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1.
Fossil fuels used in automobiles have generated over 15% of the carbon emissions worldwide (Nascimento et al., 2009) and driving represents the human activity contributing the most to air pollution (Barkenbus, 2009, Wiederkehr, 1995). As such, the purpose of this study was to generate understandings concerning the environmental impacts of ice hockey at the community level. Specifically, interviews with parents (n = 32) of minor “rep” ice hockey players on two teams (16 parents from “A” level and 16 parents from “AAA” level) in Ontario, Canada were conducted to elicit information on automobile usage for “away” game travel. Using this information, two carbon footprint calculators were employed (CarbonZero and PlanetAir) to ascertain the carbon footprint of these hockey players. The results of the investigation show that the teams journeyed 44,036 (“A” team) and 33,477 (“AAA” team) kilometres, respectively, for “away” games and the total environmental impact of this travel was approximately 20 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). Organizational and individual behavioural initiatives, to mitigate impacts, are discussed as are future research initiatives about this important issue. 相似文献
2.
J. A. Cooper 《Journal of Sport Tourism》2020,24(1):31-51
ABSTRACTAnthropogenic climate change is an imminent threat. In order to curb the effects of climate change, economic industries including tourism must assess their contributions to the overall phenomenon and develop creative solutions. As carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions represent a major reason why global tourism is contributing to climate change, carbon footprinting can help identify which aspects of individual tourism events are least sustainable. This case study seeks to assess the total carbon footprint of four seasons of American college football. The fan journey to the college football spectate represents a tourism experience and therefore can and should be assessed for its ecological impact. The subject of this case study is the University of Tennessee, an institution with one of the largest football stadiums in the United States. Using an extensive geographic sample of ticketing data from Tennessee’s home games during the 2015–2018 seasons, a carbon footprint was estimated for each game, each contributing polluter, and each season. The total season footprint over the four years was estimated to be 154,717,114?kg CO2eq. This study presents both a methodology for studying spectator sporting events in sport tourism and a framework by which tourism can begin to assess its contributions to the global carbon footprint. It also demonstrates grounded consequences for often trivialized ideas of fandom and place-based identity. Additionally, it highlights the need for tourism organizations and governments to consider policy and management practices that account for and reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions. 相似文献
3.
《Sport Management Review》2019,22(4):513-526
Researchers examining carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions (carbon footprint) in sport have focused on sport events and, to a lesser extent, sport teams, but provided only average or aggregate values. The author takes the perspective of active sport participants and considers the heterogeneity of individual sport participation behavior. Using online surveys, adult active sport participants (n = 6537) in 20 different sports with main residence in Germany were asked to report their sport-travel behavior in 2015, including traveling in the context of regular (weekly) activity, sport competitions/tournaments, league games, day trips, and training camps/vacations. Annual carbon footprints were estimated using information about travel distances and transportation means. The results revealed an average annual carbon footprint of 844 kg of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions, with individual sports producing more emissions than team/racket sports. Participants in nature sports had the highest emission levels. Regression analyses revealed that environmental consciousness significantly reduced carbon footprint in individual sports, but not in team/racket and nature sports, supporting the existence of an environmental value-action gap. Activity years, club membership, weekly exercise hours, performance level, and income were mainly positively associated with annual carbon footprint, while gender was insignificant. The findings have implications for policy makers and managers in sport associations and clubs. 相似文献
4.
Pamela Wicker 《Journal of Sport Tourism》2018,22(2):151-171
ABSTRACTThis study estimated the annual carbon footprint of active sport tourists caused by snow-sport-related travel in the context of day trips, vacations, training courses, and competitions in 2015. Information about individual travel behaviour, sport profile, environmental consciousness, and socio-economic characteristics was collected using a nationwide online survey of adult skiers and boarders living in Germany (n?=?523). The average annual carbon footprint of snow sport tourists was 431.6?kg of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in 2015. Boarders had a higher carbon footprint than skiers. Regression analyses revealed that income and number of snow days had a significant positive effect on annual carbon footprint, while environmental consciousness was insignificant. This finding can be explained with the value–action gap and the low-cost hypothesis, suggesting that environmental attitudes were not associated with pro-environmental behaviour in terms of a lower carbon footprint because snow-sport-related travel was perceived as a high-cost situation by respondents. Segmenting respondents by snow-sport-related travel behaviour yielded two clusters, frequent travellers (56% boarders) and occasional riders (43% skiers), which differed with regard to annual carbon footprint, club membership, number of snow days, and performance level. This study contributes to the literature on active sport tourism and carbon footprinting. 相似文献
5.
The boards of ice hockey rinks are equipped with protective glass to prevent the spectators from being hit by the puck. According
to international rules, the minimum height of the board with protective glass is 197 cm. This is not high enough to protect
the spectators from puck-related injuries, and severe accidents have occurred in the past. This study investigates what increase
in the height of the safety glass is necessary to reduce the risk of severe puck-related injuries to spectators.
Puck flights towards the safety board are simulated, based on initial take-off conditions of the puck, by top-level players.
The simulations show that increasing the security glass from a board height without any protective glass of 117 cm to a total
band height of 380 cm will lower the relative frequency of shots with a potential to hit a spectator by 80%. The maximum velocity
of such dangerous shots was only slightly decreased from 28.4 m s−1 to 25.2 m s−1 for the same difference in band height. However, the reduced number of dangerous shots does not protect the spectators completely
from injuries. The simulation model suggests that a safety wall height of 10.8 m leads to a 100% reduction in all outgoing
shots. 相似文献
6.
A home field advantage is given when the home team wins more than half of the games under home conditions. For team sports, this advantage has been well-established in many studies. The present study examines the home field advantage for individual sports on the example of table tennis. Therefore, all games of the men’s first German National League of table tennis (n?=?406) were analyzed for the seasons 2008/2009 to 2012/2013. There was a home field advantage of 51.48?%. A more specific measure for the home field advantage is to look at single games (“best-of-five” modus), where the home teams won more games (2.01 per competition) than the away teams (1.95 per competition). Both results were statistically not significant. A statistically significant correlation between the size of the home field advantage and the number of spectators was found, as well as an advantage by competition rules of the home team in the opening game, whereas the travel distances of the away teams did not affect the results. Accordingly, the home field advantage is less pronounced in individual sports than in team sports. The player’s performance, however, is positively influenced by the social support of home spectators and the specific competition rules. 相似文献
7.
依据服务营销学的理论对奥运会观众观赛经历包括的5个环节,即预订门票、前往赛场、进入场馆、观看比赛、离开场馆进行分解,明确奥运会观众观赛需求,提出优质的观众服务需要奥组委与城市运行部门通力合作,完善的硬件设施是优质高效的观众服务的基础,语言服务人员的供需矛盾需要引起注意,以及只有提前预测观众需求,提供观众除赛事本身以外的其他附加价值,观众才能真正得到满足的结论。 相似文献
8.
采用文献资料法和逻辑分析法对球场观众助威行为进行探讨.研究发现球场观众助威行为具有倾向性、项目差异性和互动性等特点.分别从球场观众助威行为方式、球场观众助威行为意图和球场观众助威行为文明程度来进行一维分类.然后,结合球场观众助威行为方式、意图和文明程度,又对球场观众助威行为进行了三维分类.最后,从球场观众助威行为与赛场情境之间的关系,阐述了球场观众与球场人员之间的互动以及球场观众之间的互动过程,并初步建构了球场观众助威行为的互动理论模型. 相似文献
9.
伴随着众多的体育赛事逐步走向市场化,体育观众在体育赛事中的地位越来越重要,如何吸引大量观众到赛场观看比赛成了赛事组织者寻求利润过程中必须解决的一个课题。以体育观众为研究对象,通过运用个人投资理论对观众出席观看比赛的行为进行深入分析,为赛事组织者寻求解决方案提供了理论依据,其独特的研究视角对体育观众的深入研究有一定的启发作用。 相似文献
10.
随着碳中和、碳达峰行动目标被纳入生态文明建设,环境可持续发展受到越来越多的关注。作为人类社会测量环境影响的重要指标之一,碳足迹方法的引入为体育可持续发展提供了丰富的数据支持和科学的理论依据。研究从碳足迹的概念出发,系统梳理了体育活动中碳足迹的研究进展与实践举措。学术研究方面:基于大型体育赛事的碳足迹研究是当前研究的核心内容,基于体育场馆和体育参与者的研究引入相关理论探讨场馆选址、个体差异与碳足迹排放量之间的关系。实践应用方面:国际奥委会和国际足联等体育组织是体育活动中碳足迹实践的引领者,体育全球化发展带动了各地区体育组织对赛事碳足迹的关注。研究认为:碳足迹应用推动体育发展从人类中心主义向生态中心主义转变,促进国际倡议与个体行动的统一,提供体育对环境影响的量化信息,并增进体育从业者对可持续发展的关注。 相似文献
11.
The FIFA World Cup provides opportunities to attract visitors to host cities and for local residents to enjoy event-related celebrations. This paper directs attention to Fortaleza, in the north-east of Brazil, where a survey was conducted of 285 spectators to identify the relative importance of enjoyment and competitive outcomes as motives to attend games at the 2014 World Cup. The study also examined the relationship between motivation, event setting and event satisfaction and whether any differences in these relationships existed between local and visiting spectators. In the case of visitors to Fortaleza, factors that influence intentions to revisit the city were also examined. Although satisfaction did not have an impact on visitation intentions, visitors were strongly influenced by competitive motives associated with the team they support. In comparison, local residents were more motivated by event excitement. The need to recognize the propensities of different types of spectators and the complexity of the relationship between spectators and the event setting are discussed. 相似文献
12.
观众体验是赛场服务管理的硬核.在前期赛场观众体验理论假设研究的基础上,通过深度访谈、内容分析、问卷调查和实证分析等方法分析认为,赛场观众体验具有复杂的构成,主要包括感官体验、情感体验、思考体验、社会体验和戏剧性体验.通过方差检验可知,不同细分群体,观众体验存在相同的一方面,也存在显著差异的一面. 相似文献
13.
Young adult soccer players often encounter difficulty progressing from youth competition to being regularly selected for high-level, open-age competition. In an attempt to increase the playing opportunities of semi-professional and amateur under-21 players in first teams, the Royal Belgian Football Association required national division teams to include at least two players younger than 21 in their match selection (under-21 rule). Over four seasons, the following variables were analysed across 2138 semi-professional and amateur soccer players aged 16?–?39 years: (1) the number of times a player was selected to be in the first team squad; (2) the number of times a player was selected to play in the starting line-up; and (3) the number of minutes played. Chi-square analysis demonstrated that second and third division teams had complied with the new selection regulations. However, two-way analysis of variance of individual player data revealed no increase in the number of playing minutes in the under-21 group. It would appear that many teams had complied with the new regulations by selecting young players as substitutes. The results highlight the difficulties that talented young soccer players experience progressing from youth to senior competition. We conclude that the rule imposed by the Royal Belgian Football Association has failed to improve the playing opportunities of young adult soccer players. Alternative strategies for increasing playing opportunities for young talented players are required. 相似文献
14.
Young adult soccer players often encounter difficulty progressing from youth competition to being regularly selected for high-level, open-age competition. In an attempt to increase the playing opportunities of semi-professional and amateur under-21 players in first teams, the Royal Belgian Football Association required national division teams to include at least two players younger than 21 in their match selection (under-21 rule). Over four seasons, the following variables were analysed across 2138 semi-professional and amateur soccer players aged 16-39 years: (1) the number of times a player was selected to be in the first team squad; (2) the number of times a player was selected to play in the starting line-up; and (3) the number of minutes played. Chi-square analysis demonstrated that second and third division teams had complied with the new selection regulations. However, two-way analysis of variance of individual player data revealed no increase in the number of playing minutes in the under-21 group. It would appear that many teams had complied with the new regulations by selecting young players as substitutes. The results highlight the difficulties that talented young soccer players experience progressing from youth to senior competition. We conclude that the rule imposed by the Royal Belgian Football Association has failed to improve the playing opportunities of young adult soccer players. Alternative strategies for increasing playing opportunities for young talented players are required. 相似文献
15.
我国足球场观众言语攻击现象探析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文在阐述我国足球场观众言语攻击现象的基础上,从心理学、语言学和社会学等方面分析并提出导致这一社会问题的成因:(1)我国足球场的环境因素:榜样性启动、社会控制软弱;(2)我国足球观众自身的因素:认知偏向、社交技能贫乏;(3)言语攻击行为变量———情绪及其外化。为遏制我国足球场观众言语攻击和提高足球场看台观众文明水平,本研究提出了我国足球场观众言语攻击的应对策略:(1)预防策略:行为强化、社会控制;(2)中断策略:现场监控、指导性控制、立即处理、避免无效措施。 相似文献
16.
商业性体育比赛中基本民事法律关系分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
张杨 《天津体育学院学报》2000,15(4):52-54
商业性体育比赛中,有两个基本的民事法律关系：①观众与比赛举办者之间;②比赛举办者与参赛队之间。通过对这两个基本民事关系的主要特点进行分析得出：观众与举办者之间是一种服务合同关系,举办者与参赛队(员)之间是一种雇用合同关系。依据我国合同法及有关法律的基本精神,推导出观众、举办者、参赛队等各主体在商业性体育比赛中的权利和义务。为建立规范体育竞赛市场的法律、法规提供参考意见。 相似文献
17.
《Sport Management Review》2019,22(3):348-362
The author explored spectators’ emotional reactions manifested on social media. By using Twitter search application programming interface, 328,000 real-time tweets posted by fans of the Panthers and the Broncos during the Super Bowl 50 game were collected. The lexicon-based text mining approach (a big data analysis in social media analytics) was employed to classify tweets into five different emotions. The findings indicated that spectators expressed positive emotions when their team scored; conversely, they expressed negative emotions when the opposite team scored. Interestingly, spectators became habituated with each subsequent score from either of their preferred teams, which resulted in fewer expressions of emotions. However, when a team scored soon after the opposite team scored, fans expressed a surge of positive or negative emotions, accordingly. The results supported both the theories of affective disposition and opponent-process. Spectators’ simultaneous experience of positive and negative emotions may contribute to fans’ satisfaction, continued patronage, and mental health. 相似文献
18.
There has been very little study of female football spectators, especially in a historical context. This paper aims to demonstrate that despite the restrictions placed on women's leisure time in this period, it is clear from evidence that a small but significant number of women could and did attend professional football matches throughout the period, and participated as consumers in this new leisure industry. Contrary to some modern readings that assume that the female football spectator is a relatively new phenomenon, patterns of leisure consumption were similar for women in this context, albeit with certain important restrictions, such as available leisure time, money, and parental and familial responsibilities. The study illustrates the potential female market for professional football, using numerous examples of women attending matches gathered from contemporary evidence, especially from the cotton area of South East Lancashire, where there was a concentration of early professional clubs within an economically developed industrialised society. It discusses issues of identity, both regional and local, and with respect to particular football clubs. It also describes female reactions to incidents, players and significant events, indicating the similarities and differences between the sexes, and addresses the issue of how far women were fans as well as spectators. There is also some discussion of the patterns of consumption of female spectators, and an attempt to establish a profile for them. The study uses local newspapers from Lancashire as its main primary source material. As there is little other direct information on the subject, such local materials are an important source for the history of this aspect of professional football, as they are for other areas of Victorian and Edwardian social history. 相似文献
19.
采用文献资料法、访谈法、比较法、问卷调查法等,对NBA、CBA联赛的赛制的功能进行了对比研究,发现:NBA赛制从市场出发,体现的功能是球队间的实力制衡和球迷的需要;NBA赛制细化了赛区,使各小赛区球队的实力更易趋于平衡,强调对抗,并有利于体现主队效应抓住球迷.CBA联赛赛制南北分区实力不均,赛制功能没有制造必要的对抗和悬念,主队效应没有得到充分体现. 相似文献
20.
《Sport Management Review》2020,23(3):509-520
Women’s football struggles to build a solid platform in terms of fan interest. However, while an increase in gate receipts can help assist its long-term sustainability, there is limited evidence in the academic literature on the factors influencing spectator demand in women’s football. The authors investigate determinants of stadium attendance for UEFA Women's Champions League (UWCL) matches. Using regression models deployed on 554 UWCL games played between 2009/10 and 2017/18, the authors examine contextual and sport-related variables as the main predictors of stadium attendance. Findings show that there is no continuous growth of attendance over the period examined, and highlight that spectators’ interest is positively associated with five factors: stage of the competition, uncertainty of match outcome, competitive intensity, away club’s reputation and weather conditions. Football governing bodies should put in place initiatives to ensure match outcome uncertainty is maintained as this represents a key determinant to maximise stadium attendance. Based on the specific context of European women’s football, recommendations to foster its development are discussed. These include incentivising investment into the elite women’s game and designing sport policies to encourage participation at grassroots levels. 相似文献