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1.
目的 观察长期弹力带运动改善高龄老年人工作记忆的效果,采用近红外光谱技术探究可能的脑机制。方法 将60名高龄老年人随机分为弹力带组与对照组,弹力带组接受16周、每周3次、每次40 min的弹力带干预,对照组保持原有生活状态;采集实验前后受试者完成工作记忆任务期间的前额叶血流动力学指标。结果 反应时的时间×组别交互效应具有统计学意义(P<0.001);正确率的时间×记忆负荷交互效应具有统计学意义(P=0.003);正确反应率的时间×组别交互效应具有统计学意义(P<0.001);氧合血红蛋白结果显示,9条通道组别×时间×记忆负荷交互效应均具有统计学意义(P<0.002)。结论 规律性中低强度弹力带抗阻运动能改善高龄老年人的工作记忆表现;在低记忆负荷时前额叶激活不明显,中、高记忆负荷时双侧腹外侧前额叶、左背外侧前额叶、左额极区显著激活,这种前额叶激活优化模式可能是弹力带抗阻运动改善工作记忆的脑机制。  相似文献   

2.
目的:观察高龄老年人在完成工作记忆任务时前额叶的激活模式,并结合行为学表现评价急性弹力带运动对其工作记忆的改善效果。方法:招募20位高龄老年人,采用功能性近红外光谱成像技术采集N-back任务和前额叶皮层的激活情况。使用重复测量方差分析比较实验条件、记忆负荷的主效应和交互效应以及简单效应。结果:运动条件的正确比例分数显著高于控制条件(P=0.01),正确率显著高于控制条件(P=0.02),7条通道的激活水平均表现为运动条件显著高于控制条件。结论:中低强度的急性弹力带运动可改善高龄老年人的工作记忆表现,对中、高记忆负荷影响具有选择性,可通过提高背外侧前额叶和额极区的激活水平改善工作记忆。  相似文献   

3.
选取16名羽毛球专业运动员和16名大学生初学者为被试,以羽毛球专项录像模拟情境中的视频工作记忆为实验任务,来探讨运动员在不同文脉信息与认知负荷情况下工作记忆绩效特征。结果表明:工作记忆组化能力受认知负荷与文脉信息的影响。专家与新手在无文脉信息情况下工作记忆准确性没有差异,在有文脉信息情况下,专家记忆准确性明显优于新手。在记忆提取时间上,有文脉信息组被试提取记忆的时间快于无文脉信息组被试。  相似文献   

4.
安燕  郑樊慧 《浙江体育科学》2012,34(3):90-93,97
运动表象是运动员在训练和比赛中广泛使用的一种非常有效的心理训练方法,也是研究者十分关注的重要研究主题。研究采用EEG来对运动表象进行测量,从心理生理学的角度探索专家与新手之间的差别,研究得出:专家与新手之间安静状态下大脑的神经活跃程度相似,并未因训练不同而产生差异。在运动表象过程中大脑左右半球并没有出现大脑侧性优势。运动表象时专家与新手的差异性出现与运动相关的区域,δ波在左额极区(FP1)、左中央区(C3)、左顶区(P3);α波在左中央区(C3)和左顶区(P3)、右顶区(P4)和左枕区(O1);β波在右顶区(P4)存在显著性差异,其皮层激活在左侧区域分布广泛。运动表象过程中α波增加而不是受到抑制,在视觉表象中出现α波抑制。  相似文献   

5.
研究旨在考察对心理品质的客观测量和专家评价的一致性问题。运用心理学问卷、测试软件等客观测量方式以及专家评价方式对16名(男10人,女6人)马术盛装舞步骑手的心理品质(速度知觉、注意综合品质、状态焦虑-特质焦虑、智力水平等)进行了测量和评价。相关分析结果表明,客观测量与专家评价在智力指标上相关达到了显著性水平。回归分析发现,专家评价注意品质对运动水平具有预测力,客观测量注意稳定性、知觉水平对运动成绩具有预测力。  相似文献   

6.
目的:调查不同注意焦点的追加反馈对初学者脚内侧传球准确性的影响。56名大学生被随机分成4个组:外部注意焦点*描述性反馈(组1)、 外部注意焦点*处方性反馈(组2)、内部注意焦点*描述性反馈(组3)和内部注意焦点*处方性反馈(组4)。技能掌握阶段包含5个组块的任务练习,1 周后进行保持和迁移测试。在技能掌握阶段,按33%反馈频率向参与者提供反馈,而保持和迁移测试中无反馈。结果:(1)在技能掌握、保持和迁移 测试阶段,注意焦点类型或追加反馈方式对初学者传球准确性的表现都呈现出显著性差异,即与内部注意焦点相比,外部注意焦点更利于传球的准 确性,与描述性反馈相比,处方性反馈提高传球准确性的优势更大;(2)注意焦点类型和追加反馈方式的交互作用在技能掌握阶段对初学者传球准 确性的影响差异显著,且组2的表现最好。结论:(1)在技能掌握、保持和迁移测试阶段,外部注意焦点或处方性反馈更能促进初学者运动技能的学 习和表现;(2)在技能掌握阶段,不同注意焦点的追加反馈对初学者运动技能学习的表现产生了不同影响,且外部注意焦点和处方性反馈组合的效 果是最好的。  相似文献   

7.
采用"oddball"实验任务范式和"专家—新手"实验设计方法,研究乒乓球运动员在利用单一特征信息图片判断发球旋转方式的过程中,大脑认知加工过程的脑电活动特征。结果发现:乒乓球二级运动员(专家)和专项大学生(新手)在各个脑区的激活顺序和激活程度存在明显的不同,大脑皮层的枕区诱发出比较明显的C1和P1成分,大脑皮层的中央区诱发出比较明显的N1成分,额区、中央区、顶区、枕区诱发出比较明显的P3成分;乒乓球运动员对单一特征信息感知阶段,大脑皮层激活程度较高,体现了长期运动训练导致运动员大脑可塑性变化,表现为对与专项运动相关的刺激物理特征十分敏感;乒乓球运动员对单一特征信息识别阶段,大脑皮层激活程度较高,识别速度快,投入的心理资源较多。  相似文献   

8.
桂永锋 《精武》2012,(17):1-2
为了探讨羽毛球运动真的竞技水平与其心理素质结构的关系,为羽毛球运动员心理选材提供理论支持。通过对57名羽毛球运动员的空间记忆、动作记忆、反应时、注意分配、注意集中、智力和个性等11项心理指标进行测验,并就所得16个观测变量进行因素和相关分析。研究发现,智力、心理运动能力和注意的部分支量与多项变量相关显著,同时与竞技水平相关显著,即羽毛球运动员的竞技水平与其智力、心理运对能力和注意呈正向关。  相似文献   

9.
设计篮球罚球运动情境,观察被试眼动与脑电指标,分析篮球运动员罚球的思维调控特征。随机选取30名运动训练专业篮球专项男大学生 (运训组)和30名体育教育非篮球专项男大学生(体教组),分组测试罚球过程中的眼动注视时间、眼跳距离和瞳孔变化幅度及脑电θ和β频段功率百 分比指标。测试发现,运训组罚球命中次数、眼动注视时间和眼跳距离显著高于体教组(P<0.05),罚球完成时间、瞳孔变化幅度、脑电波θ和β频段 功率百分比变化显著低于体教组(P<0.05)。结果表明,罚球时专家运动员对目标点注视时间更长,观察范围更大,以获得更多的目标信息,并进行 更深的加工。在未经历专门罚球注视训练的情况下,即使是高水平运动员,也存在着常见的个人动作细节差异;采用简单化、程序化和标准化的注 视训练能够有效减少这些个人差异并提高命中率。所有被试罚球都表现出联合多重感觉,而不仅依赖视觉,但专家运动员的注意趋向于集中在视 觉和右侧肢体。专家运动员思维调控过程心理能耗更为节约,任务负荷较低,对信息加工更为精细,能在更短时间内完成更为准确的投球。  相似文献   

10.
目的:分离知觉线索的注意捕获和反应抑制,进一步探讨注意捕获在体育锻炼影响老年人反应抑制中的作用机制。方法:采用横断设计,使用体育活动等级量表和三轴加速度计(ActiGraph GT3X+)对老年人的体育锻炼量进行测量,根据结果将被试分为运动组及对照组。2组被试完成经典停止信号任务、注意捕获任务和复杂任务3个行为实验,记录反应时和准确率,同时采集结构磁共振检测灰质体积。结果:1)运动组老年人的停止信号反应时显著优于对照组,且停止信号反应时与左侧辅助运动区灰质体积显著相关。2)运动组老年人的注意捕获反应时显著优于对照组,且注意捕获反应时与准确率均与右侧额下回灰质体积显著相关。3)运动组老年人的复杂任务反应时及准确率均显著优于对照组,且反应时与左侧辅助运动区、右侧额下回、右侧额上回、右侧额中回和右侧直回的灰质体积显著相关,准确率与右侧额下回的灰质体积显著相关。结论:1)运动组老年人的反应抑制优势源于更好地调节注意资源分配,加快了对冲突信号的注意捕获。2)运动组老年人在左侧中央前回、左侧辅助运动区、双侧额上回、右侧额中回、右侧额下回、右侧直回和右侧前/中扣带回表现出更大的灰质体积。3)体育锻炼...  相似文献   

11.
Previous research on action memory showed the advantage for performing the action in memorising the action phrases. We tested if performing the action would help participants with or without motor expertise to memorise the novel action poses. Thirty novel action poses performed by an expert were photographed to constitute memory and interference stimuli. Eighty college students observed to remember the randomly displayed stimuli; however, half were asked to perform the displayed stimuli. Both free-recall and recognition tests were administered immediately and 24 h after the memory task. The results showed that acting was better than observing for memorising the novel action poses, which not only promoted the absolute retention but also alleviated the retention loss caused by interference. Motor expertise enhanced the overall memory performance by promoting a deeper motor encoding. Based on our results, novices should act with (rather than just observe) the model to learn novel motor skills.  相似文献   

12.
Youth tennis experts' tactical problem representations have been linked to their superior response selections during competition (McPherson & Thomas, 1989). To expand this research to adults, collegiate varsity (experts, n = 6) and beginner (novices, n = 6) female tennis players participated in an interview session to elicit problem representations and solutions to six tennis game situations. Interviews, transcribed verbatim, were coded for accuracy in solutions to each situation. Novices did not generate any solutions (actions), while experts generated similar and tactical solutions. Quantitative analysis of verbal data revealed expertise differences in problem representations and solution processes. Mann-Whitney U tests revealed that experts accessed more tactical and associated response selection and response execution concepts than novices. Findings indicate that experts will generate specialized cognitive processes to develop, monitor, and regulate their condition profiles and action plans during competition.  相似文献   

13.
The amount and quality of practice predicts expertise, yet optimal conditions of practice have primarily been explored with novice learners. Ten expert musicians and ten novices practiced disc-throwing skills under self-regulated conditions. A third novice group practiced with the same schedule as the music experts (yoked). The groups did not differ in terms of the amount of contextual interference, only in terms of when in-practice interference was introduced. The music experts progressed from a more blocked to random schedule which was opposite to the novices. This resulted in more accurate performance in retention for the experts in comparison to both novice groups (self-scheduled and yoked). The music expert and yoked groups showed higher form scores than the novice self-scheduled group, which might be related to the greater frequency of augmented information for these groups. There was no evidence that non-task-domain experts choose a more random practice schedule than novices, but in accord with good practice principles, they gradually introduced high amounts of interference into their practice. This strategy was associated with less error in retention for the experts. Because the yoked group showed more error than the music experts, the advantage of this schedule was also performance dependent.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

This study measured whether self-produced movement influences haptic perception ability (experiment 1) as well as the factors associated with levels of influence (experiment 2) in racket sports. For experiment 1, the haptic perception accuracy levels of five male table tennis experts and five male novices were examined under two different conditions (no movement vs. movement). For experiment 2, the haptic afferent subsystems of five male table tennis experts and five male novices were investigated in only the self-produced movement-coupled condition. Inferential statistics (ANOVA, t-test) and custom-made devices (shock & vibration sensor, Qualisys Track Manager) of the data were used to determine the haptic perception accuracy (experiment 1, experiment 2) and its association with expertise. The results of this research show that expert-level players acquire higher accuracy with less variability (racket vibration and angle) than novice-level players, especially in their self-produced movement coupled performances. The important finding from this result is that, in terms of accuracy, the skill-associated differences were enlarged during self-produced movement. To explain the origin of this difference between experts and novices, the functional variability of haptic afferent subsystems can serve as a reference. These two factors (self-produced accuracy and the variability of haptic features) as investigated in this study would be useful criteria for educators in racket sports and suggest a broader hypothesis for further research into the effects of the haptic accuracy related to variability.  相似文献   

15.
魏磊 《体育科研》2016,(1):78-81
学校体育运动竞赛是一种重要的教育方式,以上海市学校体育竞赛为例,运用文献资料法、访谈法等研究方法对我国学校体育竞赛进行分析,研究认为:(1)我国学校体育竞赛是指在学校范畴内学生参加的体育竞赛活动,按照组织单位可以分为校际体育竞赛、校内体育竞赛、学生自发组织的体育竞赛;(2)我国学校体育竞赛目前存在着竞赛及参与人数少、与体育教学相脱节、竞赛文化不浓厚等问题;(3)认识不足、重视不够、导向不明以及安全顾虑等是影响其开展的主要原因;(4)应该转变观念、提高认识、积极引导、丰富竞赛项目、完善评价制度、加强学校体育竞赛文化建设。  相似文献   

16.
魏磊 《体育科研》2016,(2):78-81
学校体育运动竞赛是一种重要的教育方式,以上海市学校体育竞赛为例,运用文献资料法、访谈法等研究方法对我国学校体育竞赛进行分析,研究认为:(1)我国学校体育竞赛是指在学校范畴内学生参加的体育竞赛活动,按照组织单位可以分为校际体育竞赛、校内体育竞赛、学生自发组织的体育竞赛;(2)我国学校体育竞赛目前存在着竞赛及参与人数少、与体育教学相脱节、竞赛文化不浓厚等问题;(3)认识不足、重视不够、导向不明以及安全顾虑等是影响其开展的主要原因;(4)应该转变观念、提高认识、积极引导、丰富竞赛项目、完善评价制度、加强学校体育竞赛文化建设。  相似文献   

17.
魏磊 《体育科研》2014,(6):78-81
学校体育运动竞赛是一种重要的教育方式,以上海市学校体育竞赛为例,运用文献资料法、访谈法等研究方法对我国学校体育竞赛进行分析,研究认为:(1)我国学校体育竞赛是指在学校范畴内学生参加的体育竞赛活动,按照组织单位可以分为校际体育竞赛、校内体育竞赛、学生自发组织的体育竞赛;(2)我国学校体育竞赛目前存在着竞赛及参与人数少、与体育教学相脱节、竞赛文化不浓厚等问题;(3)认识不足、重视不够、导向不明以及安全顾虑等是影响其开展的主要原因;(4)应该转变观念、提高认识、积极引导、丰富竞赛项目、完善评价制度、加强学校体育竞赛文化建设。  相似文献   

18.
在解析体育图片内涵、分类和作用的基础上,文章采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计法等研究方法,对小学体育教学中体育图片的选择与运用问题进行深入探讨。研究认为:体育图片的选择应注意加强小学体育教师重视程度,激发学生兴趣,调整一节课使用量以2-10张为宜,且多选择高清图片类型;体育图片的运用应关注学生思维活动和身体感知的有机结合,在学生思考中合理把握运用时机。  相似文献   

19.
Expert orienteers have reported using two heuristics when planning routes to points in the environment that must be located, known as 'controls'. These heuristics constitute attending to the start first and subsequently planning forward to a given control, and attending to the control first and planning backwards to the start. The aim of this study was to establish which heuristic experts use predominantly and whether novices' use of these heuristics differs from that of experts. Two methods for tracing attention were used while 20 expert and 20 novice orienteers planned routes in the laboratory. The results were used to infer the use of heuristics. The orienteers were also interviewed about planning. We found that, when planning, experts generally attend to the control first and novices to the start first. There was also some evidence that novices work forwards from the start to the control and that experts work backwards from the control to the start. From the interviews, it would appear that experts regard the location of the control as the crux of the problem and prioritize this area during planning. These results have implications for an understanding of expertise and problem-solving in sport.  相似文献   

20.
杨呈杰 《体育科技》2012,33(1):11-16
运用文献资料法、"特尔菲"专家问卷调查法、数理统计法等方法,对体育系统职能部门、现场观看体育比赛消费者以及体育界专家学者进行了问卷调查,深入分析河南省体育竞赛表演市场现状,找出目前体育竞赛表演市场存在的问题,结合河南省各地市的实际情况,提出发展河南省体育竞赛表演市场的基本思路与对策(适合开展的体育赛事、有效的营销方法以及未来的发展战略),以促进河南省体育竞赛表演市场快速良性发展。  相似文献   

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