of all forms of anabolic steroids should be discouraged. 相似文献
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Plasma testosterone and cortisol responses to prolonged sculling in male competitive rowers. 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
In this study, we examined anabolic and catabolic hormone responses to a single endurance rowing training session in 12 male competitive single scull rowers. A work intensity eliciting a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol(-1) was determined on a rowing ergometer during an endurance rowing training session lasting about 2 h (7891+/-761 s; distance covered 22.6+/-2.5 km; heart rate 136+/-7 beats x min(-1); intensity 77.4+/-3.8% of anaerobic threshold; mean +/- s). Venous blood samples were obtained before and after on-water rowing. Cortisol, testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin were measured and free testosterone and the free testosterone: cortisol ratio calculated. Blood lactate concentration did not change significantly during training (from 1.7+/-0.4 to 1.9+/-0.4 mmol x l(-1)); however, body mass was reduced (from 82.0+/-10.8 to 80.6+/-11.2 kg) and was related to the distance covered (r = -0.75). The concentrations of cortisol and testosterone did not change significantly during rowing or in the first 2 h of recovery. Free testosterone was reduced in the first 2 h of recovery, but no significant changes were observed in the free testosterone: cortisol ratio. Immediately after rowing, the concentrations of cortisol (r = 0.49) and free testosterone (r = -0.58) were related to the distance covered. Our findings indicate that a prolonged low-intensity training session results in a similar anabolic and catabolic hormone stimulus for trained rowers. 相似文献
11.
九运会前对击剑重剑重点运动员身体机能与心理状况的监测与分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
为了调控好运动员参赛时的身体和心理状态以取得九运会决赛权 ,在九运会预选赛 (第1站、第 2站 )的赛前各周 ,对上海队男子重剑重点运动员运动时的心率、血色素、血尿素氮、血睾酮、皮质醇、闪光融合频率、反应时运动时、心境状态等指标进行了定期的监测。结果显示 :1)血色素和血尿素氮能很好地反映击剑运动员所承受的训练负荷和身体机能状况 ;2 )在大负荷训练期间运动员的血睾酮水平呈下降趋势 ;3) POMS量表还可以用来监控大赛前运动员的情绪状态 相似文献
12.
Thevis M Sauer M Geyer H Sigmund G Mareck U Schänzer W 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(10):1059-1065
Drug abuse by adolescents has been investigated in various surveys that reported correlations between age, gender, and activity. However, none of these studies included chemical analyses to help substantiate the statements of participants. In the present study, the urine specimens of 964 students (439 females, 525 males; mean age 22.1 years, s = 1.7), who applied to study sports sciences at university, were assessed for anabolic steroids, stimulants, and selected drugs prohibited in sports. In total, 11.2% of the urine specimens provided contained drugs covered by doping controls. The most frequently detected compound was the major metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (9.8%) followed by various stimulants related to amphetamine and cocaine (1.0%). Indications of anabolic steroid use were found in 0.4% of urine samples but originated from contraceptives containing norethisterone. The present study provided unambiguous data on the status quo of drug (ab)use by adolescents hoping for a career related to elite sport or sports sciences. No use of anabolic steroids was detected. However, evidence for stimulants and tetrahydrocannabinol administration was obtained, although not reported by any participant, which highlights the issue of under-reporting in surveys based solely on questionnaires. 相似文献
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Mario Thevis Michael Sauer Hans Geyer Gerd Sigmund Ute Mareck Wilhelm Schänzer 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):1059-1065
Abstract Drug abuse by adolescents has been investigated in various surveys that reported correlations between age, gender, and activity. However, none of these studies included chemical analyses to help substantiate the statements of participants. In the present study, the urine specimens of 964 students (439 females, 525 males; mean age 22.1 years, s = 1.7), who applied to study sports sciences at university, were assessed for anabolic steroids, stimulants, and selected drugs prohibited in sports. In total, 11.2% of the urine specimens provided contained drugs covered by doping controls. The most frequently detected compound was the major metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (9.8%) followed by various stimulants related to amphetamine and cocaine (1.0%). Indications of anabolic steroid use were found in 0.4% of urine samples but originated from contraceptives containing norethisterone. The present study provided unambiguous data on the status quo of drug (ab)use by adolescents hoping for a career related to elite sport or sports sciences. No use of anabolic steroids was detected. However, evidence for stimulants and tetrahydrocannabinol administration was obtained, although not reported by any participant, which highlights the issue of under-reporting in surveys based solely on questionnaires. 相似文献
15.
补充胆红素对运动大鼠淋巴细胞、肝细胞凋亡的影响趋势研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
目的：观察补充胆红素对运动造成的细胞凋亡的影响，为运动营养补剂的研发，减少运动性损伤提供一定的实验依据。方法：以40只健康雄性SD大鼠为研究对象，随机分成5组，通过流式细胞仪检测技术检测强抗氧化剂对淋巴细胞和肝细胞凋亡的影响，同时观察与分析外周血浆和肝组织SOD的活性与MDA的含量。结果表明：力竭运动和大强度运动训练能诱导大鼠淋巴细胞和肝细胞凋亡增加；补充胆红素使其凋亡率下降，其原因与补充胆红素能提高机体抗氧化应激有关。 相似文献
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目的：研究不同发育水平儿童少年力量素质与激素水平变化的规律，探索儿童少年力量素质随人体内分泌系统生长发育变化的阶段性特征。方法：采取中华05计分法判读骨龄，筛选出发育类型正常的603名（其中男295名，女308名）6~16岁学生为研究对象，采用放射免疫分析法获得血睾酮、生长激素指标，并测试相关力量素质指标。结果：（1）6~16岁之间的儿童少年，其中11~15岁的男生，10~12岁的女生，其睾酮指标为快速增长期；男生在10~12岁，女生在14~15岁为生长激素的快速增长期。（2）立定跳远与握力数值在血睾酮指标、生长激素指标快速增长期间，其提高时段并不同步。（3）生长激素指标男生在6岁之前出现高浓度值达到7.0 ng/mL，女生在7岁达到6.28 ng/mL。结论：（1）男女生睾酮指标快速增长期与青春期开始时间一致，提示在此阶段进行有目的的力量练习，有利于克服青春期男女生脂肪增长过快带来的负面影响。（2）6~7岁生长激素出现高浓度值，提示生长激素在6岁之前存在快速增长期，为早期力量训练提供了可能。（3）利用遗传度高的激素水平的变化规律探索儿童少年力量素质运动敏感期，可以更准确地判读运动素质敏感期的时间节点。 相似文献
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目的:研究前锯肌的力量训练对散打运动员出拳力量的影响。方法:通过以12名散打运动员为实验对象,随机分为实验组和对照组,分别采用传统的力量训练和传统的力量与前锯肌力量结合训练的方式进行8周的实验研究并对其力量训练进行监控,以及运用生物力学等方法对出拳力量进行分析,对实验前后结果进行对比分析。结果:对照组的训练效果呈显著差异(P<0.05),而实验组的训练效果呈非常显著性差异(P<0.01).结论:增强前锯肌的力量训练对运动员的出拳力量有重要的影响。此实验为散打运动员的出拳力量训练提供参考依据。 相似文献
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由十运会看中国竞技体育实力现状及第29届奥运会取得突破的方向 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
通过对十运会成绩与我国在第27、28届奥运会上的比赛结果进行横向与纵向的比较分析,分析我国目前的竞技体育实力现状:传统优势项目得到巩固,潜优势项目实现突破,同时也呈现出项目发展不平衡、高水平后备人才缺乏及科学化训练程度不高等制约我国竞技体育可持续发展的诸多问题。进一步深化体制改革、坚持与完善我国竞技体育的“举国体制”,加强后备人才的开发与培养,建立训练、科研、医疗三位一体的科技服务体系,加大反兴奋剂力度,在调整项目结构、完善项目布局的同时,突出女子项目和“119工程”项目的重点发展是我国竞技体育在2008年奥运会上取得突破的方向。 相似文献
19.
RE营养剂对血清睾酮及运动能力的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以游泳小鼠、普通大学生及运动员为研究对象,研究了RE营养剂对睾酮及运动能力的影响.结果表明:RE大、小剂量组小鼠血清睾酮值均比时照组有显著意义提高(P＜0.05).小鼠3%负荷游泳力竭实验:RE小剂量组游泳时间较对照组有显著意义延长(P＜0.05).小鼠6%负荷游泳力竭实验:RE小剂量组游泳时间较对照组有比较显著意义延长.普通大学生服用RE胶囊后血清睾酮水平有显著提高(P＜0.05),男子举重运动员服用RE胶囊后血清睾酮水平有显著提高(P＜0.05).男子自行车运动员服用RE胶囊,冬训和夏训后血清睾酮水平均有升高,但夏训后更显著(P＜0.05).主要结论:服用RE营养剂小鼠和运动员血清睾酮水平显著提高,运动能力也显著增强,小剂量组较大剂量组作用明显,因此应用时应采取适宜剂量. 相似文献
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The present study examined the effect of strength and endurance training order on the endocrine milieu associated with strength development and performance during concurrent training. A randomised, between-groups design was employed with 30 recreationally resistance-trained males completing one of four acute experimental training protocols; strength training (ST), strength followed by endurance training (ST-END), endurance followed by strength training (END-ST) or no training (CON). Blood samples were taken before each respective exercise protocol, immediately upon cessation of exercise, and 1?h post cessation of exercise. Blood samples were subsequently analysed for total testosterone, cortisol and lactate concentrations. Ability to maintain 80% 1RM during strength training was better in ST and ST-END than END-ST (both p?<?.05). Immediately following the respective exercise protocols all training interventions elicited significant increases in testosterone (p?<?.05). ST and END-ST resulted in greater increases in cortisol than ST-END (both p?<?.05). The testosterone:cortisol ratio was similar following the respective exercise protocols. Blood lactate concentrations post-training were greater following END-ST and ST than ST-END (both p?<?.05). Conducting endurance exercise prior to strength training resulted in impaired strength training performance. Blood cortisol and lactate concentrations were greater when endurance training was conducted prior to strength training than vice versa. As such, it may be suggested that conducting endurance prior to strength training may result in acute unfavourable responses to strength training when strength training is conducted with high loads. 相似文献