共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
童年期遗忘是一种普遍存在的现象.弗洛伊德认为,童年期遗忘现象的发生是由于儿童的记忆与成熟的记忆形式之间存在机制上的差异.本文集中梳理了已有研究对童年期遗忘消退机制的几种心理学解释,包括记忆机能的发展、语言及元认知发展、自我的发展."多因素动力发展系统模型"的整合性解释框架以及发展认知神经科学从神经机制上对童年期遗忘的解释将成为今后研究的重要方向. 相似文献
2.
观察N-甲基-D天冬氨酸（N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor,NMDA）受体拮抗剂美金刚对小鼠条件性恐惧记忆的影响.将小鼠随机分成生理盐水组、美金刚低剂量组、美金刚高剂量组.通过三种不同的给药时间和测试方法来检测不同情况下小鼠的僵直度.结果表明,急性药物预处理过程中,不同剂量的美金刚对小鼠的短期和长期记忆有不同的影响,而药物对小鼠恐惧记忆的消退没有显著作用.由此可见,美金刚对小鼠的条件恐惧记忆能够产生一定的作用,此作用随药物浓度和药物处理方式的不同而改变. 相似文献
3.
高涛 《当代教育理论与实践》2018,(1):119-122
人类神经机制研究表明人类的学习与记忆能力既联结又分离,而外语教学中知识的学习和记忆的巩固问题正是亟待解决的复杂难题.习得者必须发挥主观能动性来顺应大脑皮层的多重记忆机制,有意识地弥补学习中瞬时记忆的不足,强化学习与记忆的联结,减少不必要的语言习得之弯路. 相似文献
4.
郭红梅 《广东教育学院学报》2002,22(2):79-82
普遍认为突触效应的长时程增强(long-termpotentiation,LTP)可能是学习记忆的神经基础之一,大量的研究也已证明LTP具有许多学习和记忆所需的特性.就LTP的类型、机制等方面的有关报道予于概述. 相似文献
5.
学习与记忆是脑的重要生理功能,是现代生命科学研究的前沿．文章就学习记忆有关的脑区、神经元机理、电生理研究、神经生理机制及神经生化机制几个方面的研究进展作一综述． 相似文献
6.
显性和隐性记忆对学习安排的启示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
心理语言学、神经语言学等学科的专家们对人脑记忆机制以及信息处理机制进行了大量的研究,提出了很多记忆模型的假设。分析整理这些理论及其试验的结果,对于科学合理的安排学习有很大意义。本文主要从显性记忆和隐性记忆的划分以及一些影响个人记忆学习的因素出发,尝试指出其对学习的启示。 相似文献
7.
李东风 《商丘师范学院学报》2006,22(2):1-6
揭示学习与记忆的神经机制已成为认知科学领域的一个重要研究方向.鸣禽的鸣啭表现出一种复杂的学习过程.鸣禽学习鸣啭的过程可以分为两个阶段.在感觉学习期,幼鸟必须听到成鸟的鸣啭,并形成鸣啭模板记忆;在感觉运动学习期,鸣禽通过听觉反馈与模板匹配逐步建立稳定的鸣啭.LTP(long term potentiation)是一种研究学习记忆突触基础的主要模型,其代表突触功能的可塑性.本文对近年来鸣禽神经系统可塑性及习鸣研究进展进行综述. 相似文献
8.
亢丽丽 《潍坊教育学院学报》2012,25(6):64-67
认知神经学家从不同角度研究了情绪记忆增强效应的神经机制,文章从情绪记忆编码和情绪记忆提取两个方面综述了该效应的神经机制。脑成像证据表明:情绪刺激的唤醒度影响杏仁核和内侧颞叶,这是基本的、直接的神经机制;效价影响前额皮质,这是间接的神经机制。情绪对记忆影响的脑机制还与社会因素有关,表现出人格差异、性别差异、年龄差异。 相似文献
9.
长时程增强是学习记忆的重要神经基础。即刻早期基因表达的变化在长时程增强形成和学习记忆的过程中起着重要的调控作用。对长时程增强与即刻早期基因关系的深入研究,或将成为揭示学习记忆神经机制的关键。 相似文献
10.
学习与记忆生理机制研究进展综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李雪玲 《楚雄师范学院学报》2003,18(3):67-70
本文从脑功能定位、神经元机理、电生理研究、神经机制及神经分子生物学基础几个方面综述了学习与记忆生理机制的研究成果，以供探讨。 相似文献
11.
Food as a contextual cue in counterconditioning experiments: Is there a counterconditioning process?
In three experiments, counterconditioning was found to reduce fear less effectively than extinction. In Experiments 1 and 2, the resistance to extinction of avoidance was greater if food was given during extinction of fear to the CS than if no food was given, even when exposure to the CS and numbers of food and no food confinement trials were equated. It is suggested that these results could be attributed to contextual control of fear extinction by the food cue and/or to frustration produced by removing food for the counterconditioning group. Experiment 3 also found counterconditioning to be less effective than extinction and provided evidence that this difference occurs because of contextual control of fear extinction by the food cue. Measuring conditioned suppression of licking, in a test with no food present, less fear was shown if no food had been present during fear extinction, and greater fear was shown if no food had been present during fear conditioning. These results indicate that food is an important part of the context controlling fear and fear extinction. It is suggested that there may be no unique counterconditioning process. Rather, when counterconditioning procedures are employed, rules governing interference paradigms in general may apply. Thus, in a test for fear following counterconditioning, fear will be shown to the extent the test situation is similar to that in which fear conditioning occurred rather than that in which fear reduction occurred. 相似文献
12.
Verónica S. Valentinuzzi Daniel E. Kolker Martha Hotz Vitaterna Elenice A. M. Ferrari Joseph S. Takahashi Fred W. Turek 《Learning & behavior》2001,29(2):133-142
We examined context-dependent and tone-cued fear conditioning during the activity and rest periods of C57BL/6J mice. Wheel-running activity was measured continuously as a marker of circadian phase. To control the effects of light on the response, the animals were kept in a skeleton photoperiod (two 15-min light pulses per day, indicating the beginning and the end of the day). Half the animals were trained and tested for context-dependent fear conditioning 2 h after the morning light pulse; the other half were trained and tested 2 h after the evening light pulse. Animals were tested every 24 h for 5 days to analyze the conditioned response and the rate of extinction. They were then trained for tonecued fear conditioning at the same time and tested for 5 consecutive days. A significant difference between the morning and the evening groups was observed in the conditioning level and extinction rate of context-dependent fear conditioning, but not in tone-cued fear conditioning. These results suggest a modulating effect of the biological clock on the context fear-conditioning pathway. 相似文献
13.
Prior research on Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer has shown that when a CS previously associated with shock (AvCS+) is presented contingent upon a choice response to a discriminative stimulus for food reinforcement, it facilitates discrimination learning. Conversely, a response-contingent CS previously associated with the absence of shock (AvCS?) retards discrimination learning. To evaluate whether these findings reflect across-reinforcement blocking and enhancement effects, two experiments investigated the effects of appetitively conditioned stimuli on fear conditioning to a novel stimulus that was serially compounded with the appetitive CS during conditioned-emotional-response (CER) training. Although there were no differential effects of the appetitive CSs in CER acquisition, Experiment 1, using a relatively weak shock US, showed that a CS previously associated with food (ApCS+) retarded CER extinction to the novel stimulus, in evidence of enhanced fear conditioning to that stimulus. In addition, Experiment 2, using a stronger shock US, showed that a CS previously associated with the absence of food (ApCS?) facilitated CER extinction to the novel stimulus, in evidence of weaker fear conditioning to that stimulus. These results parallel traditional blocking effects and indicate not only that an ApCS+ and an ApCS? are functionally similar to AvCSs of opposite sign, but that their functional similarity is mediated by common central emotional states. 相似文献
14.
A series of three experiments was conducted to determine if epinephrine administered to animals given prior shock might support learning to new environmental cues paired with the epinephrine injection. Experiment 1, utilizing nonnaive rats, provided results snowing that such learning is possible. The effect, while dose-dependent, did not appear to be based on either epinephrine-induced place aversion or on sensitization. The results of Experiment 2 confirmed the basic finding when naive animals were utilized. Experiment 3 examined more carefully the potential contribution of generalized fear, impairment of extinction of fear, and nonspecific sensitization to the phenomenon. Since the findings did not support these alternative interpretations, it appears that epinephrine administration to previously stressed rats does indeed support new learning. The epinephrine-cue association may be mediated by either of two mechanisms: (1) higher order conditioning or (2) memory reactivation. The redintegrative function of epinephrine injections, in terms of modulating memory processing, is also discussed. 相似文献
15.
Studies of extinction in classical conditioning situations can reveal techniques that maximize the effectiveness of exposure-based
behavior therapies. In three experiments, we investigated the effect of varying the intertrial interval during an extinction
treatment in a fear-conditioning preparation with rats as subjects. In Experiment 1, we found less fear at test (i.e., more
effective extinction) when extinction trials were widely spaced, relative to intermediate or massed extinction trials. In
Experiment 2, we used an ABA renewal procedure and observed that spaced trials attenuated renewal of conditioned fear relative
to massed trials. In Experiment 3, we used a similar design, but instead of changing the physical context at the time of testing,
we interposed a retention interval after the extinction treatment to produce a change in the temporal context. The results
showed less spontaneous recovery of fear after spaced than after massed extinction trials. These results suggest that extinction
is more enduring when the extinction trials are spaced rather than massed. Although the benefits of spacing trials are small
when there is no contextual change from extinction to testing, a change in either physical or temporal context following massed
extinction trials leads to a recovery from extinction, which is reduced when the trials are spaced. 相似文献
16.
Three experiments investigated the reinstatement of fear to a previously conditioned and extinguished CS as a result of separate presentation of the original US. That reinstatement was found to be sharply attenuated by nonreinforcement of a second fear elicitor between presentations of the US and testing of the CS. This “erasure” of reinstatement depended upon the fear-eliciting power of the intervening stimulus and, under some circumstances, was essentially complete. Moreover, erasure reduced not only the response to the CS but also the extinction it underwent as a result of subsequent nonreinforcement. It is argued that neither the conditioning of background stimuli nor stimulus generalization among explicit CSs provides an adequate account of these reinstatement and erasure results. Rather, they are interpreted in terms of the construction and destruction of a nonassociative representation of the US during conditioning, extinction, reinstatement, and erasure. In that context, some inferences can be made about the rules governing these nonassociative changes and the ways in which they interact with modifications in associations. 相似文献
17.
Lick suppression experiments with rats revealed that the magnitude of both second-order conditioning (Experiment 1) and sensory preconditioning (Experiment 2) was superior when that conditioning was based on backward (US→CS) relative to forward (CS→US) first-order pairings of a CS and US. The superiority of backward relative to forward first-order conditioning on suppression to the higher order cues can be understood by assuming that the magnitude of higher order conditioning was determined by a memory representation of the higher order cues that provided information about the expected temporal location of the US. The results suggest that temporal information such as order between paired CSs and USs was encoded, preserved, and integrated with memory for the higher order stimuli. The relevance of these findings to memory integration in Pavlovian learning, the temporal coding hypothesis (Barnet, Arnold, & Miller, 1991; Matzel, Held, & Miller, 1988), backward excitatory conditioning, and the associative structure that underlies second-order Pavlovian fear conditioning are discussed. 相似文献
18.
Reinstatement after counterconditioning was examined in three experiments with rats. The rats received CS-shock pairings in Phase 1 and then CS-food pairings in Phase 2. When unsignaled shock was presented after appetitive conditioning, fear performance to the CS replaced food performance. This reinstatement effect depended on initial pairings of the CS and shock in Phase 1. It also depended on shock exposure occurring in the test context. The results parallel previous data obtained after extinction. Counterconditioning and extinction yield several parallel effects (spontaneous recovery, renewal, and now reinstatement) which suggest that Phase 2 does not destroy the learning acquired in Phase 1. 相似文献
19.
Todd R. Schachtman Wesley J. Kasprow Robert C. Meyer Mark J. Bourne Julie A. Hart 《Learning & behavior》1992,20(3):207-218
Using a conditioned taste aversion preparation overshadowing of flavor-illness association was produced through the presentation of a second flavor during the interval between the first flavor and illness. The modulatory effects of extinguishing the association between the second (over-shadowing) flavor and illness on conditioned responding to the target flavor was investigated. In Experiment 1, we found that, following one-trial overshadowing, extinction of the overshadowing flavor had no effect on conditioned responding to the target flavor. In Experiment 2, we found a similar absence of an effect of extinction of the overshadowing stimulus in a multitrial over-shadowing paradigm. Experiment 3 confirmed the results of Experiments 1 and 2 using conditioning parameters that were designed to weaken the association between the overshadowed flavor and illness. In Experiments 4 and 5, we used simultaneous presentation of the flavors during conditioning and obtained a weakened aversion to the overshadowed flavor when the overshadowing CS was extinguished. These findings are inconsistent with previous observations in conditioned fear preparations that suggest that extinction of the association between the overshadowing stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus attenuates overshadowing. Possible reasons for the discrepant results are discussed. 相似文献