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Esther N. Muia Hattie H. Wright Vincent O. Onywera Elizabeth N. Kuria 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(7):598-606
Limited data are available on the female athlete triad (Triad) in athletes from minority groups. We explored subclinical and clinical Triad components amongst adolescent elite Kenyan athletes (n = 61) and non-athletes (n = 49). Participants completed demographic, health, sport and menstrual history questionnaires as well as a 5-day weighed dietary record and exercise log to calculate energy availability (EA). Ultrasound assessed calcaneus bone mineral density (BMD). Eating Disorder Inventory subscales and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire’s cognitive dietary restraint subscale measured disordered eating (DE). EA was lower in athletes than non-athletes (36.5 ± 4.5 vs. 39.5 ± 5.7 kcal ? kg FFM?1 ? d?1, P = 0.003). More athletes were identified with clinical low EA (17.9% vs. 2.2%, OR = 9.5, 95% CI 1.17–77, P = 0.021) and clinical menstrual dysfunction (32.7% vs. 18.3%, χ2 = 7.1, P = 0.02). Subclinical (75.4% vs. 71.4%) and clinical DE (4.9% vs. 10.2%, P = 0.56) as well as BMD were similar between athletes and non-athletes. More athletes had two Triad components than non-athletes (8.9% vs. 0%, OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.5–6.9, P = 0.05). Kenyan adolescent participants presented with one or more subclinical and/or clinical Triad component. It is essential that athletes and their entourage be educated on their energy needs including health and performance consequences of an energy deficiency. 相似文献
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女运动员三联征(包括膳食紊乱、闭经、骨质疏松)自20世纪90年代被美国运动医学界提出以来,至今还没有受到国内各界的重视。三联征危害女运动员的身心健康,进而潜在地影响运动员的成绩。无论是从运动员的健康考虑或是从我国竞技体育的发展考虑,三联征都应该得到广泛的关注。文章认为饮食紊乱是三联征的核心问题,并对女运动员三联征进行研究,以期为女运动员的运动提供帮助。 相似文献
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Abstract Low energy availability [(energy intake – exercise expenditure)/kg lean body mass], a component of the Female Athlete Triad, has been associated with menstrual disturbances and low bone mass. No studies have examined the energy availability of athletes across a season. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of, and what contributes to, low energy availability in Division I female soccer players across a season. Nineteen participants aged 18–21 years (mean [Vdot]O2max: 57.0 ± 1.0 mL · kg?1 · min?1) were studied during the pre, mid, and post season. Mean energy availability was overall lowest at mid season, and lower at mid than post season (35.2 ± 3.7 vs. 44.5 ± 3.7 kcal · kg?1 lean body mass, P = 0.009). Low energy availability (<30 kcal · kg?1 lean body mass) was observed in 5/19 (26.3%), 5/15 (33.3%), and 2/17 (11.8%) of participants during the pre, mid, and post season. Dietary energy intake was lower mid (P = 0.008) and post season (P = 0.022) than it was pre season (pre: 2794 ± 233 kcal · day?1; mid: 2208 ± 156 kcal · day?1; post: 2161 ± 143 kcal · day?1). Exercise energy expenditure decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.001) over time (pre: 819 ± 57 kcal · day?1; mid: 642 ± 26 kcal · day?1; post: 159 ± 28 kcal · day?1). Low energy availability was due to lower dietary energy intake at lunch during pre season (P = 0.014) and during lunch and dinner during mid season (P ≤ 0.030). Energy availability was inversely related to body dissatisfaction (r = ?0.62, P = 0.017) and drive for thinness (r = ?0.55, P = 0.041) during mid season. Although most Division I female soccer players are not at risk for low energy availability, a concerning proportion exhibited low energy availability at pre or mid season. Further studies are needed to explore strategies to prevent and monitor low energy availability in these athletes. 相似文献
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Menstrual disorders are common among female athletes and ballet dancers. Endocrine changes, such as high testosterone (HT) levels and high luteinizing hormone (LH)/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratios, may suggest functional ovarian hyperandrogenism which may induce such dysfunction. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate endocrine status in female athletes and ballet dancers with menstrual disorders. Their nutritional status and dietary habits were analysed in relation to the testosterone levels. In a cross-sectional approach, 31 female athletes (18.1 ± 2.6 years) and 21 ballerinas (17.1 ± 0.9) with menstrual disorders participated in the study. The levels of serum LH, FSH, progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormone, testosterone (T) and sex hormone-binding globulinwere measured to assess hormonal status. In addition, the free androgen index (FAI) was calculated. Nutritional status, total daily energy expenditure and nutritional habits were evaluated. Girls were assigned to one of the following groups: low testosterone (LT) level, normal testosterone level or HT level. There were significant differences between ballerinas and other female athletes in terms of testosterone levels, FAI, age at the beginning of training, length of training period and age at menarche. The PRL level was lowest in the LT group while the FAI index was highest in the HT group. Daily energy and carbohydrate intakes were significantly lower in the HT group. T levels in the study subjects were found to be associated with nutritional factors, energy availability, age at the beginning of training and frequency of training. This is the first report of HT levels being associated with the status of a female ballet dancer, the age of menarche and the length of the training history. Further research is necessary to confirm the results in a larger study group. 相似文献
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《运动与健康科学(英文)》2014,3(3):189-195
BackgroundExercise-associated menstrual dysfunction (EAMD) is a common health problem in female athletes as a part of female athlete triad (FAT), a condition related to low energy availability. In this study, we explored the possibility that carbohydrate supplements can improve the status of EAMD and prevent exercise-induced ovarian injury in a FAT rat model. This research aimed to provide experimental evidence with regard to the relationship of energy intervention and EAMD.MethodsForty-five female Sprague–Dawley rats (2 months old) were randomly divided into five experimental groups: control group (C), 9-week exercise as model for EAMD (E), post-EAMD recovery group (R), oligosaccharide intervention group (O), and glucose intervention group (G). All rats were sacrificed at the end of 9 weeks. Serum samples were collected for measuring gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, 17β-estradiol and progesterone levels. The ovaries were taken for investigation of exercise- and carbohydrate-induced follicular subcellular structure changes.ResultsExercise induced irregular menstrual cycles and ovary subcellular structural damages, such as swollenness of mitochondria in rats from groups E and R. Both glucose and oligosaccharide supplements restored well-differentiated mitochondria in the ovarian follicular cells, and a significant improvement of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in swollenness in theca cells in groups O and G compared to groups C, E, and R. There was no difference in mitochondria subcellular structural changes between groups O and G. Group E showed attenuation of serum levels of 17β-estradiol and progesterone compared to C. There were no differences of 17β-estradiol serum levels among groups O, G, and R, while group G showed a lower level of progesterone than C.ConclusionFemale adult rats with 9-week continuous exercise can cause menstrual dysregulation as a model for EAMD. Post-EAMD intervention with glucose and oligosaccharide intake can normalize the menstrual cycle, restore the follicular subcellular structure, and reverse the exercise-induced reduction of ovary sex hormones. It suggests a positive feedback of hypothalamus–pituitary–ovary axis might be involved in the molecular mechanisms of energy intake in treating EAMD. 相似文献
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可利用能量与运动性月经失调的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
可利用能量假说可能是运动性月经失调的一种发生机制。阐述了可利用能量假说,并探讨可利用能量改变引发运动性月经失调可能的机制,可利用能量改变对黄体生成素、肾上腺轴、瘦素、甲状腺激素、神经肽Y的影响。 相似文献
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Laura Freitas Tânia Amorim Ludovic Humbert Roger Fonollá Andreas D. Flouris George S. Metsios 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(1):82-89
Given the lack of relevant data, the aim of this study was to examine femur cortical and trabecular bone in female and male professional ballet dancers. 40 professional ballet dancers and 40 sex- and age-matched non-exercising controls volunteered. Femoral bone density was scanned by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. A 3D-DXA software was used to analyse trabecular and cortical bone. Anthropometry, maturation (Tanner staging), menstrual parameters (age at menarche and primary amenorrhea), energy availability and nutritional analysis (3-day record) were also assessed.Compared to non-exercising participants, dancers exhibited significantly higher volumetric density for integral, cortical and trabecular bone, and thicker cortex at the femur. Ballet dancers demonstrated lower body weight compared to controls (p < 0.01). Female dancers had their menarche later than controls, and the prevalence of primary amenorrhea were significantly higher in dancers than controls (p < 0.01). Dancer’s energy availability was below the normal range (<30 kcal/kgFFM/day). Despite the presence of certain osteoporosis risk factors such as low energy availability, primary amenorrhoea and lower body weight, professional ballet dancers revealed higher bone density for both cortical and trabecular bone compartments compared to controls. 相似文献
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女子举重运动员经期训练对经血量、血红蛋白的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文采用Hallberg等介绍的利用碱性正铁血红素比色法测定经血量的方法,探讨女子举重训练、特别是月经期不同运动量举重训练对经血量和血红蛋白的影响。 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between indicators of risk of disordered eating, body image and varied menstrual cycle lengths. Altogether, 151 female athletes were invited from 16 sports and 70 female non-athletic controls were recruited from a university lecture class. The participants completed several surveys, including demographics, menstrual cycle history, physical activity, Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Selected EDI subscales were summed to reflect eating disorder risk and body image. Menstrual cyclicity was based on self-reported cycle length for the last 6 months (normal cycles = 26-32 days, irregular cycles < or =26 or >32 days). Athletes overall had more irregular cycles (29.1%) than the non-athletes (15.7%) (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in scores for eating disorder risk, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, cognitive restraint (TFEQ) and disinhibition (TFEQ), only when athletes were divided based on menstrual cyclicity (i.e. irregularly cycling athletes had higher scores than athletes with normal menstrual cycle lengths). No differences in these scores were found between non-athletes with normal or irregular menstrual cycle lengths. In conclusion, irregularly short or long menstrual cycle length is associated with subtle indications of higher risk of disordered eating in female athletes. 相似文献
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目的：探讨普通高校非体育专业运动女生,经过集训对运动女生月经的影响。方法：准备参加比赛的四个项目的运动女生,集训期分别记录自身训练前.中、结束后的月经状况,同时进行心理预测与普通女大学生比较。结果：参加训练的运动女生月经异常率高于对照组普通女大学生,具有显著性差异（P〈0.01）,经期集训中与集训前有显著性差异（P〈0.001）;停训半年后与集训中比较,有差异（P〈0.001）;停训半年后于与集训前比较,不显著（P=0.076）。结论：集训对运动女生月经功能有影响,使运动女生月经异常患病率高,这种影响不是长久的。适当的运动量不影响月经功能紊乱,对女性生殖健康不会造成器质性病变。但教练员要对女大学生的生殖健康的卫生保健重视起来是十分必要的。 相似文献
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Nancy I. Williams Heather J. Leidy Kathleen A. Flecker Angelique Galucci 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):979-986
Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between indicators of risk of disordered eating, body image and varied menstrual cycle lengths. Altogether, 151 female athletes were invited from 16 sports and 70 female non-athletic controls were recruited from a university lecture class. The participants completed several surveys, including demographics, menstrual cycle history, physical activity, Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Selected EDI subscales were summed to reflect eating disorder risk and body image. Menstrual cyclicity was based on self-reported cycle length for the last 6 months (normal cycles = 26–32 days, irregular cycles = <26 or >32 days). Athletes overall had more irregular cycles (29.1%) than the non-athletes (15.7%) (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in scores for eating disorder risk, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, cognitive restraint (TFEQ) and disinhibition (TFEQ), only when athletes were divided based on menstrual cyclicity (i.e. irregularly cycling athletes had higher scores than athletes with normal menstrual cycle lengths). No differences in these scores were found between non-athletes with normal or irregular menstrual cycle lengths. In conclusion, irregularly short or long menstrual cycle length is associated with subtle indications of higher risk of disordered eating in female athletes. 相似文献
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Energy balance and body composition in sports and exercise 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Loucks AB 《Journal of sports sciences》2004,22(1):1-14
Many athletes, especially female athletes and participants in endurance and aesthetic sports and sports with weight classes, are chronically energy deficient. This energy deficiency impairs performance, growth and health. Reproductive disorders in female athletes are caused by low energy availability (defined as dietary energy intake minus exercise energy expenditure), perhaps specifically by low carbohydrate availability, and not by the stress of exercise. These reproductive disorders can be prevented or reversed by dietary supplementation in compensation for exercise energy expenditure without any moderation of the exercise regimen. Energy balance is not the objective of athletic training. To maximize performance, athletes strive to achieve an optimum sport-specific body size, body composition and mix of energy stores. To pursue these objectives, athletes need to manage fat, protein and carbohydrate balances separately, but it is impractical for athletes to monitor these balances directly, and appetite is not a reliable indicator of their energy and macronutrient needs. To guide their progress, athletes need to eat by discipline and to monitor specific, reliable and practical biomarkers of their objectives. Skinfolds and urinary ketones may be the best biomarkers of fat stores and carbohydrate deficiency, respectively. Research is needed to identify and validate these and other markers. 相似文献
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Kristen J. Koltun Nicole C. A. Strock Emily A. Southmayd Andrew P. Oneglia Nancy I. Williams Mary Jane De Souza 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(21):2433-2442
ABSTRACTThe Female Athlete Triad Coalition (Triad Coalition) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) consensus statements each include risk assessment tools to guide athlete eligibility decisions. This study examined how these tools categorized the same set of individuals to an overall risk factor score and qualitatively compared athlete eligibility decisions resulting from each tool. Exercising women (n = 166) with complete screening/baseline datasets from multiple previously conducted studies were assessed. Data used for risk assessment included: anthropometric measurements, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, exercise and health status surveys, and two disordered eating questionnaires (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and Eating Disorder Inventory). Individuals were scored on each tool and subsequently categorized as either fully cleared, provisionally cleared, or restricted from play. Based on the Triad Coalition tool, 25.3% of subjects were classified as fully cleared, 62.0% as provisionally cleared, and 12.7% as restricted from play. Based on the RED-S tool, 71.7% of subjects were classified as fully cleared, 18.7% as provisionally cleared, and 9.6% as restricted from play. The Triad Coalition and RED-S tools resulted in different clearance decisions (p < 0.001), with the Triad Coalition tool recommending increased surveillance of a greater number of athletes. 相似文献
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文章对如何利用腹式呼吸缓解痛经进行了探讨,主要就部分在校大学生痛经情况和程度进行了分析和总结.在大学生这个花样年华的时代,大部分精力应该用在学习上,提高为国家服务的本领,如果每月都被痛经所左右,是很可悲的.腹式呼吸就是一种既经济又有效的方法,腹式呼吸是中国传统养生功法的核心,对人体的内脏活力的提升、对生命质量的改善有着积极的作用.每天坚持腹式呼吸的锻炼不仅可以缓解痛经还会对我们的生活质量有更大的提高.利用腹式呼吸这一项简单不伤身的方法来缓解女性朋友的痛经,给予女性朋友更多帮助,减轻女性朋友在经期时带来的痛苦,通过实证研究来证明这一观点,最后得到大家的认可,从而更好地受益于广大女性朋友. 相似文献
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Jennifer L. Reed Mary Jane De Souza Joseph M. Kindler Nancy I. Williams 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(16):1499-1509
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine macronutrient intake, energy density and energy intake distribution that may be associated with low energy availability (EA) in Division I female soccer players. The energy intake, exercise energy expenditure and EA of 19 participants (18–21 years) was assessed during the pre-, mid- and postseasons. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to examine the changes across the season. Chi-square analysis was performed to examine the distribution of participants meeting the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations for carbohydrate and protein consumption. Independent t-tests were used to compare differences between groups. The proportion of athletes who did not meet the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations for carbohydrate intake (6–10 g . kg–1 BW) was significantly greater in the low (<30 kcal . kg–1 LBM) than higher (≥30 kcal . kg–1 LBM) EA group (χ2 (1) = 7.5; P = 0.006). Participants with low compared to higher EA consumed a lower energy dense dinner (0.8 ± 0.1 vs. 1.4 ± 0.1 kcal . g–1; P = 0.004) after a soccer match during midseason. No differences in the percentage (%) of kilocalories from food (84.5 ± 2.0% vs. 84.7 ± 2.6%), sports drinks (7.3 ± 1.4% vs. 6.0 ± 3.2%), other drinks (7.6 ± 1.5 % vs. 6.0 ± 1.5%) or bars/gels/beans (1.7 ± 0.6 vs. 3.0 ± 1.5) were observed in participants with low compared to higher EA (P > 0.05) during the pre- and midseasons. Identifying inadequate carbohydrate intake and the practice of consuming lower energy dense meals may be important in preventing low EA conditions and consequently the Female Athlete Triad. 相似文献
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目的：以主客观两种方法调查女运动员运动性月经周期紊乱与能量负平衡的关系。方法：通过问卷对招募的14名受试者进行基本情况调查,同时连续测定一个月经周期晨尿的黄体生成素（LH）值和连续监控5 d的能量摄入与消耗情况。结果：通过主观问卷调查得出的运动性月经周期紊乱发生率（78.6%）与客观尿检LH值的方法得出的运动性月经周期紊乱发生率（92.9%）存在差异。总体能量呈负平衡状态,运动员平均摄入的能量低于平均消耗的能量474.82 kcal,其中,训练日平均摄入的能量低于平均消耗的能量588.86 kcal,休息日平均摄入的能量低于平均消耗的能量18.66 kcal。运动性月经周期紊乱与训练日的能量负平衡相关性较高（r=0.67）。结论：运动员中运动性月经周期紊乱的发生率较高,且存在主客观调查结果不一致的现象。女运动员普遍存在能量负平衡,并且训练日的能量负平衡与运动性月经周期紊乱相关性较高。 相似文献
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对少年女子游泳运动员血红蛋白、无氧阈、有氧能力随月经周期呈规律性变化的研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
为掌握女子运动员的月经周期对运动能力影响的规律 ,本文对 2 3名 12～ 15岁少年女子游泳运动员的血红蛋白、无氧阈、有氧能力随月经周期呈规律性变化进行了研究。研究结果表明 :运动员的血红蛋白值呈周期性波动 ,这种波动与月经周期有密切联系 ,波动的差值有显著性差异 ;血红蛋白高峰时 ,无氧阈曲线右移 ,有氧能力提高。据此 ,可以从调整月经周期入手 ,调整血红蛋白峰值出现的时间 ,从而控制有氧能力高水平出现的时机 ,使运动员最佳身体状况出现在竞赛时 ,对进一步科学安排运动训练和比赛提供了理论依据。 相似文献