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1.
《西安体育学院学报》2019,(6):735-742
目的通过测试竞技健美操一级运动员完成C组跳与跃中的科萨克跳、屈体分腿跳、剪式变身跳,分析在起跳、腾空、落地阶段中下肢主要发力肌肉的表面肌电特征变化。方法采用无线表面肌电仪对16名男子竞技健美操运动员完成3个难度分别在起跳、腾空、落地阶段中下肢左右腿主要发力的8块肌肉(股直肌、股外侧肌、股二头肌、腓肠肌等)的表面肌电特征进行分析。结果 (1)科萨克跳在起跳阶段贡献率较高的肌肉是右腿的股直肌、股外侧肌、腓肠肌和左腿的股直肌,腾空阶段贡献率较高的肌肉是左腿的股直肌、股外侧肌和腓肠肌,落地阶段贡献率较高的肌肉是左腿的股直肌、腓肠肌和右腿股直肌;(2)屈体分腿跳起跳阶段贡献率较大的是右腿的股直肌和腓肠肌,腾空阶段贡献率较大的肌肉是股外侧肌,落地阶段贡献率较大的肌肉是股直肌;(3)剪式变身跳起跳阶段无右腿的肌电图变化,贡献率最高的是左腿腓肠肌,腾空阶段贡献率较高的是右腿股直肌和股外侧肌,落地阶段贡献率最高的是右腿股直肌。腾空和落地阶段中,右腿肌肉贡献率比左侧同一肌肉贡献率相对较高。结论在完成科萨克跳和屈体分腿跳难度动作起跳阶段时,要求运动员股直肌和腓肠肌有较高的爆发力,腾空和落地阶段中,科萨克跳需要加强左腿肌肉力量;屈体分腿跳在训练中要注意运动员左右腿发力相同,以保证左右腿空中姿态的平衡;在完成剪式变身跳时,主要发力部位从左腿(起跳腿)过渡到右腿(前伸腿)。在训练中要加强主要发力肌肉力量训练,完成难度动作过程中主要发力肌肉与其他肌肉协调配合发力,提高运动员对身体的控制能力和动作表现力。 相似文献
2.
基于sEMG的男子旋转推铅球运动员单支撑阶段肌肉用力特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用遥测肌电测试并结合影像解析,对我国优秀男子铅球运动员张竣旋转推铅球单支撑阶段的主要用力肌肉及其用力顺序、用力范围和主要用力肌肉之间的协调关系等问题进行了研究.研究结果表明,张竣单支撑阶段主要发力肌肉是左腿起支撑作用的肌肉(左腿股外侧肌和左腿腓肠肌)和维持身体姿势的肌肉(右侧背阔肌和右腿股二头肌);主要发力肌肉的用力顺序(左腿腓肠肌内侧→左腿股外侧肌→右腿股二头肌→右侧背阔肌中部)是按照由下往上、由左至右进行的;张竣单支撑阶段主要肌肉的用力范围(即肌肉横跨关节的角度变化值):肩髋夹角为26.3°～52.1°、左髋角为116.7°～168.7°、左腿膝关节角度为120.7°～156.3°、右膝角为79.2°～172.7°、右髋角为112.5°～143.5°;张竣在单支撑阶段右腿肌肉用力的协调性不好,主动肌(右腿股内侧肌)发力时,拮抗肌(右腿股二头肌)没有适时放松,影响了其肌肉做功的整体效果. 相似文献
3.
目的：探讨花样滑冰跳跃动作落冰过程中肌肉的工作特征及相关陆地模仿的训练效果。方法：以我国优秀双人滑男运动员张某为研究对象,利用
Mega ME6000肌电测试仪对其完成后外点冰两周跳、陆地两周跳、凳上跃起动作落地过程支撑腿落地后0.8 s内双侧胫骨前肌、腓肠肌外侧头、股直肌、股二头肌、臀大肌、竖脊肌、腹外斜肌和腹直肌的表面肌电信号进行采集,通过MegaWin2.4对原始数据进行处理分析。结果：完成专项动作时积分面积较大的8块肌肉依次为右侧股二头肌、右侧股直肌、右侧腓肠肌外侧头、左侧股二头肌、右侧胫骨前肌、右侧臀大肌、左侧臀大肌和右侧竖脊肌,多数工作肌的积分肌电峰值出现在落冰后的0.4 s左右;完成专项动作各肌肉积分面积与凳上跃起动作具有较高相关性（r=0.578,P=0.019）,与
陆地两周跳动作不相关;肌肉贡献度较大的肌肉中,专项动作与两种陆地模仿动作相比,支撑腿股二头肌、股直肌和腓肠肌外侧头的平均积分肌电
值明显偏高,积分肌电峰值出现时间不同。结论：完成后外点冰两周跳落冰动作的主要工作肌为支撑腿各肌群、同侧竖脊肌及摆动腿的股二头肌、臀大肌;凳上跃起和陆地两周跳两种陆地模仿练习的肌肉工作特征与专项动作有一定差异,可作为辅助训练手段,但不宜过多采用。 相似文献
4.
目的:量化快速跑过程中下肢各关节力矩和各单块肌肉(群)肌应力的变化规律及其对快速跑动作所起的作用.方法:同步采集8名优秀短跑运动员途中跑时完整步态下肢运动学数据(300 Hz)、地面反作用力(1 200 Hz)数据和肌电图(120 Hz)信号,建立下肢肌肉-骨骼系统模型,应用中尺度序列二次规划拟牛顿线性搜索算法将快速跑时关节肌力矩优化并求解单块肌肉应力.结果:最优化算法所估算的快速跑时下肢冗余肌力变化与快速跑时肌电全波整流图存在一定程度上的相似.支撑期,臀大肌、腘绳肌、比目鱼肌和腓肠肌应力水平较高.摆动前期,髂肌、股四头肌群(股直肌)、股二头肌短头和腓肠肌为主要做功肌肉.摆动后期,只有臀大肌和腘绳肌活动积极.双关节肌腘绳肌、股直肌和腓肠肌在各时期的应力值均高于其他做功肌肉,且在整个步态中的应力峰值也显著高于其他肌肉.结论:下肢双关节肌腘绳肌、股直肌和腓肠肌受两个关节复杂的交互作用导致应力值偏高,在快速跑时被拉伤风险较大.此优化算法为了解快速跑时下肢单块肌肉力量变化提供了更为精确的方法,进而为分析快速跑肌肉功能和为专项力量训练的科学化及防止肌肉拉伤提供了生物力学依据. 相似文献
5.
我国部分优秀男子跳远运动员起跳环节肌肉用力特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过表面肌电遥测和高速摄影同步测试,揭示优秀跳远运动员起跳环节肌肉用力特征.结果显示:在起跳环节中,股外侧肌、股内侧肌、股二头肌、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌是起跳腿的主要用力肌肉;在起跳腿即将着地前,所测肌肉均有较明显的预激活现象;着地后,肌肉用力的激活顺序依次为胫骨前肌、股二头肌与股内侧肌、股外侧肌、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌内侧头、股直肌、臀大肌;肌肉用力的失活顺序依次为胫骨前肌、股直肌、股内侧肌、股外侧肌、臀大肌、腓肠肌、股二头肌、比目鱼肌;肌肉用力持续时间长短依次为股二头肌、比目鱼肌、股外侧肌、腓肠肌内侧头和股内侧肌、臀大肌、股直肌、胫骨前肌.起跳腿拮抗肌共同收缩的特征为:缓冲阶段踝关节拮抗肌共同收缩最强烈,而在蹬伸阶段膝关节拮抗肌共同收缩最强烈. 相似文献
6.
影响跑步经济性的动力学因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探索影响中跑运动员个体间跑步经济性(running economy,RE)差异的动力学因素,根据VO2max相对值及800 m运动成绩,最终确定7人为研究对象(年龄(21.43±0.53)岁;身高(172.8±3.79)cm;体重(63.66±3.82)kg;训练年限(4.57±0.98)年;RE(35.65±2.58)mL·kg-1.min-1).研究结果发现,RE分别与力的峰值、力的波动范围及冲量相关性都不显著.研究结果表明,垂直方向、前后方向和内外方向的地面反作用力以及跑步支撑阶段冲量,并不是造成中跑运动员RE差异的原因,但是,RE较差的中跑运动员表现出在垂直方向冲量较大的趋势,RE的差异可能是人体下肢肌肉做功的差异造成的. 相似文献
7.
通过表面肌电和高速摄像同步测试方法,揭示我国优秀赛艇运动员拉桨技术环节肌肉用力特征及其相应的运动学变化.结果显示:1)赛艇运动员拉桨时间为0.8s,拉桨至与艇垂直时间占拉桨阶段的70％;2)拉桨环节肌肉活动顺序为股四头肌内侧头、股直肌、腓肠肌、背阔肌、肱二头肌、腹直肌;3)肌肉做功百分比大小顺序为肱二头肌＞股四头肌内侧头＞背阔肌＞股直肌＞腓肠肌＞腹直肌,aEMG值为背阔肌＞股四头肌内侧头＞腓肠肌＞肱二头肌＞股直肌＞腹直肌.提示:运动员拉桨前阶段占有很大的比重;背阔肌、股四头肌内侧头、肱二头肌在拉桨阶段起着重要的作用;运动员除躯干打开稍早外,技术动作比较规范稳定,肌肉用力协调. 相似文献
8.
运用表面肌电和高速摄影同步技术,结合功能解剖学,分析短距离运动员直道滑冰单步周期腿部肌电特征。结果：（1）左腿振幅峰值前4的肌肉依次是股内肌、股外肌、胫骨前肌和腓肠肌,右腿振幅峰值前4的肌肉依次是股内肌、胫骨前肌、股外肌和腓肠肌,左、右腿振幅峰值最小的都是臀大肌;（2）单步周期腿部肌肉有效放电时间最长的都是胫骨前肌,最短的都是臀大肌;（3）单步周期腿部肌肉贡献度最大的肌肉依次是股内肌、胫骨前肌和股外肌。结论：（1）单步周期腿部肌肉振幅峰值都出现在蹬冰期,股四头肌和股后肌群在重心转移和蹬冰2个阶段都出现近似的振幅峰值,两者处于共激活状态,因此在训练实践中也要同步发展股后肌群力量;（2）单步周期中,股内肌、胫骨前肌和股外肌在腿部肌肉中有效放电时间最长、做功
最大,在完成单步周期动作时作用最大,臀大肌有效放电时间最短,做功最小,在完成单步周期动作时作用最小,但在训练实践中,胫骨前肌的作用被
低估,臀大肌的作用被高估;（3）运动员左、右腿单步周期动作模式一致,但摆动期左腿更主动,蹬冰期腿部肌肉的具体协调模式不同,在实践训练中设计练习方式时要注意左、右腿的差异。 相似文献
9.
目的：分析运动员在起跳、腾空、落木3个阶段各肌肉的肌电特征与肌电参数，为体操运动员技术诊断和教练员合理安排训练提供科学依据。方法：采用数理统计、实验测试等方法，借助NORAXON UItium EMG表面肌电采集分析系统等实验仪器对5名体操运动员完成交换腿结环跳动作主要发力肌肉的表面肌电特征进行分析。结果：(1)在起跳阶段左股二头肌、2侧三角肌、右股直肌和左腓肠肌的iEMG值较大、贡献率较高，是主要的做功肌群，2侧三角肌、肱桡肌用力均衡(P>0.05);(2)腾空阶段右股二头肌、右腓肠肌、左股直肌和左腓肠肌对维持空中姿势与身体稳定贡献比重较大(P<0.05),腿部肌群在此阶段占据主导作用；(3)在落木阶段左右三角肌的贡献率分别达到21.38%、20.63%,远高于其它肌群是主要的做功肌肉。结论：在交换腿结环跳过程中三角肌表现出极高的协调性，是维持运动员身体姿势平衡的重要因素，加强手臂肌群的力量和协调性练习，有助于运动员落木平稳和动作之间的连接。 相似文献
10.
目的：采用表面肌电技术,分析运动员在不同的横向移动速度下相关指标的变化特点,探寻影响提高速度的主要因素,为日常训练提供科学依据,进而达到提高运动成绩的目的。对象：国家男排副攻手5人,均为备战奥运会、且由地方各省队挑选出来的优秀运动队员。方法：采用表面肌电测试,研究不同运动员在多次横向移动过程中各项肌电指标的变化特点。以多次横向移动为研究变量,运动员完全模拟比赛情况进行移动,采集身体双侧腹外斜肌、臀大肌、臀中肌、股内侧肌、股二头肌、内收肌、胫骨前肌和腓肠肌的肌电信号进行分析。主要研究结果：（1）运动快时与运动慢时单位时间内积分肌电值的对比结果表明：准备阶段臀中肌、摆动阶段臀大肌和蹬地阶段内收肌,快时的单位时间内积分肌电值低于慢时。反映出这些肌肉的适当放松可以使原动肌更加充分的收缩,说明日常训练中对肌肉的专项训练应＂有的放矢＂地进行。（2）运动快时与运动慢时肌肉贡献率的对比结果表明：准备阶段腓肠肌、股内肌、股二头肌、臀大肌;摆动阶段胫骨前肌、臀中肌;蹬地阶段腓肠肌、股内肌在完成各阶段过程中的贡献率明显高于其它肌肉,说明这些肌肉为完成动作的主要原动肌。（3）各队员训练背景差异较大,一些队员的技术动作存在一定错误。应参考科学的肌肉动员顺序使技术动作合理化,提高运动效果。 相似文献
11.
The correlation between mechanical factors of running and running economy as measured by metabolic cost is a subject of much interest in the study of locomotion. However, no change in running technique has been shown to result in an immediate improvement in running economy on an intra-individual basis. To evaluate the effect of a modified running technique, it is probably necessary that the individual trains with the new technique for a longer period using a feedback system to control the new kinematics. In this study, we examine the feasibility of using visual and auditory feedback to adapt running technique according to a simplistic model of the mechanical cost of running. The model considers only the mechanical work against gravity, which is the product of the magnitude of the vertical displacement of the runner's centre of mass and the step-frequency. In the experiments reported here, 18 trained runners, running at 16 km · h(-1) on a treadmill, were given feedback on these parameters together with indicated target levels. In almost all cases, the runners were able to adjust their technique accordingly. 相似文献
12.
Effects of a verbal and visual feedback system on running technique, perceived exertion and running economy in female novice runners 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a verbal and visual feedback system on running technique, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and running economy. Twenty-two female novice runners were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 11) and control (n = 11) groups. The experimental subjects received verbal and visual feedback concerning their running technique prior to and during each training run. Training involved 15 20-min treadmill running sessions over a 5-week period. The control group adhered to the same training routine but did not receive feedback concerning their running technique. High-speed (100 Hz) photography was used to collect biomechanical data. A submaximal oxygen consumption test and Borg's RPE scale were used to collect data concerning running economy and perceived exertion, respectively. Statistical analysis using ANCOVA revealed that the proposed feedback system had a significant (P less than 0.01) effect on the experimental group's running technique by affecting the following desired changes relative to the control group: greater relative stride lengths, shorter support time, greater ankle dorsiflexion during support and greater knee flexion during support and non-support. There were no significant differences between the groups in submaximal VO2 or RPE. The results of this study suggest that verbal and visual feedback are effective means of eliciting modifications in running style in female novice runners. The link between modifications in running style and improvements in running economy and perceived exertion remains unclear. 相似文献
13.
Richard C. Blagrove Glyn Howatson Philip R. Hayes 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(10):1231-1240
This study aimed to quantify the intra-individual reliability of a number of physiological variables in a group of national and international young distance runners. Sixteen (8 male, 8 female) participants (16.7?±?1.4 years) performed a submaximal incremental running assessment followed by a maximal running test, on two occasions separated by no more than seven days. Maximal oxygen uptake (V?O2max), speed at V?O2max (km?h?1), running economy and speed and heart rate (HR) at fixed blood lactate concentrations were determined. V?O2max and running economy were scaled for differences in body mass using a power exponent derived from a larger cohort of young runners (n?=?42). Running economy was expressed as oxygen cost and energy cost at the speed associated with lactate turnpoint (LTP) and the two speeds prior to LTP. Results of analysis of variance revealed an absence of systematic bias between trials. Reliability indices showed a high level of reproducibility across all parameters (typical error [TE] ≤2%; intra-class correlation coefficient >0.8; effect size <0.6). Expressing running economy as energy cost appears to provide superior reliability than using oxygen cost (TE ～1.5% vs. ～2%). Blood lactate and HR were liable to daily fluctuations of 0.14–0.22?mmol?L?1 and 4–5?beats?min?1 respectively. The minimum detectable change values (95% confidence) for each parameter are also reported. Exercise physiologists can be confident that measurement of important physiological determinants of distance running performance are highly reproducible in elite junior runners. 相似文献
14.
Margaret H. Collins David J. Pearsall Gerald S. Zavorsky Hamid Bateni Rene A. Turcotte David L. Montgomery 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(2):83-90
The aims of this study were to determine if there are significant kinematic changes in running pattern after intense interval workouts, whether duration of recovery affects running kinematics, and whether changes in running economy are related to changes in running kinematics. Seven highly trained male endurance runners (VO 2max = 72.3 +/- 3.3 ml kg -1 min -1 ; mean +/- s) performed three interval running workouts of 10 X 400 m at a speed of 5.94 +/- 0.19 m s -1 (356 +/- 11.2 m min -1 ) with a minimum of 4 days recovery between runs. Recovery of 60, 120 or 180 s between each 400 m repetition was assigned at random. Before and after each workout, running economy and several kinematic variables were measured at speeds of 3.33 and 4.47 m s -1 (200 and 268 m min -1 ). Speed was found to have a significant effect on shank angle, knee velocity and stride length (P ? 0.05). Correlations between changes pre- and post-test for VO 2 (ml kg -1 min -1 ) and several kinematic variables were not significant (P > 0.05) at both speeds. In general, duration of recovery was not found to adversely affect running economy or the kinematic variables assessed, possibly because of intra-individual adaptations to fatigue. 相似文献
15.
The aim of this work was to identify, synthesize and evaluate the results of randomized controlled trials examining the effects of resistance training on performance indicators in previously trained endurance runners. A database search was carried out in PubMed, Science Direct, OvidSPMedLine, Wiley, Web of Science, ProQuest and Google Scholar. In accordance with the PRISMA checklist, 18 published articles dated prior to May 2016 involving 321 endurance runners were reviewed using the PEDro scale. Resistance training led to general improvements in muscular strength, running economy, muscle power factors, and direct performance in distances between 1,500 and 10,000 m. Such improvements were not accompanied by a significant increase in body mass or signs of overtraining. However, improvements did not occur in all cases, suggesting that they might depend on the specific characteristics of the resistance training applied. Although current evidence supports the effectiveness of resistance training to improve performance in already trained endurance runners, the methodological inconsistencies identified suggest that the results should be interpreted with caution. Future studies ought to investigate the benefits of resistance training in endurance runners while considering the existence of possible differentiated effects based on the specific characteristics of the resistance training carried out. 相似文献
16.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a verbal and visual feedback system on running technique, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and running economy. Twenty‐two female novice runners were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 11) and control (n = 11) groups. The experimental subjects received verbal and visual feedback concerning their running technique prior to and during each training run. Training involved 15 20‐min treadmill running sessions over a 5‐week period. The control group adhered to the same training routine but did not receive feedback concerning their running technique. High‐speed (100 Hz) photography was used to collect biomechanical data. A submaximal oxygen consumption test and Borg's RPE scale were used to collect data concerning running economy and perceived exertion, respectively. Statistical analysis using ANCOVA revealed that the proposed feedback system had a significant (P < 0.01) effect on the experimental group's running technique by affecting the following desired changes relative to the control group: greater relative stride lengths, shorter support time, greater ankle dorsiflexion during support and greater knee flexion during support and non‐support. There were no significant differences between the groups in submaximal VO2 or RPE. The results of this study suggest that verbal and visual feedback are effective means of eliciting modifications in running style in female novice runners. The link between modifications in running style and improvements in running economy and perceived exertion remains unclear. 相似文献
17.
18.
Collins MH Pearsall DJ Zavorsky GS Bateni H Turcotte RA Montgomery DL 《Journal of sports sciences》2000,18(2):83-90
The aims of this study were to determine if there are significant kinematic changes in running pattern after intense interval workouts, whether duration of recovery affects running kinematics, and whether changes in running economy are related to changes in running kinematics. Seven highly trained male endurance runners (VO2max = 72.3+/-3.3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); mean +/- s) performed three interval running workouts of 10 x 400 m at a speed of 5.94+/-0.19 m x s(-1) (356+/-11.2 m x min(-1)) with a minimum of 4 days recovery between runs. Recovery of 60, 120 or 180 s between each 400 m repetition was assigned at random. Before and after each workout, running economy and several kinematic variables were measured at speeds of 3.33 and 4.47 m x s(-1) (200 and 268 m x min(-1)). Speed was found to have a significant effect on shank angle, knee velocity and stride length (P < 0.05). Correlations between changes pre- and post-test for VO2 (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and several kinematic variables were not significant (P > 0.05) at both speeds. In general, duration of recovery was not found to adversely affect running economy or the kinematic variables assessed, possibly because of intra-individual adaptations to fatigue. 相似文献
19.
The aims ofthe present study were to assess running economy in track runners and orienteers and to identify the factors responsible for any differences. The participants were 11 orienteers and 10 track runners of similar age, body mass, maximal oxygen uptake and training background. However, the orienteers included heavy terrain running in their daily training, whereas the track runners ran almost entirely on the roads and tracks. Maximal oxygen uptake and running economy were calculated during horizontal path running and during cross-country running in rough terrain with steep hills, using a telemetric system (K2, Cosmed, Italy). Running economy during path running was 217 +/- 12 and 212 +/- 14 ml.kg -1 .km -1 (mean +/- s) in the orienteers and the track runners, respectively. Running economy was impaired by 41-52% in heavy terrain (P ? 0.05), and was less pronounced in the orienteers than in the track runners (88 +/- 18 vs 109 +/- 26 ml.kg -1 .km -1 ; P ? 0.05). In conclusion, the better running economy of orienteers when changing from horizontal path to heavy terrain running could be an innate ability, or it could be speculated that specific training may improve running economy, indicating the importance of specific training for orienteers. 相似文献
20.
The aims of the present study were to assess running economy in track runners and orienteers and to identify the factors responsible for any differences. The participants were 11 orienteers and 10 track runners of similar age, body mass, maximal oxygen uptake and training background. However, the orienteers included heavy terrain running in their daily training, whereas the track runners ran almost entirely on the roads and tracks. Maximal oxygen uptake and running economy were calculated during horizontal path running and during cross-country running in rough terrain with steep hills, using a telemetric system (K2, Cosmed, Italy). Running economy during path running was 217+/-12 and 212+/-14 ml x kg(-1) x km(-1) (mean +/- s) in the orienteers and the track runners, respectively. Running economy was impaired by 41-52% in heavy terrain (P < 0.05), and was less pronounced in the orienteers than in the track runners (88+/-18 vs 109+/-26 ml x kg(-1) x km(-1); P < 0.05). In conclusion, the better running economy of orienteers when changing from horizontal path to heavy terrain running could be an innate ability, or it could be speculated that specific training may improve running economy, indicating the importance of specific training for orienteers. 相似文献